Heritage Archival Recording and Salvage Report (Package 1)

Parramatta Light Rail (Stage 1) Westmead to Carlingford via Parramatta CBD and Camellia Heritage Archival Recording and Salvage Report (Package 1)

Condition E70

Parramatta Light Rail – Enabling Works Heritage Archival Recording and Salvage Report

Parramatta Light Rail – Enabling Works

Heritage Archival Recording and Salvage Report

Report to DWJV

September 2020

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Parramatta Light Rail – Enabling Works Heritage Archival Recording and Salvage Report

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Transport for NSW (TfNSW) is developing the Parramatta Light Rail (PLR) to deliver a network running from Westmead to Carlingford via the Parramatta CBD and Camellia. The PLR route will link a number of key locations in the Parramatta region, including the Westmead Precinct, the new Western Sydney Stadium, the Camellia Town Centre, the Rosehill Gardens Racecourse and the three Western Sydney University campuses. The PLR project will create new communities, connect great places, and help both local residents and visitors move around and explore what the region has to offer.

On 20 February 2017, the NSW Government announced that it would be proceeding with the first stage of the PLR project. PLR (Stage 1) would extend from Westmead to Carlingford via Parramatta CBD and Camellia. The PLR project was approved as Critical State Significant Infrastructure (CSSI) [SSI 17_8285] on 29 May 2018.

Prior to the commencement of the main construction program of PLR (Stage 1), a program of enabling works was required. These enabling works fulfilled the relevant Conditions of Approval (CoA) for the CSSI, and the modifications of the CSSI approval for the PLR project (Mod 1 and Mod 2) approved on 21 December 2018 and 25 January 2019 respectively.

Artefact Heritage have been engaged by Diona Ward Joint Venture (DWJV) for TfNSW to prepare a Heritage Archival Recording and Salvage Report in accordance with CoA E70 and REMM HE-14 for the four heritage-listed items impacted during the program of enabling works for PLR (Stage 1).

These items include:

• Queens Wharf Reserve and Stone Wall and Potential Archaeological Site; • Ancient Aboriginal and Early Colonial Landscape; • Parramatta Correctional Centre; and • Kings School (former) / Marsden Rehabilitation Centre (Kings School).

All other heritage items including in the CoA and REMMs were not subject to impact and subsequently were not subject to archival recording.

In accordance with CoA E70 and REMM HE-14 a copy of the report should be provided to:

• TfNSW • Department of Planning, Industry and Environment • Heritage NSW – Department of Premier and Cabinet • NSW State Library • Parramatta Council • City of Parramatta Library • Parramatta and District Historical Society • Deerubbin Local Aboriginal Land Council (asset owner of Parramatta Correctional Centre) • Ministry of Health (asset owner Kings School (former)/Marsden Rehabilitation Centre)

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CONTENTS

1.0 Introduction ...... 1 1.1 Background...... 1 1.2 Study areas...... 2 1.3 Methodology ...... 4 1.3.1 Archival recording material specifications ...... 4 1.4 Authorship ...... 5 2.0 Queens Wharf Reserve and Stone Wall and Potential Archaeological Site...... 6 2.1 Study area ...... 6 2.2 Previous investigations ...... 8 2.3 Historical background ...... 8 2.3.1 Early European settlement ...... 8 2.3.2 The soldiers district ...... 8 2.3.3 Stone granary and the 1808 wharf ...... 11 2.3.4 Early industrial development and Howell’s mill ...... 11 2.3.5 River transportation and Lennox Wall ...... 12 2.3.6 Industrial consolidation and the Gasworks ...... 12 2.3.7 Modern development ...... 14 2.4 Physical description ...... 14 2.4.1 Queens Wharf Reserve and Stone Wall and Potential Archaeological Site (Parramatta LEP 2011 Item No. I489) ...... 14 2.4.2 Queens Wharf Reserve study area ...... 15 2.4.3 Illustrative photographs ...... 16 2.5 Assessment of significance ...... 16 2.5.1 Heritage listings ...... 16 2.5.2 Statement of significance ...... 16 2.6 Material specifications ...... 18 2.6.1 Site inspection ...... 18 2.7 Catalogue sheets ...... 18 2.8 Reference aerial ...... 21 3.0 Ancient Aboriginal and Early Colonial Landscape (Robin Thomas Reserve) .... 22 3.1 Study area ...... 22 3.2 Previous investigations ...... 24 3.3 Historical background ...... 24 3.3.1 Aboriginal history and early European settlement ...... 24 3.3.2 The soldiers district ...... 25 3.3.3 Nineteenth century use ...... 25

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3.3.4 George Street houses ...... 26 3.4 Physical description ...... 26 3.4.1 Ancient Aboriginal and Early Colonial Landscape (SHR # 01863) ...... 26 3.4.2 Ancient Aboriginal and Early Colonial Landscape study area ...... 27 3.4.3 Illustrative photographs ...... 27 3.5 Assessment of significance ...... 28 3.5.1 Heritage significance ...... 28 3.5.2 Statement of significance ...... 28 3.6 Material specifications ...... 29 3.6.1 Site inspection ...... 29 3.7 Catalogue sheets ...... 29 3.8 Reference aerial ...... 32 4.0 Parramatta Correctional Centre ...... 33 4.1 Study area ...... 33 4.2 Previous investigations ...... 35 4.3 Historical background ...... 35 4.3.1 Early European settlement ...... 35 4.3.2 Parramatta’s third gaol ...... 35 4.3.3 Twentieth century ...... 36 4.4 Physical description ...... 37 4.4.1 Parramatta Correctional Centre (SHR # 00812, LEP No. I00812)...... 37 4.4.2 Parramatta Correctional Centre study area ...... 38 4.4.3 Illustrative photographs ...... 38 4.5 Assessment of significance ...... 39 4.5.1 Heritage significance ...... 39 4.5.2 Statement of significance ...... 39 4.6 Material specifications ...... 39 4.6.1 Site inspection ...... 39 4.7 Catalogue sheets ...... 39 4.8 Reference aerial ...... 43 5.0 Kings School (former) / Marsden Rehabilitation Centre ...... 44 5.1 Study area ...... 44 5.2 Previous investigations ...... 46 5.3 Historical background ...... 46 5.3.1 Government Farm...... 46 5.3.2 Agricultural and Horticultural Society...... 46 5.3.3 The Kings School...... 47 5.3.4 Marsden Rehabilitation Centre ...... 50

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5.4 Physical description ...... 51 5.4.1 Kings School (former) / Marsden Rehabilitation Centre (SHR # 00771 and SHR # 00826) 51 5.4.2 The Kings School study area ...... 51 5.4.3 Illustrative photographs ...... 52 5.5 Assessment of significance ...... 52 5.5.1 Heritage significance ...... 52 5.5.2 Statement of significance ...... 52 5.6 Material specifications ...... 55 5.6.1 Site inspection ...... 55 5.7 Catalogue sheets ...... 55 5.8 Reference aerial ...... 57 6.0 Management and use of salvaged heritage elements ...... 58 6.1 Heritage elements salvaged following completion of heritage investigation ...... 58 6.1.1 Sandstone kerbing ...... 58 6.1.2 Sandstone foundations from Parramatta Gasworks retort house ...... 59 6.1.3 Sandstone blocks from retaining wall located within Queens Wharf Reserve ...... 60 6.1.4 Sandstone remains from Victoria Road / O’Connell Street works area within the curtilage of the curtilage of the Kings School (former) / Marsden Rehabilitation Centre (SHR # 00771 and SHR # 00826) ...... 60 6.1.5 Sandstone remains from a residential structure identified at 579 Barney Street ...... 61 6.2 Management of salvaged heritage elements ...... 61 6.2.1 Reuse of salvaged heritage elements ...... 61 6.2.2 Transfer to custodianship of Deerubbin LALC ...... 63 7.0 References ...... 64 Appendix A – Contact sheets ...... 66 Queens Wharf Reserve and Stone Wall and Potential Archaeological Site ...... 66 Ancient Aboriginal and Early Colonial Landscape ...... 68 Parramatta Correctional Centre ...... 70 Kings School (former) / Marsden Rehabilitation Centre ...... 73

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Parramatta Light Rail – Enabling Works Heritage Archival Recording and Salvage Report

FIGURES

Figure 1: Location of study areas ...... 3 Figure 2. The location of the Queens Wharf Reserve study area ...... 7 Figure 3: 1789 plan prepared by Bradley, indicating the location of the ‘old wharf’. Source: SLNSW .. 9 Figure 4: 1814 plan of Parramatta, indicating the location of the wharf to the north of the soldiers barracks. Source: Higginbotham, p. 71 ...... 10 Figure 5: 1823 plan of Parramatta, indicating the location of a wharf to the north of the stores. Source: SLNSW ...... 10 Figure 6: Plan of the Town of Parramatta and the adjacent properties as surveyed by W. Meadows Brownrigg in 1844 showing extent of subdivisions and settlement during this period. Source: SLNSW ...... 12 Figure 7: c1890s photograph of the Queen’s Wharf and Parramatta Gasworks at Parramatta. Source: Parramatta Heritage Centre ...... 13 Figure 8: 1895 plan of part of the Parramatta CBD showing the site of the former barracks and later, the Parramatta Gasworks, and residential and commercial buildings along George Street and associated roads. Source: SLNSW ...... 13 Figure 9: Aerial photograph of the area in 1943 showing the site of the former barracks, mills, Parramatta Gasworks, and residential and commercial buildings along George Street and associated roads.(Source: SixMaps) ...... 14 Figure 10: Looking north-west towards the Gasworks bridge support structure and pedestrian pathway. PLR enabling works fencing visible ...... 16 Figure 11: Looking south-east from Gasworks Bridge into study area and pedestrian pathway. PLR enabling works fencing visible ...... 16 Figure 12: View east from Queens Wharf Reserve pathway ...... 16 Figure 13: View west from George Street showing the pedestrian pathway ...... 16 Figure 14. The location of the Ancient Aboriginal and Early Colonial Landscape study area ...... 23 Figure 15: Engraving of the Somerset Nursery, c.1878. Source: Australian Town and Country Journal ...... 25 Figure 16: 1943 aerial of Robin Thomas Reserve showing the land as mostly undeveloped. Source: SixMaps ...... 26 Figure 17: View south from George Street towards Robin Thomas Reserve ...... 27 Figure 18: View north from Harris Street, with Robin Thomas Reserve to the east ...... 27 Figure 19: View north across Robin Thomas Reserve ...... 27 Figure 20: View south along Harris Street with fencing around Robin Thomas Reserve ...... 27 Figure 21. Location of the Parramatta Correctional Centre study area ...... 34 Figure 22: Parramatta Gaol, c.1911. Source: Parramatta Heritage Centre ...... 36 Figure 23: Entrance gateway to the Parramatta Gaol, c.1930s. Source: NLA ...... 37 Figure 24: Parramatta Gaol complex, 1943 aerial. Source: SixMaps ...... 37 Figure 25: View south-west along O’Connell Street looking towards Parramatta Correctional Centre 38

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Figure 26: View north-west from O’Connell Street towards Parramatta Correctional Centre and streetscape...... 38 Figure 27: View of sandstone wall and O’Connell Street gate of Parramatta Correctional Centre ...... 38 Figure 28: View of sandstone wall and octagonal guard tower at corner of Dunlop and O'Connell Streets...... 38 Figure 29. Location of the Kings School study area ...... 45 Figure 30: Brownrigg's 1844 map showing the Kings School study area. Source: SLNSW ...... 48 Figure 31: The Kings School and extensive grounds, Frederick Charles Terry c.1855. Source: SLNSW ...... 49 Figure 32: The Kings School prior to the additions to the main building, c.1870s. Source: Parramatta Heritage Centre ...... 49 Figure 33: Postcard of the Kings School, c.1900s. Source: Parramatta Heritage Centre ...... 50 Figure 34: Kings School and playing fields, John Henry Harvey c.1908. Source: State Library of Victoria ...... 50 Figure 35: View south-west from Victoria Road towards study area ...... 52 Figure 36: View north-east in carpark adjacent to O’Connell Street towards Kings School main building ...... 52 Figure 37: View of intersection between Victoria Road and O'Connell Street ...... 52 Figure 38: View west along Victoria Road towards Western Sydney Stadium ...... 52 Figure 39: Sandstone kerbing salvaged from Victoria Street ...... 59 Figure 40: Sandstone kerbing salvaged from Harris Street ...... 59 Figure 41: Sandstone chimney base and foundation salvaged from Parramatta Gasworks Retort House ...... 59 Figure 42:Sandstone features during removal from Parramatta Gasworks Retort House ...... 59 Figure 43:Salvaged chimney base subject to temporary storage ...... 60 Figure 44: Salvaged sandstone oozing coal tar contamination...... 60 Figure 45: Sandstone retaining wall salvaged from Queens Wharf Reserve ...... 60 Figure 46: Sandstone retaining wall salvaged from Queens Wharf Reserve ...... 60 Figure 47: Sandstone wall salvaged from test excavation at Victoria Road/ O’Connell Street works area ...... 61 Figure 48:Sandstone wall salvaged from test excavation at Victoria Road/ O’Connell Street works area ...... 61 Figure 49: Sandstone wall at 579 Church Street prior to salvage ...... 61 Figure 50: Sandstone wall at 579 Church Street prior to salvage ...... 61 Figure 51: Reused sandstone elements utilised within landscaping as part of the newly created park area ...... 62 Figure 52: Reused sandstone kerbing ...... 62 Figure 53: Reused sandstone kerbing ...... 62 Figure 54: Reused sandstone fragments used for bridge rip rap ...... 62

