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'.';King Navigation 1980012912 https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19800012912 2020-03-21T18:30:27+00:00Z -' JPL PUBLICATION 78-38 '.';king Navigation W. J. O'Neil, R. P. Rudd, D. L. Farless, C. E. Hildebrand, R. T. Mitchell, K. H. Rourke, et al. Jet Propulsion Laboratory E. A. Euler Martin Marietta Aerospace (N,%SA-C[_-l_,2517) VIklt_G ._AVIGA'IION (Jet t, u0-213_-_ : Pcopulsio[, L,_c.) 322 p _lC Alq/MF A01 _:d[,U CSCL Z2.t; hd0-_|4dj •_ [J_;c ]. a_ GJ/15 l,t7 5 'JJ ± November 15, 1979 _',r:.'> ;Y/l&_',,/I_cC7.'/',_/, : < X* ",t ,'" t National Aeronautics and Space Administration Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California # 1980012912-002 JPL PUBLICATION 78-38 Viking Navigation W. J. O'Neil, R. P. Rudd, D. L. Farless, C. E. Hildebrand, R. T. Mitchell, K. H. Rourke, et al. Jet Propulsion Laboratory E. A. Euler Martin Marietta Aerospace November 15, 1979 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Jet Propulsion Laboratory : California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California 1980012912-003 The research descnbed bnth_s pubhcat_onwas camed out by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Cahforn_aInstitute of Technology, under NASA Contract No NAS7-100 i 1980012912-004 Abstract NASA soft-landed two Viking spacecraft on Mars in the summer t,f 1976. These were the free world's first landings on another planet. This report provides a final, comprehensive description of the navigation of the Viking spacecraft throughout their flight from Earth launch to Mars landing. The flight path design, actual int]lght control, and postflight reconstruction ale discussed in detail. The report Is comprised of an introductory chapter followed by five Olapters which essenually correspond to the organization of the Viking navigation operations, namely, Trajectory Descriptton, Interplanetary Orbit Determination, Satellite Orbit Determination, ._haneuver Analysis, and Lander Flight Path Analysis. To tile extent appropriate, each chapter describes the preflight analyses upon which the operational strategies and performance predictions we,e based. The inflight results are then discussed and compared with the preflight predictions and, finally, the results of any postflight analyses are presented. Ill 1980012912-005 Contents Introduction.................................... 1 W. J. O'Neil and R. P. Rudd I. Flight Path Design .............................. 5 II. Viking 1 Inflight Synopsis .......................... 16 II1. Viking 2 Inflight Synopsis .......................... 20 References .................................... 27 Appendix.Definitionsof Terminology ..................... 28 Figures la. FPAG personnel .............................. 3 lb. FPAG functional organization ....................... 4 2. Viking flight team functional orgamzation ................. 9 3. SPFPAD operations schedule ....................... 11 4. Lander descent .............................. 13 5. Accessible area constraints ........................ 13 6. Accessible area fixed to orbit ....................... 14 7. Inertial landing point ........................... 14 8. Orbit plane design ............................ 14 9. Viking 1 orbit insertion design ...................... 15 10. Viking 1 B-plane delivery requirements ................. 15 11. Timing offset ............................... 15 12. Orbital operations plan .......................... 16 13. Viking 1 heliocentric trajectory ................... 17 14. Viking 1 launch accuracy ......................... 17 15. Viking 1 Earth departure control ..................... 17 16. Viking 1 interplanetary delivery ..................... 18 17. Viking 1 Mars approach control ..................... 19 18. Viking 1 Mars orbit insertion ....................... 20 19. Viking 1 actual site acquisitions ..................... 20 20. Descent sequence ............................ 21 21. Landing accuracy ............................. 21 22. Viking 2 heliocentric trajectory ..................... 21 23. Viking 2 launch accuracy ......................... 22 24. Viking 2 midcourse aimpoints ...................... 22 V _R_t_D_G PAGE BLANK NOT FILMED 1980012912-006 "_ 25. Viking 2 unbiased near-Earth mldcourse maneuver ........... 23 26. Viking 2 Earth departure control .................... 