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Women and Consumerism in the Soviet Union from Lenin to Khrushchev Lyudmila Austin

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Women and Consumerism in the Soviet Union from Lenin to Khrushchev Lyudmila Austin Eastern Michigan University DigitalCommons@EMU Master's Theses, and Doctoral Dissertations, and Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations Graduate Capstone Projects 4-14-2015 They throw pebbles in our garden: Women and consumerism in the Soviet Union from Lenin to Khrushchev Lyudmila Austin Follow this and additional works at: http://commons.emich.edu/theses Part of the Women's History Commons Recommended Citation Austin, Lyudmila, "They throw pebbles in our garden: Women and consumerism in the Soviet Union from Lenin to Khrushchev" (2015). Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations. 609. http://commons.emich.edu/theses/609 This Open Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Master's Theses, and Doctoral Dissertations, and Graduate Capstone Projects at DigitalCommons@EMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@EMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. They Throw Pebbles in Our Garden: Women and Consumerism in the Soviet Union from Lenin to Khrushchev Lyudmila Austin Eastern Michigan University’s History Department Master’s Thesis April 14, 2015 Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................. iii Historiography ............................................................................................................................................................... v Chapter One: A Mistake of the Privileged: the Woman’s Question and the Bolshevik Party ....................................... 1 Gender Equality: Socialist Solutions ......................................................................................................................... 2 The Woman’s Question in Russia in the Late Imperial Era .................................................................................... 14 The Peasant Class: Tradition and Patriarchy ........................................................................................................... 21 The Bolshevik Party’s Gender Evolution ................................................................................................................ 27 Inadvertent Inequality: Soviet Gender Policies from Theory to Practice ................................................................ 33 Separating Socialism from the Soviet Experiment .................................................................................................. 36 Chapter Two: Socialist Discriminations: Materialism, Gender Equality, and the Struggle for Authority from Stalin to Khrushchev. ................................................................................................................................................................. 39 Stalinist Social and Political Stratification .............................................................................................................. 40 Stalinist Promises: Illusions, Agitprop and Propaganda.......................................................................................... 45 Internalizing Stalinism: Internalizing “Socialism” .................................................................................................. 51 Khrushchev: the Perplexities of Liberalizing .......................................................................................................... 56 Chapter Three: Khrushchev’s Ideological Utilitarianism: the Faithful Mobilization Open to World Scrutiny ........... 65 Khrushchev’s Strategic Destalinization: The Practice of Utilitarian Ethics ............................................................ 67 Western Perspectives of Post-Stalinism: Women as the Arbiter in the Battle for Living Standards ....................... 85 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................................... 96 ii Introduction The Soviet Union faulted on many founding principles of the ideology on which it was based; luxuries, class divides, and consumerism permeated a Socialist system intent on building communism. These Socialist capitulations, which were introduced as benevolences for the people, in fact expedited the fall of the Soviet Union. Unable to fulfill its promises for abundance, particularly in the realm of modern fashions and conveniences, the Soviet Union resorted to false advertising and empty assurances of its growth. Khrushchev’s regime, which lasted from 1954-1964, was an exceptionally intriguing time for women involved in the Cold War conflict. The Khrushchev regime, as a culmination of previous Soviet attitudes, had to forge ahead in a Socialist state where social inequities became part of the culture. Khrushchev attempted to ameliorate some of the disadvantageous political and economic conditions, which existed for much of the population, and became a utilitarian reformer and revisionist in his own right. However, Khrushchev was also put to the test with a continued rivalry with the non-Soviet world; Khrushchev needed the Soviet Union to emanate and expedite economic health and strength. The quality of life for women became a contentious standard in the Cold War competition and was monitored attentively during the Khrushchev era. Hence, in the Soviet Union, women’s desires and needs became a barometer for the health of the nation. Furthermore, women and youth were seen as a volatile variable in the stability of the regime; their susceptibility toward materialism (and the West) was considered potentially destructive. iii The Khrushchev era exhibited the starkest contrast in the average lifestyle for women in the Cold War. In the West, women were experiencing a return to traditional gender roles, betraying the progress begun through their activity and work during World War II, and portrayed their Cold War patriotism through staying at home and nurturing American, anti-subversive, nuclear family values. In the Soviet Union, women were consistently encouraged to work and educate themselves with the same rights and responsibilities as men. In fact, women’s equality was a major campaigning issue that began with the Bolsheviks, and later became a matter of pride, even a propaganda tool, for the Soviet Union. Nevertheless, while Soviet women were encouraged to seek education, work, and champion their equality, American women were enjoying a pampered lifestyle with more conveniences, amenities, and abundance that threatened women’s satisfaction with the Soviet structure. Khrushchev’s regime believed that historic and contemporary riots and revolts by the Soviet populace directly related to inadequate consumerism and their inability to purchase the goods and products needed to satisfy their needs. Hence, Khrushchev promised the post-Stalin era an overall improvement in living standards as he became oversensitive to Western advancement, figuratively proclaiming that capitalists “throw pebbles in my garden” to mock the floundering material state of the Soviet Union.1 My research investigates consumerism and gender in the Soviet Union during the Khrushchev era—Khrushchev’s policies of material and consumer gain and its relation to the anxiety of satisfying Soviet women and upholding a competitive image and lifestyle, and the state’s attempts at reconciling its reforms with socialist ideology. My research explores the Soviet government’s stance on women’s issues following the Bolsheviks’ campaign to attain full equality for women, and the actual realization of this goal. I 1 Segei Khrushchev, ed. Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev. (University Park: Pennsylvania State University, 2006), 387. iv have combined research on consumption and gender. However, my research also attempts to examine ideological reasoning and official party justification to Marxist-Leninist reforms that allowed for stratification. I investigate the methods that Khrushchev used to create Post-Stalinist systemic alterations during his regime and the objective behind his motives. I depict the increased consumerism in this era of peaceful competition with the West, how these materialistic enhancements related to women, and reveal insights into the discouraging reality of life for women, even amid the consumer improvements of this era. Furthermore, I discuss how material well-being varied significantly by social strata, as well as by republics and satellites. Material imbalance, in all its forms, created the conditions that initiated the demise of the Soviet Union. Historiography Susan E. Reid, Professor of Russian Visual Culture at the University of Sheffield in South Yorkshire, England, created the historiographical foundation on which my research was built. Reid edited collections of essays in works such as Women in the Khrushchev Era, Pleasures in Socialism: Leisure and Luxury in the Eastern Bloc, Style and Socialism: Modernity and Material Culture in Post-War Eastern Europe, Socialist Spaces: Sites of Everyday Life in the Eastern Bloc, and Women in the Khrushchev Era. Reid also wrote numerous articles such as: “Communist Comfort: Socialist Modernism and the making of Cozy Homes in the Khrushchev Era,” and “Cold War in the Kitchen: Gender and the De-Stalinization of Consumer Taste in the Soviet Union under Khrushchev.” Reid’s work combines the spheres of consumerism and gender studies in the Khrushchev period. For instance, the essays in Pleasures in Socialism relate
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