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Figure 55: Example of pallets transferred to Parramatta Gaol ...... 63 Figure 56: Example of pallets transferred to Parramatta Gaol ...... 63

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TABLES

Table 1: Material specifications ...... 4 Table 2: Camera specifications and recording details, Queens Wharf Reserve study area ...... 18 Table 3: Catalogue sheets of the photographic record ...... 18 Table 4: Camera specifications and recording details, Ancient Aboriginal and Early Colonial Landscape study area ...... 29 Table 5: Catalogue sheets of the photographic record ...... 30 Table 6: Camera specifications and recording details, Parramatta Correctional Centre study area ... 39 Table 7: Catalogue sheets of the photographic record ...... 40 Table 8: Camera specifications and recording details, Kings School study area ...... 55 Table 9: Catalogue sheets of the photographic record ...... 55

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Parramatta Light Rail – Enabling Works Heritage Archival Recording and Salvage Report

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

As part of the CoA for the CSSI, a Heritage Archival Recording must be prepared for any heritage- listed items impacted during the PLR (Stage 1) enabling works program. Additionally, the recording should provide a description of the salvage of significant materials undertaken as a mitigation measure during the program. Condition E70 of the CoA states1:

(E70)

The Proponent must prepare a Heritage Archival Recording and Salvage Report, including photographic recording of heritage items which have been identified for demolition in the documents referred to in Condition A1 and outline the salvage to be undertaken from these items.

Archival recording must be undertaken by a suitably qualified heritage specialist and prepared in accordance with NSW Heritage Office’s How to Prepare Archival Records of Heritage Items (1998) and Photographic Recording of Heritage Items Using Film or Digital Capture (2006).

Within 12 months of completing the archival recording, or as otherwise agreed with the Secretary, the Proponent must submit the Heritage Archival Recording and Salvage Report to the Department, the OEH, Heritage Council of NSW, Relevant Council(s), relevant local libraries and local historical societies in the local government area.

A requirement for archival recording is also included within the Revised Environmental Mitigation Measures (REMMS) for the PLR (Stage 1) project:

1 NSW Department of Planning and Environment (former), 2018. CSSI Approval [SSI 17_8285], Parramatta Light Rail (Stage 1). p.40

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Parramatta Light Rail – Enabling Works Heritage Archival Recording and Salvage Report

(HE-14)

Prior to the commencement of construction, photographic archival recording and reporting would be carried out in accordance with the NSW Heritage Office’s How to Prepare Archival Records of Heritage Items (1998), and Photographic Recording of Heritage Items Using Film or Digital Capture (2006).

The record would be prepared by a suitably qualified heritage consultant using archival-quality material. Records for State Heritage Register (SHR) listed items would be held at the NSW Heritage Council, the State Library and the owner of the asset. Records for locally-listed items would be held by the local council, the local library/studies and the owner of the asset.

Specific items subject to archival recording would be documented as part of the heritage management plan and would include:

-Cumberland District Hospital Precinct.

- St Patrick’s Roman Catholic Cemetery.

-Royal Oak Hotel and Stables.

-Alfred Square (and potential archaeological site).

-Ancient Aboriginal and Early Colonial Landscape (Robin Thomas Reserve).

-Camellia Underbridge Abutments (south and north).

-Dundas Railway Station Group.

1.2 Study areas

The study area for the archival recording of each heritage item has been developed to include portions of the heritage item’s curtilage which were subject to impact from the enabling works. Additionally, areas of the enabling works directly adjacent to each heritage item which would be visible from each item have been included. A summary of the location of each study area is provided in Figure 1. Further detail is provided at the beginning of each chapter related to the specific heritage items.

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Parramatta Light Rail – Enabling Works Heritage Archival Recording and Salvage Report

Figure 1: Location of study areas

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Parramatta Light Rail – Enabling Works Heritage Archival Recording and Salvage Report

1.3 Methodology

This report has been prepared in accordance with the following guidelines:

• How to Prepare Archival Recordings of Heritage Items (NSW Heritage Office 1998)’; and • Photographic Recording of Heritage Items Using Film or Digital Capture (NSW Heritage Office 2006).

This Heritage Archival Recording and Salvage Report provides the following:

• A historical background of the study areas; • The results of documentary and database reviews of former heritage studies, and searches of statutory and non-statutory heritage registers; • Results of a site inspection of the study areas; • An assessment of significance of the study areas; • A photographic record of the study areas; • A summary of heritage fabric salvaged from each study area or as part of the wider enabling works program; • A catalogue sheet of the photographs with an aerial map of the location and direction of the photographs taken; and • An attached CD of all images.

The recording was conducted using a digital SLR camera with images captured in both JPG and NEF formats.

Each photograph was recorded on a photo log with the direction noted and a description provided. The general location and direction of the photographs was also marked up on an aerial map of the study area.

Thumbnails of the final archival photographs are provided in Appendix A – Contact sheets, and all digital photographs are provided on an accompanying CD.

1.3.1 Archival recording material specifications

It is recommended that the following materials are used for the printing of the archival photographic recording:

Table 1: Material specifications

Material Specification

Folder and slipcase Albox archival photo-safe album (acid free, adhesive free, metal free) • 25mm binder and cover photo album (non-prints folder) • 40mm binder and cover photo album (prints folder)

A4 sleeves Albox A4 Pocket 90 micron

CD 4.7GB UltraLife Gold Archival Grade DVD-R

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Parramatta Light Rail – Enabling Works Heritage Archival Recording and Salvage Report

Material Specification

CD sleeves Albox Double CD Pocket

A4 –sleeves Albox Photo Page (polypropylene)

A6 prints Fujicolor Crystal Archive Paper – Matte finish

1.4 Authorship

The Heritage Archival Recording and Salvage Report was prepared by (Heritage Consultant) and (Senior Heritage Consultant) with management input and review from (Director). Archival photographs were taken by (Senior Heritage Consultant, Artefact Heritage). All authors are suitably qualified heritage consultants in accordance with CoA E70 and REMM HE-14.

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Parramatta Light Rail – Enabling Works Heritage Archival Recording and Salvage Report

2.0 QUEENS WHARF RESERVE AND STONE WALL AND POTENTIAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE

2.1 Study area

The Queens Wharf Reserve study area is located within the western portion of Queens Wharf Reserve and Stone Wall and Potential Archaeological Site (LEP I489). The study area is bounded by the Parramatta River to the north, George Street to the south, Macarthur Street to the west and open parkland to the east. The Queens Wharf Reserve study area is within the Parramatta Local Government Area (LGA) and the county of Cumberland.

The location of the Queens Wharf Reserve study area is shown in Figure 2.

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Parramatta Light Rail – Enabling Works Heritage Archival Recording and Salvage Report

Figure 2: The location of the Queens Wharf Reserve study area

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Parramatta Light Rail – Enabling Works Heritage Archival Recording and Salvage Report

2.2 Previous investigations

An archaeological assessment of the Queens Wharf Reserve site was undertaken by Dr Robert V.J. Varman in 1996 for Parramatta City Council.2 The site was examined for remains of former structures, with remains of building materials from the 1790s uncovered during the archaeological survey. The archaeological assessment found that both river-fronting sites were fairly intact. The report also assessed that the military barracks site on George Street is likely to contain archaeological remains, as well as the footings of the 1808 grain store and later mills. Varman identified the following areas as sites of archaeological potential3:

• Store (1790); • Barracks (1790); • Stone store/granary (1808); • Howell’s mill complex (1828); • Commissariat store (c.1825); • Byrnes mill (1840); • Steam Packet Inn (c.1830s); • Sea walls/wharves; • Gasworks (1873); • Sea wall, north side of Parramatta River.

2.3 Historical background

The following historical background has been summarised from the Archaeological Research Design (ARD) prepared by Artefact for the PLR (Stage 1) project. For further historical information regarding the Queens Wharf Reserve study area, refer to this report.

2.3.1 Early European settlement

In April 1788, Governor Arthur Phillip travelled up the Parramatta River in search of arable land to produce food for the new convict settlement. Phillip founded a settlement near his landing place on the river, called Rose Hill. A plan prepared by William Bradley in 1789 indicates an ‘old wharf’ landing downstream from Rose Hill (Figure 3). This landing became known as the ‘Landing Place’ or ‘The King’s Wharf’. The shallowness of the river at certain places mean that larger boats had trouble navigating the river area.4 As a result, a public wharf was established further downstream in the deeper water to the east of the study area. These wharves, made of timber, were the first such wharves built on the Parramatta River (Figure 4).5

2.3.2 The soldiers district

In 1790, Governor Phillip granted an allotment of land for a soldiers’ barracks. The soldiers district was located at the east end of George Street to the south of the study area. By September of 1790,

2 Varman, RVJ, 1996. Queen’s Wharf Reserve Parramatta: Archaeological Assessment for Parramatta City Council. p. 8. 3 Varman 1996, p. 8. 4 Varman 1996, p. 8. 5 Gutteridge Haskins & Davey Pty Ltd 1990, Environmental Impact Statement for the Extension of Ferry Services on the Parramatta River West of Silverwater Bridge. Report to New South Wales Department of Transport. p. 33.

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Parramatta Light Rail – Enabling Works Heritage Archival Recording and Salvage Report convicts were constructing a rudimentary brickworks to be used as a storehouse and barracks.6 A house for the storekeeper was also constructed, though was replaced with a new house in 1798. The storehouse was repaired somewhat between 1796 and 1800.

By 1817, Governor Macquarie identified that a new barracks would be needed due to the poor methods used to construct the original soldiers’ barracks. A replacement barracks was shortly established on the site of the current Lancer Barracks, and by 1823, the original barracks appear to have been demolished as they are not present on a map dating to that year (Figure 5).

Figure 3: 1789 plan prepared by Bradley, indicating the location of the ‘old wharf’. Source: SLNSW

6 Varman 1996, p. 8.

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Parramatta Light Rail – Enabling Works Heritage Archival Recording and Salvage Report

Figure 4: 1814 plan of Parramatta, indicating the location of the wharf to the north of the soldiers barracks. Source: Higginbotham, p. 71

Figure 5: 1823 plan of Parramatta, indicating the location of a wharf to the north of the stores. Source: SLNSW

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Parramatta Light Rail – Enabling Works Heritage Archival Recording and Salvage Report

2.3.3 Stone granary and the 1808 wharf

In the early years, transport and industry in the town relied heavily on the Parramatta River. Goods and people were ferried by sail boats and later by steamers that travelled up and down the river. Taking advantage of this river transport, industries were progressively established along the river’s edge. Around the study area, the water remained very shallow for most of the 19th century, and for several decades the passage of boats was regulated by tidal patterns.7

The shallowness of the water and the growing trade industry necessitated a more convenient wharf facility. In 1808, land was swapped with adjacent holdings belonging to John Macarthur to facilitate construction of a wharf with sufficiently deep water to admit larger boats. An early town plan shows this 1808 wharf in place alongside a new three-storey stone store/granary that was completed in 1809. The 1808 wharf remained the main wharf site for decades to follow.8

2.3.4 Early industrial development and Howell’s mill

In 1825, a large four-storey Commissariat Store was built behind the stone store/granary. The old stone store/granary was demolished soon after, but the associated stone wharf remained in use for a further ten years. The Commissariat Store became a military barracks within three years, and after that was used as an immigration depot. In 1862 the structure was converted into a benevolent asylum. The building was set back from the water just beyond the present day Noller Parade.9

In 1828, Howell’s water-mill and tall windmill were constructed. By the mid-1830s, buildings had been established to the east of the mill, and by the 1840s substantial structures extended to within metres of the public wharf, mostly along the George Street frontage.10 Howell’s Dam, which was built over a natural rock constriction across the river in the location of what is now Gasworks Bridge, was established immediately adjacent to the mills and divided the Parramatta River between fresh and salt water. Following Howell’s death in 1839, his wife Elizabeth took over management until her death in 1866. The mills fell into disrepair and were abandoned in 1868. The growth of the area through to the middle of the 19th century is evidenced by a map prepared by Brownrigg in 1844 (Figure 6).

