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Textile Antennas for Monitoring People in Danger Situations

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Textile Antennas for Monitoring People in Danger Situations Textile antennas for monitoring people in danger situations CAROLINA MILLET CATALAN Master's Degree Project Stockholm, Sweden 2016 Textile antennas for monitoring people in danger situations CAROLINA MILLET CATALAN Stockholm 2016 Electromagnetism Engineering School of Electrical Engineering Kungliga Tekniska H¨ogskolan Abstract The fast growing field of wearable technologies has a big impact in antenna research. Antennas integrated into clothing for body centric communications allow the user’s situation to be measured without restricting his activities. Implementing textile antennas to operate as personal transmitters for existing satellite communication systems increases its availability and uses, specially localized in places where mobile communications infrastructures are not developed but satellite communications has a full coverage. The aim of this thesis is to design and manufacture a system of two fully textile microstrip antennas: a GPS antenna with right hand circular polarization operat- ing at 1.575 GHz and a PLB antenna operating at 406MHz working as a distress beacon for Cospas-Sarsat search and rescue international programme. We describe the design, manufacture and performance of both antennas, as well as the material used as a key choice for textile antennas. Antennas were measured with a near field scanner to evaluate their performance which resulted to be working at the established operational frequency with a good matching and the expected radiation patterns from the simulations and studied lit- erature. Further development regarding the feeding circuit of the GPS antenna is needed to ensure its circular polarization. Keywords: Textile Antennas, Wearables, GPS, Satellites, Cospas-Sarsat. I Acknowledgements First, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude to my supervisor Oscar Quevedo- Teruel, for giving me this opportunity, for being an inspiration and for his guidance and support during this project. He always helped when I ran into a trouble spot or had a question about my research. I would like to thank my friends for everything we have lived together and new experiences yet to come. I am also thankful to my newest friends for this experience in Stockholm and making my stay at KTH unforgettable. A very special dedication to Laura for her patience, love and being always there for me besides the distance. Anything is possible when we are surrounded by good friends. Finally, I would also like to thank my family for their support and love during this time. Special gratitude to my parents, Lourdes and Xavier, who have always en- couraged me to study and believed in me, to my sister Mar for her unconditional support during my whole life, to my brother Xavi for his life philosophy "Tot i res", and to my grandma Rosa for her help, fast learning with new technologies and her care despite the distance. This accomplishment would not have been possible without them. Gràcies. Carolina Millet Catalan, Stockholm, February 2016 III Contents List of Figures VII List of TablesXI 1 Introduction1 1.1 Background and motivation.......................1 1.2 Aim and objectives. Boundaries of the study..............2 1.2.1 Boundaries............................2 1.3 Methodology. Report outline.......................3 1.3.1 Report outline...........................4 2 Background Theory5 2.1 Antenna Parameters...........................5 2.1.1 Radiation Pattern.........................5 2.1.2 Radiation Power Density.....................6 2.1.3 Radiation Intensity........................7 2.1.4 Directivity.............................7 2.1.5 Efficiency.............................7 2.1.6 Gain................................8 2.1.7 Bandwidth.............................8 2.1.8 Bandwidth, Quality factor and Efficiency............9 2.1.9 Polarization............................9 2.1.10 Axial Ratio............................ 11 2.1.11 Input impedance......................... 11 2.1.12 SAR - Specific Absorption Rate................. 12 2.1.13 Scattering Matrix......................... 13 2.2 Microstrip line............................... 14 2.3 Microstrip Antennas........................... 16 2.3.1 Advantages and disadvantages.................. 17 2.3.2 Feeding Methods......................... 17 2.3.3 Rectangular Patch........................ 18 2.4 Communication Systems......................... 20 2.4.1 Introduction to satellites..................... 21 2.4.2 Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS).......... 22 2.4.3 Cospas-Sarsat System...................... 24 3 Design and Results 29 V Contents 3.1 Materials and laboratory instruments.................. 29 3.1.1 Materials............................. 29 3.1.2 Laboratory............................ 