7 Varman 1996, p. 8. 8 Varman 1996, p. 8. 9 Varman 1996, p. 14. 10 Varman 1996, p. 14.

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Parramatta Light Rail – Enabling Works Heritage Archival Recording and Salvage Report

Figure 6: Plan of the Town of Parramatta and the adjacent properties as surveyed by W. Meadows Brownrigg in 1844 showing extent of subdivisions and settlement during this period. Source: SLNSW

2.3.5 River transportation and Lennox Wall

Between circa 1834 and 1835, Lennox Wall was constructed. Despite its name, the Lennox Wall was actually a wharf structure. Varman suggests that the stone Lennox Wall was positioned in front (river side) of the 1808 wharf.11 This new wharf was likely built in response to the introduction of steam- powered boats. Lennox Wall was referred to variously as ‘the wharf’, ‘the public wharf’, ‘the government wharf’ and ‘the King’s Wharf’. This site became ‘the Queen’s Wharf’ following Queen Victoria’s ascent to the throne in 1837.12

Increased river traffic and use of large steam boats resulted in silting works and removal of obstacles along Parramatta River. In 1846, a new wharf was established at Redbank for travellers disembarking during low tides. By the 1840s, Varman notes that the Queen’s Wharf area had reached its classical form.13

2.3.6 Industrial consolidation and the Gasworks

By the mid to late 19th century, commercial river transport declined with the advent of improved roads and railways. Following the discovery of gold in the colony, a steady commercial and industrial boom began, and the demand for mechanised industry requiring fuel increased. Despite the establishment of an all tides wharf downstream in 1864 to service larger steam boats, the Queen’s Wharf remained in use at high tides and/or by smaller vessels.14

In 1872, land on the north side of George Street along the river was purchased by the Parramatta Gas Company, who established the Gasworks in 1873. Howell’s Dam, on the site of the Gasworks, was

11 Varman 1996, p. 14. 12 Varman 1996, p. 17. 13 Varman 1996, p. 17. 14 Varman 1996, p. 18.

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Parramatta Light Rail – Enabling Works Heritage Archival Recording and Salvage Report demolished around this time. The construction of the Gasworks and the associated Gasworks Bridge placed Parramatta in the new industrial age of gas. In 1890, the Australian Gas Light Company purchased the Parramatta Gas Company. An 1895 plan shows the location of the former gasometer and associated structures (Figure 8). The Gasworks closed at some time prior to the turn of the century.

Figure 7: c1890s photograph of the Queen’s Wharf and Parramatta Gasworks at Parramatta. Source: Parramatta Heritage Centre

Figure 8: 1895 plan of part of the Parramatta CBD showing the site of the former barracks and later, the Parramatta Gasworks, and residential and commercial buildings along George Street and associated roads. Source: SLNSW

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Parramatta Light Rail – Enabling Works Heritage Archival Recording and Salvage Report

2.3.7 Modern development

In 1937, the large Benevolent Asylum complex, comprising the Commissariat Store, the Gasworks and the mills, was demolished on the site. This demolition resulted in a large open area. An historical aerial photograph taken in 1943 shows remains of the Gasworks were still visible at this time (Figure 9). As described by Varman, the area was systematically neutralised and designated for public housing and parkland. During the second half of the 20th century, the CBD developed into the modern commercial precinct that is seen today. Many of the earlier buildings had been either replaced by larger commercial premises or had been upgraded for a more commercial use.

Figure 9: Aerial photograph of the area in 1943 showing the site of the former barracks, mills, Parramatta Gasworks, and residential and commercial buildings along George Street and associated roads.(Source: SixMaps)

2.4 Physical description

2.4.1 Queens Wharf Reserve and Stone Wall and Potential Archaeological Site (Parramatta LEP 2011 Item No. I489)

The Queens Wharf Reserve and Stone Wall and Potential Archaeological Site is located within Queens Wharf Reserve Parramatta. Queens Wharf Reserve is lightly grassed, with mature paperbark trees and landscaped shrubbery present throughout.

Queens Wharf Reserve and Stone Wall and Potential Archaeological Site is bounded by the Parramatta River to the north and George Street to the south. The Gasworks Bridge, a three-span lattice bridge supported by sandstone piers, lies to the west of the item.15 The bridge is utilised by cars and features a separate cycleway. An area of locally significant wetlands lies under the bridge,

15 Department of Planning, Industry and Environment (DPIE), 2001. Gasworks Bridge. Accessed at: https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=4301684 (28/05/2020)

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Parramatta Light Rail – Enabling Works Heritage Archival Recording and Salvage Report bordering the study area to the north-west. The wetland vegetation consists of thick mangrove and salt marsh.

Queens Wharf Reserve and Stone Wall and Potential Archaeological Site is separated into two distinct curtilage areas by the heritage listing for the Parramatta Memorial, which consists of the stern of the sunken vessel mounted on a brick and cement support structure. This area also features metal seating and a concrete rest area and bench. A further memorial to the HMAS Parramatta, featuring a granite block with four anchors attached, is located in the western portion of the study area. This memorial is fenced off with a modern black steel fencing.

Heritage signage with information about the wetlands, reserve and Parramatta’s history are placed along the pedestrian footpath, with the majority of signage present in the south-eastern portion of the site.

2.4.2 Queens Wharf Reserve study area

The Queens Wharf Reserve study area for the current report is located in the western portion of the Queens Wharf Reserve and Stone Wall and Potential Archaeological Site item. The study area is comprised of two distinct landforms separated by a bitumen road which forms part of an underpass beneath the Gasworks Bridge. The southern portion of the study area is comprised of a steep embankment leading towards George Street and the Gasworks Bridge. The northern portion of the study area is comprised of a more gently sloping area which is utilised for recreation. This area includes a concrete pedestrian footpath which extends along the Parramatta River running north-west to south-east through the entirety of the study area.

At the time of the archival recording, access to some parts of the study area was restricted by protective fencing in anticipation of the PLR (Stage 1) enabling works program.

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2.4.3 Illustrative photographs

Figure 10: Looking north-west towards the Figure 11: Looking south-east from Gasworks Gasworks bridge support structure and Bridge into study area and pedestrian pedestrian pathway. PLR enabling works pathway. PLR enabling works fencing visible fencing visible

Figure 12: View east from Queens Wharf Figure 13: View west from George Street Reserve pathway showing the pedestrian pathway

2.5 Assessment of significance

2.5.1 Heritage listings

Queens Wharf Reserve and Stone Wall and Potential Archaeological Site is listed on the Parramatta Local Environmental Plan (LEP) 2011 (Item No. I489)16

2.5.2 Statement of significance

The statement of significance listed for the ‘Queens Wharf Reserve and Stone Wall and Potential Archaeological Site’ (Parramatta LEP 2011 Item No. I489) on the SHI database is as follows17:

This item is of historical significance because it provides evidence of the history of amenities and services in the local area. The item is rare in local terms.

16 DPIE, n.d. Parramatta Archaeological Management Unit 2895. Accessed at: https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=2242895 (18/05/2020) 17 Department of Planning, Industry and Environment (DPIE), n.d. Queens Wharf Reserve and stone wall and potential archaeological site. Accessed at: https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=2240219 (18/05/2020)

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A more detailed statement of significance was provided by Varman as part of a heritage study of Queens Wharf Reserve in 1996 (see Section 2.2). The statement is as follows18:

The Queens Wharf area, particularly between Harris Street to the west line of Purchase Street on both sides of George street, are of prime national significance because:

• of the role Parramatta played in the survival of the nation during its founding years, specifically from 1788 to the Macquarie period. Hence the potential to provide data leading to a greater understanding of Australia's European cultural history and on an international level, the phenomenon of global European colonial expansion during the eighteenth century.

• of the high degree of survival of a range of archaeological remains, a rare if not unique survival because of the comparatively intensive development of the Sydney CBD. Rivalled only by Parramatta Park and Kingston, Norfolk Island

• of the association with surviving early nearby sites such as John Macarthur's Elizabeth Farm (in the early years a next-door neighbour), Experiment Farm, Government House, Parramatta (and the City and Parramatta Park in general).

• of the association with most early pioneers and visitors who used the wharf or were tied up with the Barracks or Store.

• of the early development of industries in particular milling with such sites as Howell's windmill and water-mill, Byrnes' steam mill and cloth factory

• of the early and intensive development of wharfing, grain storage, steam river transport, and role as a major public store and welfare centre.

• of the Barracks' association with the notorious New South Wales Corps and John Macarthur.

• of the role the Barracks played in the convict uprisings of 1800 and 1804, the only serious attempts at civil war in Australia's history. The greater area of the Queens Wharf Reserve also contains a remarkable survival of a community of invertebrates, particularly a number of endemic snail species first recorded in Australia and thought to have been extinct in the place of their original naming.

There is also a high degree of regional significance as relates to the Asylum which once took up about half of the site, many of the inmates having been transportees: an early example of state welfare. The site also contained one of the early gasworks in the colony

18 Varman, 1996. p.7.

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2.6 Material specifications

2.6.1 Site inspection

The following details apply for the site inspection for the archival recording of the Queens Wharf Reserve study area.

Table 2: Camera specifications and recording details, Queens Wharf Reserve study area

Item Detail

Camera Nikon D750

Lens AF-S NIKKOR 24p-120mm 1:4 G ED

Photographer Charlotte Simons

Date 3 April 2019

2.7 Catalogue sheets

The following photographic record includes descriptions of the content of each photograph taken during the archival recording, along with the directions in which they were taken. The photo numbers apply to the shot numbers provided on the aerial maps which illustrate the locations from which the photographs were taken, and the photograph contact sheets in Appendix A.

All digital photographs (JPG and NEF) are provided on an accompanying CD.

Table 3: Catalogue sheets of the photographic record

Photo # Frame # View to Description

1 4435 W View from George Street showing Queens Wharf Reserve pathway and diversion start point of George Street for the underpass bridge.

2 4436 W View from George Street showing Queens Wharf Reserve pathway.

3 4437 W View from Queens Wharf Reserve pathway and Parramatta River.

4 4438 SW View from Queens Wharf Reserve showing George Street diversion.

5 4439 W View from Queens Wharf Reserve pathway showing George Street diversion towards underpass.

View from Queens Wharf Reserve pathway showing George Street 6 E 4440 diversion.

7 4441 S View from Queens Wharf Reserve showing trees lining George Street.

8 4442 W View from Queens Wharf Reserve pathway and George Street underpass.

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Photo # Frame # View to Description

9 4443 SE View underneath underpass showing George Street diversion.

10 4444 SE View from Queens Wharf Reserve showing George Street leading towards underpass.

View from Queens Wharf Reserve showing tree lined pathway and George 11 E 4445 Street.

12 4446 NW View from entry point of George Street into Queens Wharf Reserve looking towards underpass.

View along upper course of George Street with Queens Wharf Reserve to 13 W 4447 the right.

14 4448 NW View towards Queens Wharf Reserve along George Street.

15 4449 NW View towards Queens Wharf Reserve along George Street.

16 4450 E View taken from Queens Wharf Reserve between division of George Streets showing trees.

17 4451 E Close up of trees within Queens Wharf Reserve taken from reserve between division of George Streets.

18 4452 E Close up of trees within Queens Wharf Reserve taken from reserve between division of George Streets (Portrait).

19 4454 W Close up of tree within Queens Wharf Reserve towards overpass of Macarthur Street (Portrait).

20 4455 E View east showing cluster of trees within Queens Wharf Reserve taken from reserve between division of George Streets (Portrait).

21 4456 E View east showing close up of tree within Queens Wharf Reserve (Portrait).

22 4457 N View north showing close up of tree within Queens Wharf Reserve towards Parramatta River (Portrait).

23 4458 S View south showing close up of tree within Queens Wharf Reserve towards upper George Street (Portrait).

View east showing tree within Queens Wharf Reserve along George 24 E 4459 Street.

25 4460 W View west showing trees located within Queens Wharf Reserve towards underpass.

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Photo # Frame # View to Description

26 4461 N View from top of Queens Wharf Reserve along Macarthur Street looking north towards the underpass bridge and Parramatta River.

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2.8 Reference aerial

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3.0 ANCIENT ABORIGINAL AND EARLY COLONIAL LANDSCAPE (ROBIN THOMAS RESERVE)

3.1 Study area

The Ancient Aboriginal and Early Colonial Landscape study area is located within the north-west portion of Robin Thomas Reserve at Harris Park, south of the Parramatta River. The study area includes portions of Harris Street and George Street which bound the Ancient Aboriginal and Early Colonial Landscape SHR item (SHR #0183) and is adjacent to the Robin Thomas Reserve (Archaeological Site) LEP item (LEP -A2). The Robin Thomas Reserve study area is within the Parramatta LGA and the county of Cumberland.

The location of the Robin Thomas Reserve study area is shown in Figure 14.

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Figure 14: The location of the Ancient Aboriginal and Early Colonial Landscape study area

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3.2 Previous investigations

Previous investigation within Robin Thomas Reserve has included investigation of both Aboriginal and non- Aboriginal archaeological remains. Test trenching undertaken by Casey & Lowe in 2003 identified an internal brick footing and sandstone drain consistent with early convict-built buildings and likely associated with the westernmost building of the barracks on the eastern side of Robin Thomas reserve.19 The remains were also found to be intact and at a relatively shallow depth of 200mm to 300mm below the surface.

An Aboriginal and Historic Period Archaeology and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) survey for the Robin Thomas Reserve was prepared by Cultural Resources Management (CRM) in 2017.20 The report aimed to identify the archaeological profile of the site using historical sources, GPR studies and research into Aboriginal archaeological values. CRM confirmed that Robin Thomas Reserve was located within the geological Parramatta Sand Body feature, with Aboriginal artefact assemblages likely present at all levels of the sand body. Aboriginal artefacts within shallower portions of the sand body were assessed as likely to have been removed or highly disturbed. Artefacts from deeper portions of the sand body were considered likely to contain intact Aboriginal archaeological remains.21 Archaeological evidence of European occupation, especially of the structural remains of the Somerset Nursery were also considered likely to be substantially present.22

Test excavations were undertaken at the Harris Street Footpath/Robin Thomas Reserve Aboriginal site (AHIMS 45-6-3157/45-6-3158) in 2017, as part of the Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Assessment Report (ACHAR) prepared by Kelleher Nightingale Consulting for the PLR.23 Test excavations assessed Robin Thomas Reserve as an Aboriginal site of moderate-high significance, which aligned with its listing on the Aboriginal Heritage Management Information System (AHIMS) database. Aboriginal test excavation undertaken by Artefact at Robin Thomas Reserve between May and June 2019 did not uncover any Aboriginal artefacts.24

3.3 Historical background

3.3.1 Aboriginal history and early European settlement

Prior to European settlement, Parramatta was a focal point for Aboriginal occupation as the natural landscape was rich in resources. In 1788, Governor Arthur Phillip reported that bark huts, fire places, collected fern root and shells, hunted animals for bones and the fur of a ‘flying squirrel’ or possum were seen at a campsite at Parramatta, then known as Rose Hill.25

The Ancient Aboriginal and Early Colonial Landscape is associated with the presence of the Parramatta sand body which extends over much of the Parramatta CBD. Investigation of the

19 Casey and Lowe, 2004. Archaeological Testing and Monitoring Cnr George and Harris Streets, Parramatta. 20 Cultural Resources Management, 2017. Aboriginal and Historic Period Archaeology and GPR Survey, Robin Thomas Reserve. Report prepared for Parramatta City Council. 21 Cultural Resources Management, 2017. Aboriginal and Historic Period Archaeology and GPR Survey, Robin Thomas Reserve. Report prepared for Parramatta City Council. p.104 22 Cultural Resources Management, 2017. Aboriginal and Historic Period Archaeology and GPR Survey, Robin Thomas Reserve. Report prepared for Parramatta City Council. p.105 23 Kelleher Nightingale Consulting, 2017. Parramatta Light Rail: Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Assessment Report. Report prepared for WSP/Parsons Brinckerhoff on behalf of Transport for NSW. 24 Artefact Heritage, 2020. Draft Parramatta Light Rail Enabling Works - Aboriginal Test Excavation Report. Report prepared for DWJV. 25 Attenbrow 2010: p.48

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Parramatta sand body has identified extensive occupation of the area by Aboriginal people dating as far back as 30,000 years before present.26

3.3.2 The soldiers district

The first soldiers barracks and a storehouse were established on a raised and enclosed area close to the present site of Government House in Parramatta Park. For more information regarding this land use, see Section 2.3.2.

3.3.3 Nineteenth century use

Robin Thomas Reserve was originally part of three acres and 28 perches granted to Thomas Scott Hobbes in 1829. Scott’s grant included the former barracks site and the land south to the creek. Scott returned to England in 1829, the same year he received his grant, and seemed to have made very little use of the sites. In 1844, the site was sold to John Purchase and by 1851 the Purchase family had established the Somerset Nursery on the plot of land formerly used by the barracks. By 1894 the Somerset Nursery complex included a terrace of seven cottages fronting George Street, a small shop and cottage on the corner of George and Harris Streets, a stone residence known as Somerset Cottage and outbuildings such as stables, sheds and flower houses (Figure 15).27 Just three years later, the Bank of NSW repossessed the property.28 The George Street terrace appears to have been demolished between c.1895 and c.1915, with four small houses constructed in their place.

Figure 15: Engraving of the Somerset Nursery, c.1878. Source: Australian Town and Country Journal

26 DPIE, 2010. Ancient Aboriginal and Colonial Landscape. Accessed at: https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=5061073 (19/05/2020) 27 DPIE, 2010. Ancient Aboriginal and Colonial Landscape. Accessed at: https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=5061073 (19/05/2020) 28 DPIE, 2010. Ancient Aboriginal and Colonial Landscape. Accessed at: https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=5061073 (19/05/2020)

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3.3.4 George Street houses

The Somerset nursery site was subdivided into four separate allotments in 1915. Sands Directory listings for the occupants cease in 1911 suggesting that this was the date or close to it that the buildings were removed from the site. Following the purchase of these allotments, the majority of the estate remained undeveloped. This can be seen in aerial photographs from c.1930 and 1943.29 The minor re-development that was undertaken was concentrated around the George Street frontage. The aerial image of 1943 suggests that by that date a large part of the long wing behind the house of George Street had been demolished (Figure 16). The main house facing George Street survived at least until the 1990s; it is visible in aerial images of that time.

In 1952 the study area was gazetted as Robin Thomas Reserve, with the portions at 137-147 George Street and 115 Harris Street later added to the reserve.30

Figure 16: 1943 aerial of Robin Thomas Reserve showing the land as mostly undeveloped. Source: SixMaps

3.4 Physical description

3.4.1 Ancient Aboriginal and Early Colonial Landscape (SHR # 01863)

The Ancient Aboriginal and Early Colonial Landscape item, located in Robin Thomas Reserve, is a lightly grassed area with mature fig trees present within the south-western portion. The southern portion of the item is currently comprised of a fenced sport field. This sports facility is the home of the Granville Waratah Soccer Club, which has a sandstone cottage positioned in the central portion of the study area. Small sandstone blocks and a low wooden paling fence are located close to the sandstone cottage.

29 DPIE, 2010. Ancient Aboriginal and Early Colonial Landscape. Accessed at: https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=5061073 (19/05/2020) 30 DPIE, 2010. Ancient Aboriginal and Early Colonial Landscape. Accessed at: https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=5061073 (19/05/2020)

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The Ancient Aboriginal and Early Colonial Landscape is bound by George Street to the north, Hassall Street to the south and Harris Street to the west. The heritage item includes a portion of a large playing ground bound on four sides with large mature fig trees. The item is surrounded by commercial and recreational structures including the Albion Hotel and carpark to the west and the Parramatta Workers Club to the east.

3.4.2 Ancient Aboriginal and Early Colonial Landscape study area

The Ancient Aboriginal and Early Colonial landscape study area is comprised of the north western portion of the Ancient Aboriginal and Early Colonial Landscape item (SHR # 01863). Within the study area, the heritage item includes open grassed parkland and an existing footpath running along Harris Street. For the purposes of the archival recording, the Ancient Aboriginal and Early Colonial Landscape study area also includes portions of the Harris Street road corridor subject to works as part of the enabling works program.

At the time of the archival recording, access to some parts of the study area was restricted by protective fencing in anticipation of the PLR (Stage 1) enabling works program.

3.4.3 Illustrative photographs

Figure 17: View south from George Street Figure 18: View north from Harris Street, with towards Robin Thomas Reserve Robin Thomas Reserve to the east

Figure 19: View north across Robin Thomas Figure 20: View south along Harris Street with Reserve fencing around Robin Thomas Reserve

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3.5 Assessment of significance

3.5.1 Heritage significance

Ancient Aboriginal and Early Colonial Landscape is listed on the State Heritage Register (SHR # 01863) and on the Parramatta LEP 2011 as ‘Robin Thomas Reserve archaeological site’ (LEP Item No. A2).

3.5.2 Statement of significance

The statement of significance listed for the ‘Ancient Aboriginal and Early Colonial Landscape’ (SHR # 01863) on the SHI database is as follows31:

The Parramatta Sand Body is an important cultural landscape. Archaeological investigation of the sand body has uncovered a substantial archaeological record that has contributed to our understanding of pre-colonial Aboriginal occupation of the Parramatta area and more broadly, the Cumberland Plain. The antiquity of some of this archaeological record and evidence of change over time is significant to Australian archaeology generally. For the local Aboriginal people whose ancestors lived on and used the sand body for many thousands of years before the arrival of non-Aboriginal people, the sand body has special significance. The sand body is a tangible link with their cultural past.

The Parramatta Sand Body Conservation Area has the potential to provide further insight into the diet and lifestyle of Aboriginal people in pre-colonial times. Prior to non-indigenous settlement of the area, the site would have been an attractive location for Aboriginal people, as it had ready access to, two permanent water sources and mixed resources. Archaeological investigations of parts of the sand body in close vicinity to the conservation area, have revealed evidence of pre- colonial Aboriginal occupation.

From a geomorphic perspective, the sand body has the potential to provide insight into patterns of river flow and flood events that could lead to a better understanding of the formation of the Parramatta River Valley. On a broader scale, the sand body may be able to provide valuable information about changing sea levels in the Pleistocene period with implications for possible future sea levels and coastal geography under a warming climate.

In addition to the archaeological and geomorphic research value of the sand body, the Parramatta Sand Body also has the potential to provide valuable insight into the natural environment of Parramatta CBD in pre-colonial times. The fluvial sand terrace is evidence that Parramatta had a more diverse natural environment than might otherwise have been known from historical accounts, which provide few details about the natural vegetation of area. Pollen, which may be preserved within the sand body, could yield valuable information about the original vegetation of the Parramatta CBD area.

Site of Military Barracks and Soldiers Garden The site of Military Barracks and Soldiers Garden is of state significance for its

31 DPIE, 2010. Ancient Aboriginal and Early Colonial Landscape. Accessed at: https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=5061073 (19/05/2020)

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association with the establishment of the town of Parramatta and for its association with the works of Governor Arthur Phillip. Governor Phillip established a settlement at Parramatta in 1788 and by 1790 he commenced building works to establish vital infrastructure for a town. Amongst the early building works he undertook, was the construction of military barracks for the town garrison. The barracks are also of significant for their association with the New South Wales Corps. The NSW Corps arrived as guards on the Second Fleet in June 1790 to relieve the marines who had accompanied the First Fleet. Members of the NSW Corps served as the garrison at Parramatta and were housed in the newly erected military barracks.