32 3.1.3 Software.............................. 32 3.2 GPS Antenna............................... 33 3.2.1 Circularly Polarized Microstrip Antennas............ 33 3.2.2 Quadrature 90°Hybrid...................... 35 3.2.3 Design and Simulation...................... 36 3.2.4 Manufacturing and matching.................. 46 3.2.5 Far field measurements...................... 51 3.3 PLB - Personal Locator Beacon..................... 55 3.3.1 PIFA - Planar Inverted F-Antenna............... 55 3.3.2 Design and Simulation...................... 55 3.3.3 Manufacturing and matching.................. 62 3.3.4 Far field measurements...................... 63 4 Conclusion and Future Work 65 4.1 Conclusion................................. 65 4.2 Future work................................ 66 Bibliography 67 VI List of Figures 1.1 Scheme of the relevant steps followed during the project........3 2.1 Directional radiation pattern [7]......................6 2.2 Types of Polarization [10]......................... 10 2.3 Circular left-hand Polarization [11].................... 10 2.4 Ellipse [7].................................. 11 2.5 S11 parameter of an antenna....................... 14 2.6 Geometry of microstrip transmission line [8]............... 14 2.7 Electric and magnetic fields of microstrip transmission line [8]..... 15 2.8 Equivalent geometry of Microstrip line [8]................ 15 2.9 Microstrip antenna [7]........................... 16 2.10 Different patch shapes [7]......................... 17 2.11 Feeds for microstrip antennas [7]..................... 18 2.12 Patch electric field [7]........................... 18 2.13 Patch extension [7]............................. 19 2.14 Field modes for rectangular microstrip patch [7]............. 20 2.15 Orbit examples [14]............................ 22 2.16 Galileo constellation [19].......................... 23 2.17 Corpas-Sarsat System [22]......................... 25 2.18 MEOSAR system concept [22]...................... 27 3.1 Tested felts................................ 30 3.2 Conductive fabric used........................... 31 3.3 Conductive thread used.......................... 31 3.4 Circular polarization techniques...................... 34 3.5 Rectangular microstrip antenna with two orthogonal feeds [29]..... 35 3.6 Geometry of a 90°hybrid [8]........................ 35 3.7 GPS antenna model............................ 36 3.8 S-parameters simulated of the GPS antenna............... 37 3.9 Electric field simulations at 1.57GHz................... 38 3.10 Electric field distribution evolution with the time............ 38 3.11 Far field simulations from port 1 of the GPS antenna.......... 38 3.12 Far field of a patch antenna with two orthogonal ports and 90° phase shift..................................... 39 3.13 Complete antenna’s geometry....................... 39 3.14 Top view of the 90°circuit......................... 40 3.15 S-parameters of the 90° feeding circuit.................. 40 VII List of Figures 3.16 Representative S-parameters of the circuit................ 41 3.17 Load patch’s geometry........................... 41 3.18 |S11| of the load patch........................... 42 3.19 Geometry of the final circuit....................... 42 3.20 Geometry of the complete antenna.................... 43 3.21 Side view of the complete antenna.................... 43 3.22 |S11| of the complete design........................ 44 3.23 Axial Ratio of the complete design.................... 44 3.24 Electric field distribution evolution with the time............ 45 3.25 Far field simulations of the complete antenna.............. 45 3.26 Far field right circular polarization simulations of the complete antenna. 46 3.27 Configuration of the dual-orthogonal feed microstrip antenna..... 46 3.28 |S11| measured with the VNA....................... 47 3.29 Manufactured textile microstrip patch antenna............. 48 3.30 Configuration of the complete full textile dual-orthogonal feed mi- crostrip................................... 48 3.31 Manufactured fully textile microstrip patch............... 49 λ 3.32 Phase’s measurements to determine s .................. 49 4 3.33 Circuit’s S-parameters measurements.................. 50 3.34 Load patch matching and measurement................. 50 3.35 Manufactured fully textile complete microstrip antenna with a 90° feeding circuit integrated......................... 51 3.36 |S11| complete antenna.......................... 51 3.37 Configuration for the measurements of the dual-orthogonal feed mi- crostrip antenna.............................. 52 3.38 Far field measured of the manufactured dual-orthogonal feeding mi- crostrip antenna.............................. 52 3.39 Axial ratio of the manufactured microstrip antenna measured with the near field scanner........................... 53 3.40 Configuration of the complete full textile
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