The site of the Military Barracks and Soldiers Garden is a rare archaeological site. It was one of two military barracks built during the period of Captain Arthur Phillip's term as Governor of NSW. The site, which was occupied by the NSW Corps in May 1791, has the potential to provide the earliest surviving physical evidence of a convict period military barracks in Australia. Relics and deposits of the Military Barracks and Soldiers Garden may yield knowledge, which may not be available from other sources, about the nature of the institutionalised life of soldiers in the early colony. In addition, archaeological remains associated with the barracks may contribute to our knowledge of the nature and availability of building resources in NSW in the late 18th and early 19th Century.

3.6 Material specifications

3.6.1 Site inspection

The following details apply for the site inspection for the archival recording of the Ancient Aboriginal and Early Colonial Landscape study area.

Table 4: Camera specifications and recording details, Ancient Aboriginal and Early Colonial Landscape study area

Item Detail

Camera Nikon D750

Lens AF-S NIKKOR 24p-120mm 1:4 G ED

Photographer Charlotte Simons

Date 3 April 2019

3.7 Catalogue sheets

All digital photographs (JPG and NEF) are provided on an accompanying CD.

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Table 5: Catalogue sheets of the photographic record

Photo # Frame # View to Description

1 4462 S View from Harris Street looking south showing Robing Thomas Reserve.

2 4463 SE View from Harris Street looking south east towards Robin Thomas Reserve.

View from Harris Street and George Street Intersections on the north-western 3 4464 SW corner of Robin Thomas Reserve.

View from George Street on the north-western corner of Robin Thomas 4 4465 S Reserve showing Harris Street.

5 4466 E View along George Street with Robin Thomas Reserve shown on the right.

View from George Street showing Granville Waratah SFC building in Robin 6 4467 W Thomas Reserve.

View from intersection of George and Harris Streets showing north-western 7 4468 E corner of Robin Thomas Reserve.

View from Harris Street and George Street showing intersection and Robin 8 4472 SE Thomas Reserve in the background.

View south along Harris Street and George Street showing intersection and 9 4474 S Robin Thomas Reserve.

10 4475 W View west along George Street.

View south along Harris Street with Robin Thomas Reserve shown on the 11 4476 S left.

View south along Harris Street with Robin Thomas Reserve shown on the left 12 4478 S towards Macquarie Street.

View along Harris Street looking north towards George Street with Robin 13 4479 N Thomas Reserve shown on the right.

View along Harris Street looking north-east over Robin Thomas Reserve 14 4481 NE towards George Street.

15 4483 S View along Harris Street footpath looking south towards Macquarie Street.

View north along Harris Street with Robin Thomas Reserve shown to the 16 4484 N right.

17 4485 N View north-east across Robin Thomas Reserve from Harris Street.

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Photo # Frame # View to Description

View across Robin Thomas Reserve looking north-west towards the 18 4489 NW intersection of Harris and George Streets.

19 4490 W View west across Robin Thomas Reserve towards Harris Street.

20 4491 N View north across Robin Thomas Reserve towards George Street.

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3.8 Reference aerial

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4.0 PARRAMATTA CORRECTIONAL CENTRE

4.1 Study area

The Parramatta Correctional Centre SHR Item (SHR # 008152) is located across three distinct areas including the main correctional centre complex at 73 O’Connell Street and supplementary areas located at 124 O’Connell Street and Dunlop Street. The study area for the archival recording includes a portion of the curtilage of the Parramatta Correctional Centre SHR item located on Broad Street as well external vantage points of the SHR item visible from O’Connell Street, Board Street and Dunlop Street which surround the SHR item. The Parramatta Correctional Centre study area is within the Parramatta LGA and the county of Cumberland.

The location of the Parramatta Correctional Centre study area is shown in Figure 21.

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Figure 21. Location of the Parramatta Correctional Centre study area

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4.2 Previous investigations

Archaeological monitoring was undertaken at Parramatta Correctional Centre by Archaeological Management and Consulting Group in 1994, as a water main installation had uncovered remains of a well on the site. A sandstone well and wall footing were uncovered within the original 1830s layout of the Gaol, while a beehive-shaped tank was interpreted as associated with a water system constructed at the Gaol in 1865.32 The wall footing ran parallel to the existing perimeter wall. The well was drained and all features photographed and recorded.

4.3 Historical background

The following historical background is collated from the SHI listing card for the ‘Parramatta Correctional Centre’.33

4.3.1 Early European settlement

Following Governor Phillip’s arrival in the Parramatta area in 1788, the region was cleared of scrub and a small town laid out. The settlement’s first gaol was part of this design, a large timber and thatch building constructed near the northern bank of the Parramatta River in 1796.34 Just three years later, the gaol was heavily damaged in a fire, with several convicts suffering severe burns and one fatality. The Second Gaol, run by the Reverend Samuel Marsden, commenced construction in 1802 and was completed in just two years. The sandstone building was structurally unsound and unsafe for its residents, housing a large amount of female and male convicts. Reports of falling walls and failing structures persisted throughout the gaol’s use. Despite being further damaged by fire in 1807, the Second Gaol continued to be occupied until 1841.35

4.3.2 Parramatta’s third gaol

Following the degradation of Parramatta’s Second Gaol, planning began for a third gaol at the study area in the mid-1830s. The original design for the gaol was created by Mortimer Lewis in 1835, but the final approved design was drawn by Captain George Barney, the Commanding Royal Engineer.36 The construction of the gaol was undertaken by architect James Houison and builder Nathaniel Payten, with the first building completed in 1842. By the 1840s, the prison consisted of a perimeter wall, chapel building and three wings.37 Thomas Duke Allen was awarded the position of Head Gaoler, a role he would hold for the next two decades. Allen’s wife, Martha, acted as matron for the female prisoners.38 Allen championed improvements to the prison during his time as Head Gaoler, though extensions to the original design were not undertaken until 1862. By 1865, the perimeter wall was extended and a cookhouse, underground water tanks and extra cells were added to the existing

32 Archaeological Management and Consulting Group, 1995. Parramatta Correctional Centre Archaeological Monitoring and Recording. Report prepared for Department of Correctional Services. 33 DPIE, 1997. Parramatta Correctional Centre. Accessed at: https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=5000657 (19/05/2020) 34 Parramatta Heritage Centre, n.d. Parramatta Stories: Old Parramatta Gaol. Accessed at: http://arc.parracity.nsw.gov.au/blog/2014/06/04/parramatta-gaol-2/ (19/05/2020) 35 Parramatta Heritage Centre, n.d. Parramatta Stories: Old Parramatta Gaol. Accessed at: http://arc.parracity.nsw.gov.au/blog/2014/06/04/parramatta-gaol-2/ (19/05/2020) 36 DPIE, 1997. Parramatta Correctional Centre. Accessed at: https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=5000657 (19/05/2020) 37 Parramatta Heritage Centre, n.d. Parramatta Stories: Old Parramatta Gaol. Accessed at: http://arc.parracity.nsw.gov.au/blog/2014/06/04/parramatta-gaol-2/ (19/05/2020) 38 Kerr 1995, in DPIE, 1997. Parramatta Correctional Centre. Accessed at: https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=5000657 (19/05/2020)

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4.3.3 Twentieth century

Between 1906 – 1908, a chapel and sewerage works were added to the facility. After World War I, a decline in the prisoner population led to the closing of the gaol, which was handed over to the inspector for mental hospitals in September 1918.41 The western sandstone perimeter wall was demolished and the institution refurbished between 1918-1926.42 Following strain on the penal system, the Parramatta Gaol was re-established on the study area in 1927. By 1929, the inmates at the gaol were manufacturing products including boots, brushes, clothes and tinware.43

From the 1940s to the 1970s, a number of unsympathetic additions were made to the gaol complex. The most notable examples were the Parramatta Linen Service and auditorium, constructed in the 1970s. A new development scheme completed in 1993 included new entry facilities, a reception building and visiting facilities in brick. These new buildings attempted to match the older structures in materials and design.44

The gaol was renamed the Parramatta Correctional Centre in 2008, but closed at the end of 2011 with the property being transferred to the Deerubbin Local Aboriginal Land Council (LALC) in 2015.

Figure 22: Parramatta Gaol, c.1911. Source: Parramatta Heritage Centre

39 DPIE, 1997. Parramatta Correctional Centre. Accessed at: https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=5000657 (19/05/2020) 40 Kerr 1995, in DPIE, 1997. Parramatta Correctional Centre. Accessed at: https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=5000657 (19/05/2020) 41 DPIE, 1997. Parramatta Correctional Centre. Accessed at: https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=5000657 (19/05/2020) 42 Parramatta Heritage Centre, n.d. Parramatta Stories: Old Parramatta Gaol. Accessed at: http://arc.parracity.nsw.gov.au/blog/2014/06/04/parramatta-gaol-2/ (19/05/2020) 43 Parramatta Heritage Centre, n.d. Parramatta Stories: Old Parramatta Gaol. Accessed at: http://arc.parracity.nsw.gov.au/blog/2014/06/04/parramatta-gaol-2/ (19/05/2020) 44 DPIE, 1997. Parramatta Correctional Centre. Accessed at: https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=5000657 (19/05/2020)

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Figure 23: Entrance gateway to the Parramatta Gaol, c.1930s. Source: NLA

Figure 24: Parramatta Gaol complex, 1943 aerial. Source: SixMaps

4.4 Physical description

4.4.1 Parramatta Correctional Centre (SHR # 00812, LEP No. I00812).

The Parramatta Correctional Centre SHR curtilage is comprised of Parramatta Gaol, the O’Connell Street residences and an area on the corner of O’Connell and Broad Streets. The primary portion of the Correctional Centre is comprised of the sandstone Parramatta Gaol facility which includes high sandstone walls and six cell blocks internally. This portion of the Correctional facility is located to the west of O’Connell Street with the curtilage of the item extending east towards the Parramatta River.

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The O’Connell Street properties include two residential properties built for the governor and deputy governor of the Gaol in 1902. The residences are set back considerably from the road corridor and include a white picket boundary fence and substantial tree plantings obscuring the properties from public vantage points. The Broad Street property includes an open parking area as well as several brick and weatherboard properties.

4.4.2 Parramatta Correctional Centre study area

Within the curtilage of the Parramatta Correctional Centre, the study area is comprised of a grassed unoccupied residential lot utilised as a car park facility at the corner of Broad Street and O’Connell Street. For the purposes of the archival recording, the study area also includes the streets subject to works directly surrounding the heritage item including portions of O’Connell Street, Broad Street and Dunlop Street.

Within the study area, a concrete pedestrian pathway runs directly underneath the exterior wall of main Parramatta Correctional facility structure, with a small grassy strip between the pathway and the neighbouring streets. A number of mature trees are positioned on the grassy strip at the Dunlop Street and O’Connell Street sides, with the spaces between the trees utilised as parking space.

At the time of the archival recording, access to some parts of the study area was restricted by protective fencing in anticipation of the PLR (Stage 1) enabling works program.

4.4.3 Illustrative photographs

Figure 25: View south-west along O’Connell Figure 26: View north-west from O’Connell Street looking towards Parramatta Street towards Parramatta Correctional Centre Correctional Centre and streetscape.

Figure 27: View of sandstone wall and Figure 28: View of sandstone wall and O’Connell Street gate of Parramatta octagonal guard tower at corner of Dunlop Correctional Centre and O'Connell Streets.

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4.5 Assessment of significance

4.5.1 Heritage significance

The Parramatta Correctional Centre is listed on the SHR (SHR # 00812) and on the Parramatta LEP 2011 (LEP Item No. I00812). The Parramatta Correctional Centre is also listed on the Corrective Services NSW s170 heritage register.

4.5.2 Statement of significance

The statement of significance listed for the ‘Parramatta Correctional Centre’ (SHR # 00812) on the SHI database is as follows45:

Up until its closure in 2011, the Parramatta Correctional Centre was the oldest gaol in original use in Australia. It is the most intact of the pre-1850's gaols of Australia. The constructional character and quality of the early buildings, in particular the stone slab floors, ashlar walls and timber roof trusses, are exceptional. It is significant in its physical and spatial quality as an enclosed complex. The fabric reflects the shifts in penal philosophy and changes in use from the 1830's to the construction of Long Bay in the early twentieth century (Kerr 1995: 46).

4.6 Material specifications

4.6.1 Site inspection

The following details apply for the site inspection for the archival recording of the Parramatta Correctional Centre study area.

Table 6: Camera specifications and recording details, Parramatta Correctional Centre study area

Item Detail

Camera Nikon D750

Lens AF-S NIKKOR 24p-120mm 1:4 G ED

Photographers Charlotte Simons

Date 3 April 2019

4.7 Catalogue sheets

The following photographic record includes descriptions of the content of each photograph taken during the archival recording, along with the directions in which they were taken. The photo numbers

45 DPIE, 1997. Parramatta Correctional Centre. Accessed at: https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=5000657 (19/05/2020)

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All digital photographs (JPG and NEF) are provided on an accompanying CD.

Table 7: Catalogue sheets of the photographic record

Photo # Frame # View to Description

View north along O’Connell Street towards Board Street showing carpark 1 4313 N across from the Parramatta Correctional Centre.

View from O’Connell Street showing entrance to Parramatta Linen 2 4314 W Service adjacent to the Parramatta Correctional Centre.

3 4315 SW View from O’Connell Street showing Parramatta Correctional Centre.

View along O’Connell Street looking south with Parramatta Correctional 4 4316 S Centre shown on the right and a carpark on the left.

View along O’Connell Street looking towards Parramatta Correctional 5 4320 SW Centre.

6 4321 S View along O’Connell Street road corridor.

View along O’Connell Street showing Parramatta Correctional Centre 7 4322 S sandstone wall.

View from O’Connell Street showing road corridor with Parramatta 8 4324 S Correctional Centre to the right and streetscape.

View from O’Connell Street looking east at carpark and commercial 9 4326 E buildings opposite Parramatta Correctional Centre.

10 4328 SE View along O’Connell Street to the south.

View along O’Connell Street to the south with Parramatta Correctional 11 4329 S Centre wall to the right.

12 4332 NE View south along O’Connell Street from Parramatta Correctional Centre.

13 4334 SW View from O’Connell Street towards Parramatta Correctional Centre.

View from O’Connell Street towards Parramatta Correctional Centre and 14 4336 NW streetscape.

View south-east along O’Connell Street showing road corridor and 15 4340 SE buildings across from Parramatta Correctional Centre.

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Photo # Frame # View to Description

16 4345 SE View from O’Connell Street and intersection with Dunlop Street.

View showing sandstone wall of Parramatta Correctional Centre looking 17 4349 S south from O’Connell Street.

View from O’Connell Street streetscape showing commercial buildings 18 4350 E across from Parramatta Correctional Centre

View from O’Connell Street streetscape showing commercial buildings 19 4354 SE across from Parramatta Correctional Centre towards Dunlop Street end.

View from O’Connell Street looking Streetscape showing street profile 20 4361 NE and Parramatta Correctional Centre wall.

View along O’Connell Street showing sloped landform across from 21 4363 N Parramatta Correctional Centre.

View from O’Connell Street looking west at Parramatta Correctional 22 4365 W Centre boundary wall.

View north along O’Connell Street showing Parramatta Correctional 23 4372 N Centre wall.

Truncated stepped feature located on footpath across from Parramatta 24 4373 - Correctional Centre in O’Connell Street.

View from O’Connell Street showing sandstone wall of Parramatta 25 4375 NW Correctional Centre.

View from O’Connell Street showing sandstone wall of Parramatta 26 4376 W Correctional Centre.

View from O’Connell Street towards Dunlop Street intersection showing 27 4383 SW sandstone wall of Parramatta Correctional Centre.

View from O’Connell Street towards Dunlop Street intersection and 28 4385 NW corner of Parramatta Correctional Centre boundary.

View from O’Connell Street towards Dunlop Street intersection and 29 4388 W corner of Parramatta Correctional Centre boundary showing correctional centre tower.

View along Dunlop Street with Parramatta Correctional Centre to the 30 4389 W right.

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Photo # Frame # View to Description

View along O’Connell Street from Dunlop Street corner showing 31 4392 N boundary wall of Parramatta Correctional Centre and the location of ‘Tower 1’.

View north along O’Connell Street showing boundary wall of Parramatta 32 4394 N Correctional Centre and streetscape.

33 4395 - Sandstone kerbing.

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4.8 Reference aerial

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5.0 KINGS SCHOOL (FORMER) / MARSDEN REHABILITATION CENTRE

5.1 Study area

The Kings School (former) / Marsden Rehabilitation Centre heritage items are located at 3 Marist Place, Parramatta. The heritage items are bounded by Victoria Road to the north, the Parramatta River to the south, O’Connell Street to the west, and Marist Place and locally significant St Patrick’s Roman Catholic Church to the east. The Kings School study area is comprised of the north-western portion of the heritage item. The Kings School study area is within the Parramatta LGA and the county of Cumberland.

The location of the Kings School study area is shown in Figure 29.

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Figure 29: Location of the Kings School study area

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5.2 Previous investigations

An ARD for the Kings School site was prepared by GML in 2014 for demolition works in the north- western portion of the heritage curtilage.46 The levels of archaeological potential at the site were assessed as low potential for pre-1834 agricultural activities, with moderate potential for evidence from the 1834 -1960s land use as the Kings School.

5.3 Historical background

5.3.1 Government Farm

The Kings School site was originally utilised as part of Government Farm, a model farm established by Governor Arthur Phillip in 1788 to feed the fledgling colony. Phillip had spotted the arable land around the Parramatta River as an ideal place to commence farming shortly after his arrival in Australia. In November 1788 a military outpost was established at nearby Rose Hill, and Government Farm was cleared by a team of convicts led by James Smith. Smith was replaced in March 1789 by Henry Dodd, Phillip’s personal servant. Corn was planted in the first few cleared acres by 1789.47 Dodd’s success at Government Farm meant that by 1790, 88 of 200 acres had been cleared and planted with wheat, barley, oats and maize.48

The Kings School site was located on a small grant of 105 acres awarded to William Bligh by Governor King in 1806. This grant became known as Mount Betham and was reserved for residential purposes. Bligh went on to become Governor of NSW. An 1811 map of Mount Betham shows part of the area as ‘under cultivation’ by 1807, and the farm was offered for lease in 1811.49 In 1819, political issues associated with the Rum Rebellion meant that all Bligh’s grants were revoked and declared void. The parcel of land including the study area was then granted to the Agricultural and Horticultural Society in the 1820s.

5.3.2 Agricultural and Horticultural Society

During the occupation of the Agricultural and Horticultural Society, the site was utilised as a stock breeding ground and nursery ‘for the purposes of introducing the growth of the finest kind of fruit trees into the colony’.50 Though it is likely some buildings were erected onsite, the types and locations are unknown. The society disbanded in 1836, having offered their land to the King’s School some three years before. Mr Forrest, the first master of the King’s School, took possession of the site in January 1834.51

46 GML, 2014. Old Kings School, Parramatta Archaeological Research Design. Report prepared Pole Star Projects. 47 DPIE, 2007. Kings School Group (former). Accessed at: https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=5045107 (19/05/2020) 48 DPIE, 2007. Kings School Group (former). Accessed at: https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=5045107 (19/05/2020) 49 DPIE, 2007. Kings School Group (former). Accessed at: https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=5045107 (19/05/2020) 50 Peddle Thorp, 1995:35 in DPIE, 2007. Kings School Group (former). Accessed at: https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=5045107 (19/05/2020) 51 Peddle Thorp 1995:34 in DPIE, 2007. Kings School Group (former). Accessed at: https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=5045107 (19/05/2020)

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5.3.3 The Kings School

The Anglican schooling institution was first opened in rented quarters in Parramatta in 1832, providing facilities for both boarders and day students. Plans for a larger school had been discussed amongst the trustees since the school’s beginning, with several designs rejected due to undue extravagance. Tenders were called for the school construction on the site by c.1833, with an estimated costing of 2000 pounds. The building had been completed by January 1836, comprising of a two-storey main building with shingle roof and two single-storey wings for the Headmaster and administration. The ground floor rooms were floored with stone slabs. Rooms in the west wing may have included the kitchen, scullery, storeroom and closets, while references are made to a covered court and outbuildings on site.52 The school also constructed a hammer-dressed drain for the sewerage system; all ablutions took place in the Parramatta River.

Little is known of any additions or alterations to the school buildings in the period from 1836 until its closure in July 1864. By 1856 substantial sums were required for additions and repairs to the school. The school grew in numbers during Reverend Frederick Armitage's time as Headmaster (1855-1862) and the buildings were extended. A two-storey addition was made on the north side of the main building and temporary classrooms were erected. The number of pupils enrolled rose to 100 boarders and 20 day students. Additional accommodation was provided for the boarders in a master’s home. Despite the extensions, the condition of the Kings School remained poor. In June 1864, the roof of the school building fell in.53 Students were moved elsewhere, and the Kings School was closed until repairs could be made.

A school council was established in 1870, with the buildings undergoing extensive repairs with funding from private donors. Improvements to the dormitories, flooring, staircases and the addition of a water tank in the roof considerably enhanced the school complex. In 1874 two allotments of land on the Victoria Road frontage were purchased and added to the school site.54 The 1870s also saw the introduction of sports such as rugby, with a playing field and tennis courts erected in the grounds.55

Between 1879-1881 the first substantial addition, designed by John Horbury Hunt, was made to the main building. Two new weatherboard floors were added to the 1860s stone building, with a large dormer window in the extension. Other additions in the 1880s included a Gothic chapel, carpenter’s shop, gymnasium and cottage hospital, lavatories and an extension to the headmaster’s residence. By 1889 there were 138 boarders and 34 day students at the school.

Further extensions were completed by Blacket Bros in the early 1900s, including an armoury building in 1902. In 1908, a school architect was appointed; J.W. Hill supervised the construction of the school library in 1908, swimming baths in 1908 and the dining hall extension in 1909. Following World War I, the Walter and Eliza Hall Hospital was constructed. A new building was added in the 1920s, with the dining hall undergoing another extension. These early 1900s buildings formed a courtyard. Offsite boarding commenced in 1910, with Junior and Senior Boarding Houses formed at May’s Hill, Macarthur House and Broughton House. In 1924, another significant renovation of the main two-storey stone building was conducted, with an additional storey in stone replacing the wooden extension. New frames and sashes for all the windows in the building and internal alterations to rooms accompanied the 1924 renovation. Other alterations in the 1920s included a new gymnasium (1921) on the site of the earlier structure,

52 Peddle Thorp 1995:36 in DPIE, 2007. Kings School Group (former). Accessed at: https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=5045107 (19/05/2020) 53 DPIE, 2007. Kings School Group (former). Accessed at: https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=5045107 (19/05/2020) 54 DPIE, 2007. Kings School Group (former). Accessed at: https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=5045107 (19/05/2020) 55 Peddle Thorp 1995:40 in DPIE, 2007. Kings School Group (former). Accessed at: https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=5045107 (19/05/2020)

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Parramatta Light Rail – Enabling Works Heritage Archival Recording and Salvage Report alterations to the swimming baths, an extension to the chapel, the addition of two hand tennis courts south of the gymnasium and renovations to the 1900s buildings. By 1926, there were 366 boarders and 70 day students at the Kings School. New dormitories were built to accommodate the spike in boarders in 1934. The sheer size of the Kings School meant that the institution had outgrown its original site by the 1950s. In 1954 'Gowan Brae' was purchased and the next year the preparatory school was established there. By 1968, the whole school had been moved to the new site and the chapel had been dismantled. The study area was sold to the NSW Department of Health in 1964.

Figure 30: Brownrigg's 1844 map showing the Kings School study area. Source: SLNSW

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Figure 31: The Kings School and extensive grounds, Frederick Charles Terry c.1855. Source: SLNSW

Figure 32: The Kings School prior to the additions to the main building, c.1870s. Source: Parramatta Heritage Centre

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Figure 33: Postcard of the Kings School, c.1900s. Source: Parramatta Heritage Centre

Figure 34: Kings School and playing fields, John Henry Harvey c.1908. Source: State Library of Victoria

5.3.4 Marsden Rehabilitation Centre

The Kings School site was utilised as Marsden Rehabilitation Centre, a training centre for intellectually disabled people, throughout the latter half of the twentieth century. The school buildings were remodelled in 1968-69, with the centre officially moving to the site in 1972. A boiler house was

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Parramatta Light Rail – Enabling Works Heritage Archival Recording and Salvage Report built on the site in 1971 near the kitchen wing, and a residence was constructed that same year at the intersection of O’Connell Street and Victoria Road.56 The headmaster’s quarters were renamed Laurel House.

The Marsden Rehabilitation Centre utilised the stone main building as an auditorium for functions, including a show by Les Girls in the late 1970s. In the 1980s, the building was used as an activity space for day clients, with Laurel House used as the offices for the Regional Diagnostic and Assessment Centre for People with an Intellectual Disability. During the 1990s, the study area was listed on the SHR as the ‘King School Group (former)’ (SHR # 00771). The Marsden Rehabilitation Centre closed in 2004.

5.4 Physical description

5.4.1 Kings School (former) / Marsden Rehabilitation Centre (SHR # 00771 and SHR # 00826)

The Kings School is bounded by Victoria Road to the north, the Parramatta River to the south, O’Connell Street to the west, and Marist Place and Marsden Street to the east. The King School item includes several buildings associated with the school era of the item and a large area open grassed area bordering the Parramatta River. There is a large asphalt carpark in the northern portion of the item.

5.4.2 The Kings School study area

The Kings School study area consists of an asphalt car parking area at the intersection of O’Connell Street and Victoria Road. The carpark area is separated from Victoria Road and O’Connell Street by a tree lined boundary which is enclosed by a metal chain link fence and a pedestrian footpath.

At the time of the archival recording, access to some parts of the study area was restricted by protective fencing in anticipation of the PLR (Stage 1) enabling works program.

56 Peddle Thorp 1995:42-45 in DPIE, 2007. Kings School Group (former). Accessed at: https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=5045107 (19/05/2020)

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5.4.3 Illustrative photographs

Figure 35: View south-west from Victoria Figure 36: View north-east in carpark adjacent Road towards study area to O’Connell Street towards Kings School main building

Figure 37: View of intersection between Figure 38: View west along Victoria Road Victoria Road and O'Connell Street towards Western Sydney Stadium

5.5 Assessment of significance

5.5.1 Heritage significance

The Kings School is listed on the SHR as ‘Kings School Group (former)’ (SHR # 00771) and as ‘Marsden Rehabilitation Centre Group’ (SHR # 00826). The item is also listed as ‘Marsden Rehabilitation Centre and potential archaeological site’ on the Parramatta LEP 2011 (LEP Item No. I00826 I00771) and as ‘Marsden Rehabilitation Centre Group’ on the NSW Ministry of Health s170 heritage register.

5.5.2 Statement of significance

The statement of significance listed for the ‘Kings School Group (former)’ (SHR # 00771) and the ‘Marsden Rehabilitation Centre Group’ (SHR # 00826) on the SHI database are the same. The statement is as follows57:

The area was originally occupied by the Dharug people. The historical development of the site spans almost 200 years, from early agricultural activities in

57 DPIE, 2007. Kings School Group (former). Accessed at: https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=5045107 (19/05/2020)

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Parramatta Light Rail – Enabling Works Heritage Archival Recording and Salvage Report this area, followed by occupation of the site by the Agricultural and Horticultural Society (Australia's first)(Charles, 1986)) for the purposes of forming a nursery garden and introducing fruit tree species into the colony. The history of the site is dominated by the development of the King's School, one of the major educational institutions in NSW throughout much of the 19th and 20th centuries (operating from this site from 1836 to the 1960s). The King's School, run by the Anglican Church, was the first large public boarding school (secondary) to be established in the colony of NSW, and developed to become one of Australia's notable private schools. The school was one of the large institutions which shaped both the urban form and cultural framework of the regional town of Parramatta in the early 19th century, and counts a number of notable Australians among its former students. The potential archaeological resource at this site is very complex, with various phases of construction, expansion and demolition across the site, most of which occurred during the King's School phase. The King's School represented the dominant phase of development across the site and, subsequently, physical remains associated with this phase of development also dominate the potential archaeological resource at the site. The potential archaeological resource at the site may provide a tangible link to each phase of the historical development of the site. Investigation, analysis and interpretation of the potential archaeological remains across the site may provide information about the nature of the development and occupation of the site throughout the various phases of its history. Many of these remains would have potential to contribute substantial information to our understanding of the development and occupation of the site that could not be obtained from other sources, such as historical documentation. Owing to the continuous operation of the King's School on this site for 128 years, investigation of the remains of this occupation may provide a rare opportunity to investigate the development and changing operation of a major institution, allowing investigation of changes in material culture within the one context over time, including construction techniques, infrastructure technology, domestic and personal items of the inhabitants (students and staff), as well as developments or modifications in educational practices over time. Archaeological evidence associated with the earliest phases of European occupation of this site (early agricultural activities of the Agricultural and Horticultural Society's occupation of the site) would be of high State significance for its ability to provide information about a poorly documented and understood phase of Parramatta and NSW's history. However, such evidence would be fragmentary at best, if it survives at all. Archaeological evidence associated with the development and occupation of the King's School would also be of high State significance for its ability to provide information about a major institutional site over an extended period of time. Archaeological remains associated with the King's School would contribute to the historical significance of the site, providing a tangible link to this significant phase of the site's history, as well as information about the occupation and operation of the institution that could not be obtained from other sources. Archaeological evidence associated with the development and occupation of the Marsden Rehabilitation Centre would be limited and would have little potential to provide information about the operation of this institution that could not be obtained from other sources. Archaeological remains associated with this phase of the site's history would have little or no significance. (Godden Mackay Logan, 2004)

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The site of the former King's School Parramatta is very important in the history of education in the state. The King's School occupied the site almost continuously from 1836 to 1964. It was the first large private boarding school run by the Anglican Church to provide secondary education, which was established in the colony of New South Wales. The school developed during its tenure on the site into one of Australia's notable schools and thus gave community status to Parramatta as a regional town/city in New South Wales. The growth of the school is evident in the relatively intact exterior fabric of the buildings. Many buildings were the work of prominent Australian architects: Ambrose Hallen (Colonial Architect 1832-1835), Cyril Blacket and Power Adams & Munnings, the successors of the earlier firm of (John) Sulman and Power. The stonework of the original 1830s school building and its eastern wing is evidence of the relatively high level skills of the Scottish artisans who were brought to Australia following the depression in the British construction industry in the 1820s. The foreshore lands of the Marsden Rehabilitation Centre site are of significance at national, state and local levels, as: - part of the territory of the Burramuttagal people; - part of the former Government Farms at Parramatta; - associated with the development of the horticultural industry and botanical exploration; - associated with important people and events in the development and settlement of Parramatta such as George Caley, Robert Brown and Francois Peron; - associated with the development of the setting for the King's School; - associated with the open space created by the natural flood zone along the Parramatta River (Zenscapes, 2005, p.26) The major landscape significance of the site is the spatial relationship between the wall of the buildings and the river. The gracious setback of the buildings demonstrates the principle of picturesque siting, giving the building group a 'prospect'. This layout of the site greatly contributes to the understanding of the early development of Parramatta as an important centre in the Colony and the attitudes to particular landscape settings (Mathew & Associates, Landscape Report, in Peddle Thorp, 1994) The site is one of two surviving examples along the Parramatta River of the picturesque siting principles of the 18th and 19th centuries by which large building groups were sited on the brow of a hill overlooking sloping land bordering a river. The site is evidence of the role of major social institutions in the evolution of the physical and cultural framework of the regional town of Parramatta during the nineteenth century. The site was under cultivation early in the colony's history and was used in the 1820s for the acclimatisation and development of exotic fruit trees when Australia's first Agricultural Society was formed in Parramatta (1822) and was given this land by its president, Governor Brisbane as an experimental garden to grow new varieties of plants and trees. (Peddle Thorp 1994:81) A number of trees over 100 years old remain from the School gardens, some rare in Sydney, such as the carob bean tree, Ceratonia siliqua. (A Brief History of Parramatta Park - Historic Parramatta Series, 1986: 9, Read, S. (pers.comm.))

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5.6 Material specifications

5.6.1 Site inspection

The following details apply for the site inspection for the archival recording of the Kings School study area.

Table 8: Camera specifications and recording details, Kings School study area

Item Detail

Camera Nikon D750

Lens AF-S NIKKOR 24p-120mm 1:4 G ED

Photographers Charlotte Simons

Date 3 April 2019

5.7 Catalogue sheets

All digital photographs (JPG and NEF) are provided on an accompanying CD.

Table 9: Catalogue sheets of the photographic record

Photo # Frame # View to Description

1 4404 SW View from O’Connell Street at the intersection of Victoria Road.

2 4406 SE View from O’Connell Street looking south-east down Victoria Road.

3 4407 E View from O’Connell Street looking east down Victoria Road.

View from O’Connell Street outside stadium looking to the south within the 4 4408 SW road corridor.

5 4409 E Intersection of O’Connell Street and Victoria Road.

6 4410 E Intersection of O’Connell Street and Victoria Road.

7 4411 E View from Victoria Road showing pavement and kerbing.

View from Victoria Road showing pavement and kerbing towards O’Connell 8 4412 W Street.

9 4414 SW View of carpark looking south-west towards Kings School.

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Photo # Frame # View to Description

10 4416 W View of carpark looking west towards O’Connell Street.

11 4418 S View south in carpark towards O’Connell Street.

12 4419 E View east in carpark adjacent to Victoria Road.

View north in carpark adjacent to O’Connell Street and towards Victoria 13 4420 N Road.

View north-east in carpark adjacent to O’Connell Street and towards Victoria 14 4421 NE Road.

15 4422 S Kings School building, view from carpark looking south.

16 4423 E View from Victoria Road alongside footpath adjacent to carpark.

View from Victoria Road alongside footpath with view towards O’Connell 17 4424 W Street.

View from Victoria Road alongside footpath with view towards O’Connell 18 4425 SW Street.

19 4426 N View along O’Connell Street towards Victoria Road alongside footpath.

20 4427 NE Entrance into carpark from O’Connell Street and Kings School.

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5.8 Reference aerial

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6.0 MANAGEMENT AND USE OF SALVAGED HERITAGE ELEMENTS

6.1 Heritage elements salvaged following completion of heritage investigation

Salvaged heritage material within the PLR (Stage 1) enabling works program was limited to the retention of sandstone blocks recovered from several different built elements. In all cases salvage of heritage material was completed following the recording of the features in-situ. The following elements were salvaged as part of the program:

• Sandstone kerbing recovered from Harris Street, Victoria Road and O’Connell Street • Sandstone foundations from the Parramatta Gasworks Retort House located within the curtilage of Queens Wharf Reserve and Stone Wall and Potential Archaeological Site • Sandstone blocks from a retaining wall located within Queens Wharf Reserve and Stone Wall and Potential Archaeological Site • Wall remains from a residential structure identified on the corner of Victoria Road/ O’Connell Street within the curtilage of the Kings School (former) / Marsden Rehabilitation Centre (SHR # 00771 and SHR # 00826) • Wall remains from a residential structure identified at 579 Barney Street

Long term management of salvaged heritage elements was completed in accordance with the PLR (Stage 1) enabling works Heritage Management Plan.58 Heritage elements were either reused within the project design or transferred to Parramatta Gaol under the custodianship of Deerubbin LALC.

In the case of potentially contaminated items, an assessment was undertaken of the nature of these sandstone elements to identify the potential health risks associated with their use. Where potential health risks were identified, heritage material was disposed of.

6.1.1 Sandstone kerbing

Sandstone kerbing and guttering was identified at several locations along the PLR (Stage 1) enabling works route. In most instances, sandstone kerbing was identified by DWJV contractors with the remains subject to recording as unexpected finds. When identified as an unexpected find, the remains were archaeologically recorded, surveyed and photographed after which time they were removed and stored for potential reuse.

Sandstone kerbing was also identified during the Harris Street test excavation program undertaken between 23 September 2019 and 27 September 2019. Following the completion of test excavation sandstone kerbing from this alignment was removed under an archaeological monitoring program.

58 Artefact 2019b, Appendix B5 Heritage Management Sub Plan Rev 4, Parramatta Light Rail – Stage 1 Enabling Works Report prepared for Transport for NSW.

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Figure 39: Sandstone kerbing salvaged from Figure 40: Sandstone kerbing salvaged from Victoria Street Harris Street

6.1.2 Sandstone foundations from Parramatta Gasworks retort house

As part of the enabling works for the PLR (Stage 1) project, archaeological test excavation was undertaken at the Queens Wharf Reserve study area. Test excavation identified a chimney base and wall associated with the Parramatta Gasworks Retort House. Following assessment of the remains, a program of archaeological salvage was recommended within the proposed impact footprint. Artefact conducted a program of salvage excavation between 7 August 2019 and 10 September 2019.

Salvage excavation of the retort house remains were limited to the impact footprint for the enabling works and included the recording of a sandstone chimney base and sandstone foundations which were subsequently removed to facilitate the proposed works.

The sandstone foundation and chimney elements from the retort house were salvaged for potential reuse as part of heritage interpretation within the Queens Wharf Reserve study area. These sandstone blocks were tested for toxicity and were found to be contaminated by impregnated coal tar. The sandstone blocks were assessed as to have a health exposure risk it was recommended that they were safely disposed of.59

Figure 41: Sandstone chimney base and Figure 42:Sandstone features during removal foundation salvaged from Parramatta from Parramatta Gasworks Retort House Gasworks Retort House

59 EP Risk, April 2020, Letter of Environmental Advice; Coal Tar, Queens Wharf Reserve Parramatta. Report prepared for Ward Civil.

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Figure 43:Salvaged chimney base subject to Figure 44: Salvaged sandstone oozing coal tar temporary storage contamination

6.1.3 Sandstone blocks from retaining wall located within Queens Wharf Reserve

Salvage excavation at Queens Wharf Reserve included the exposure of the full extent of a sandstone retaining wall built in 1872 on behalf of the Parramatta Gas Company. Following exposure of the entire retaining wall, the remains were subject to recording and photogrammetry in accordance with the methodology outlined in the ARD60 and salvage methodology61 and in compliance with Condition of Approval E71.62 The sandstone blocks associated with the retaining wall were subsequently removed and stored in a secure storage facility in preparation for potential reuse.

Figure 45: Sandstone retaining wall salvaged Figure 46: Sandstone retaining wall salvaged from Queens Wharf Reserve from Queens Wharf Reserve

6.1.4 Sandstone remains from Victoria Road / O’Connell Street works area within the curtilage of the curtilage of the Kings School (former) / Marsden Rehabilitation Centre (SHR # 00771 and SHR # 00826)

Archaeological test excavation was undertaken within the Kings School study area were undertaken between 20 March 2019 and 26 March 2019. Test excavation identified the remains of a domestic residence dating to the early nineteenth century. Salvage excavation was undertaken between 16 April 2019 and 24 April 2019 exposing the remains of sandstone walls as well as brick wall and path features.

60 Artefact Heritage, 2019a. Draft Parramatta Light Rail – Enabling Works: Archaeological Research Design. Report prepared for DWJV, p.110. 61 Artefact Heritage, 2019c. Parramatta Light Rail-Enabling Works Archaeological Salvage Methodology, Queens Wharf Reserve (HAMU 36). 62Department of Planning and Environment 2018, Parramatta Light Rail, Consolidated conditions of approval.

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Following completion of salvage excavation, sandstone remains associated with the former residential structure were removed and salvaged for potential future reuse. No other heritage fabric from these remains were salvaged.

Figure 47: Sandstone wall salvaged from test Figure 48:Sandstone wall salvaged from test excavation at Victoria Road/ O’Connell Street excavation at Victoria Road/ O’Connell Street works area works area

6.1.5 Sandstone remains from a residential structure identified at 579 Barney Street

Archaeological test excavation was undertaken at 579 Barney Street between 29 April 2019 and 3 March 2019. Identified archaeological remains consisted of a series of six sandstone walls associated with a single residential structure. The remains were associated with a late 19th century residential structure.

Following completion of works, sandstone remains identified during test excavation were removed and salvaged for potential future reuse. No other heritage fabric from these remains were salvaged.

Figure 49: Sandstone wall at 579 Church Figure 50: Sandstone wall at 579 Church Street prior to salvage Street prior to salvage

6.2 Management of salvaged heritage elements

6.2.1 Reuse of salvaged heritage elements

Potential reuse was considered for all recovered sandstone blocks however the potential for this use was limited by the scope of the enabling works program.

A total of 215 sandstone blocks were reused as kerbing during construction completed for the PLR (Stage 1) enabling works program.

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Large rectangular sandstone kerb stones and foundation stones were utilised on O’Connell Street as part of the creation of new kerbing along the eastern wall of Parramatta Gaol and as part of a small park area at the intersection of O’Connell and Barney Street.

Fragmentary sandstone pieces recovered from the Queens Wharf Reserve retaining wall were also reused as part of the rip rap placed around the Gasworks Bridge abutments as a measure to stabilise the embankment.

Examples of the reuse of the salvaged heritage material is provided in Figure 51 to Figure 54.

Figure 51: Reused sandstone elements Figure 52: Reused sandstone kerbing utilised within landscaping as part of the newly created park area

Figure 53: Reused sandstone kerbing Figure 54: Reused sandstone fragments used for bridge rip rap

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6.2.2 Transfer to custodianship of Deerubbin LALC

The potential storage and custodianship of the sandstone blocks which could not be reused as part of the enabling works was initially discussed with the City of Parramatta. The City of Parramatta identified that they had accumulated substantial sandstone stores and did not require further sandstone blocks. Discussions were subsequently held with Deerubbin LALC as the owner of the Parramatta Gaol complex who agreed to accept sandstone blocks which could not be reused for the project.

Salvaged sandstone material which was not reused as part of the works was transferred to the custodianship of Deerubbin LALC for storage and use within the Parramatta Gaol complex.

Recovered sandstone material was transferred to Parramatta Gaol on pallets for long term storage (Figure 55 - Figure 56).

Figure 55: Example of pallets transferred to Figure 56: Example of pallets transferred to Parramatta Gaol Parramatta Gaol

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7.0 REFERENCES

Archaeological Management and Consulting Group, 1995. Parramatta Correctional Centre Archaeological Monitoring and Recording. Report prepared for Department of Correctional Services.

Artefact Heritage, 2020. Draft Parramatta Light Rail – Enabling Works. Aboriginal Salvage Report, Report prepared for DWJV.

Artefact Heritage, 2019a. Draft Parramatta Light Rail – Enabling Works: Archaeological Research Design. Report prepared for DWJV.

Artefact Heritage 2019b. Appendix B5 Heritage Management Sub Plan Rev 4, Parramatta Light Rail – Stage 1 Enabling Works, report to Transport for NSW.

Artefact Heritage, 2019c. Parramatta Light Rail-Enabling Works Archaeological Salvage Methodology, Queens Wharf Reserve (HAMU 36)

Attenbrow, Val. 2010: Sydney’s Aboriginal Past. UNSW Press: Sydney.

Butlin, N.G. 1983. Our Original Aggression: Aboriginal Populations of Southeastern Australia 1788- 1850. Allen and Unwin: Sydney.

Collins, David. 1798: An Account of the English Colony of NSW.

Cultural Resources Management, 2017. Aboriginal and Historic Period Archaeology and GPR Survey, Robin Thomas Reserve. Report prepared for Parramatta City Council.

Department of Planning and Environment (former), 2018. CSSI Approval [SSI 17_8285], Parramatta Light Rail (Stage 1).

Department of Planning, Industry and Environment (DPIE), 2010. Ancient Aboriginal and Colonial Landscape. Accessed at: https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=5061073 (19/05/2020)

DPIE, 2001. Gasworks Bridge. Accessed at: https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=4301684 (28/05/2020)

DPIE, 1997. Parramatta Correctional Centre. Accessed at: https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=5000657 (19/05/2020)

DPIE, n.d. Parramatta Archaeological Management Unit 2895. Accessed at: https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=2242895 (18/05/2020)

DPIE, n.d. Queens Wharf Reserve and stone wall and potential archaeological site. Accessed at: https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=2240219 (18/05/2020)

EP Risk, April 2020, Letter of Environmental Advice; Coal Tar, Queens Wharf Reserve Parramatta. Report to Ward Civil.

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GML, 2014. Old Kings School, Parramatta Archaeological Research Design. Report prepared Pole Star Projects.

Gutteridge Haskins & Davey Pty Ltd, 1990. Environmental Impact Statement for the Extension of Ferry Services on the Parramatta River West of Silverwater Bridge. Report to New South Wales Department of Transport.

Kass, T., McClymont, J and Liston, C. 1996: Parramatta: A Past Revealed. Parramatta City Council: Parramatta.

Kelleher Nightingale Consulting, 2017. Parramatta Light Rail: Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Assessment Report. Report prepared for WSP/Parsons Brinckerhoff on behalf of Transport for NSW.

Parramatta Heritage Centre, n.d. Parramatta Stories: Old Parramatta Gaol. Accessed at: http://arc.parracity.nsw.gov.au/blog/2014/06/04/parramatta-gaol-2/ (19/05/2020)

Varman, R.V.J. 1996. Queen’s Wharf Reserve Parramatta: Archaeological Assessment. Report prepared for Parramatta City Council.

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APPENDIX A – CONTACT SHEETS

Queens Wharf Reserve and Stone Wall and Potential Archaeological Site

PHOTO 1 PHOTO 2 PHOTO 3 DSC_4435 DSC_4436 DSC_4437

PHOTO 4 PHOTO 5 PHOTO 6 DSC_4438 DSC_4439 DSC_4440

PHOTO 7 PHOTO 8 PHOTO 9 DSC_4441 DSC_4442 DSC_4443

PHOTO 10 PHOTO 11 PHOTO 12 DSC_4444 DSC_4445 DSC_4446

PHOTO 13 PHOTO 14 PHOTO 15 DSC_4447 DSC_4448 DSC_4450

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PHOTO 16 PHOTO 17 PHOTO 18 DSC_4451 DSC_4452 DSC_4454

PHOTO 19 PHOTO 20 PHOTO 21 DSC_4455 DSC_4456 DSC_4457

PHOTO 22 PHOTO 23 PHOTO 24 DSC_4458 DSC_4459 DSC_4460

PHOTO 25 DSC_4461

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Ancient Aboriginal and Early Colonial Landscape

PHOTO 1 PHOTO 2 PHOTO 3 DSC_4462 DSC_4463 DSC_4464

PHOTO 4 PHOTO 5 PHOTO 6 DSC_4465 DSC_4466 DSC_4467

PHOTO 7 PHOTO 8 PHOTO 9 DSC_4468 DSC_4472 DSC_4474

PHOTO 10 PHOTO 11 PHOTO 12 DSC_4475 DSC_4476 DSC_4478

PHOTO 13 PHOTO 14 PHOTO 15 DSC_4479 DSC_4481 DSC_4483

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PHOTO 16 PHOTO 17 PHOTO 18 DSC_4484 DSC_4485 DSC_4489

PHOTO 19 PHOTO 20 DSC_4490 DSC_4491

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Parramatta Correctional Centre

PHOTO 1 PHOTO 2 PHOTO 3 DSC_4313 DSC_4314 DSC_4315

PHOTO 4 PHOTO 5 PHOTO 6 DSC_4319 DSC_4320 DSC_4321

PHOTO 7 PHOTO 8 PHOTO 9 DSC_4322 DSC_4324 DSC_4326

PHOTO 10 PHOTO 11 PHOTO 12 DSC_4328 DSC_4329 DSC_4332

PHOTO 13 PHOTO 14 PHOTO 15 DSC_4334 DSC_4336 DSC_4340

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PHOTO 16 PHOTO 17 PHOTO 18 DSC_4345 DSC_4349 DSC_4350

PHOTO 19 PHOTO 20 PHOTO 21 DSC_4354 DSC_4361 DSC_4363

PHOTO 22 PHOTO 23 PHOTO 24 DSC_4365 DSC_4372 DSC_4373

PHOTO 25 PHOTO 26 PHOTO 27 DSC_4375 DSC_4376 DSC_4383

PHOTO 28 PHOTO 29 PHOTO 30 DSC_4385 DSC_4388 DSC_4389

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PHOTO 31 PHOTO 32 PHOTO 33 DSC_4392 DSC_4394 DSC_4395

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Kings School (former) / Marsden Rehabilitation Centre

PHOTO 1 PHOTO 2 PHOTO 3 DSC_4404 DSC_4406 DSC_4407

PHOTO 4 PHOTO 5 PHOTO 6 DSC_4408 DSC_4409 DSC_4410

PHOTO 7 PHOTO 8 PHOTO 9 DSC_4411 DSC_4412 DSC_4414

PHOTO 10 PHOTO 11 PHOTO 12 DSC_4416 DSC_4418 DSC_4419

PHOTO 13 PHOTO 14 PHOTO 15 DSC_4420 DSC_4421 DSC_4422

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PHOTO 16 PHOTO 17 PHOTO 18 DSC_4423 DSC_4424 DSC_4425

PHOTO 19 PHOTO 20 DSC_4426 DSC_4427

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