24 27. Viking 2 rmdcour_u tdrgeL_dand dch_uvedaimpomts ........... 25 28. VO 1 and ',10 2 ground tracks ..................... 26 29. Viking 2 landing region .......................... 26 Trajectory Description ............................ 30 D. L. Farless, L. H. Dicken, and R. E. D_ehl I. Launch Phase ............................... 30 II. Interplanetary Phase ............................. 31 A. Heliocentnc Orbit Descnpt,on ...................... 31 B. Near-Earth MIdcourse Maneuver Effects ................. 33 C. Solar Pressure Effects .......................... 33 D. Interplanetary Trajectory Data ...................... 33 III. Encounter Phase .............................. 33 IV. Mars Orbit Phase ............................... 37 Tables 1. Viking 1 launch trajectory mark event list ................. 30 2. Viking 2 launch trajectory mark event list ................ 31 3. Orbital data .............................. 31 4. Heliocentric orbit elements ........................ 32 5, Areocentric orbit elements ........................ 37 6. VO-1 Mars orbit elements ........................ 38 7. VO-2 Mars orbit elements ........................ 44 8. Mars orbit trim maneuver execution times ................ 47 Figures 1. Targeted and achieved injection aimpoints for Viking launches ..... 31 ?. Viking 1 heliocentric trajectory ..................... 32 3. Viking 2 heliocentric trajectory ..................... 32 4. Targeted and achieved midcourse maneuver aimpoints for Viking .... 33 5. Viking 1 geocentric range ........................ 34 _' 6. Viking 1 geocentric range rate ...................... 34 7. Viking 1 geocentric declination ..................... 34 8. Viking 1 geocentric right ascension .................... 34 9. Viking 1 heliocentric range ........................ 35 10. Viking 1 areocentric range ........................ 35 vi 1980012912-007 11. Viking 2geocentric range ........................ 35 12. Viking 2 geocentric range rate ...................... 35 13. Vikiqg 2 geocentric declination ................... 36 14. Viking 2 geocentric right ascension .................... 36 15. Viking 2 hehocentric range ....................... 36 16. Viking 2 areocentric _ange ....................... 36 Interplanetary Orbit Determination .................. 48 K. H. Rourke, N. Jerath, C. H. Acton, W. G. Breckenrldge, J. K. Campbell, C.S. Chrlstensen, A.J. Donegan, H.M. Koble, N.A. Mottinger, G.C. Rinker, and F. B. Winn I. Introduction .................................. 48 I1. Mission Description .......................... 49 II1. Orbit Determination System Fundamentals ............... 49 A. Trajectory Models ............................ 50 B. Observation Models ........................... 50 C. Radio Data Models ............................ 50 D. Optical Data Models ........................... 51 E. Filter Models ............................... 51 F, Orbit Determination Process ....................... 52 G. Critical Orbit Determination Inputs ................... 53 H. Orbit Determination Errors ....................... 54 IV. Orbit Determination SoftwareSystem .................. 54 V. Orbit DeterminationStrategy ....................... 55 A. Radio and Optical Orbit Determination ................. 55 B. Approach Observation Schedulas ..................... 58 C. Orbit Estimation Strategies ........................ 58 VI. Orbit I_termination Results ........................ 60 A. Launch/Earth Departure Phase ...................... 60 B. Cruise Phase ............................... 60 VII. Long-Arc RadioData Processing ..................... 62 A. Inflight Processing ............................ 62 B. Postflight Processing .......................... 64 VIII. Solar Pressure ModelImprovement ................... 68 -_ vii 1980012912-008 IX. Optical Measurements Processing .................... 73 A. Optical Measurement System ....................... 73 B. Optical Observables ........................... 73 C. SequencP.Data and Polntlng Optimization ................ 74 D. Data Flow and Management ...................... 74 E. Telemetry Data Processing ........................ 74 F. Picture _)ata Processing .......................... 74 G. Optical Obse,vables Generation ................... 75 H. Processing Results ............................ 75 X. Approach Orbit Determination Evaluation ................ 75 XI. Infilght Orbit Determlnatlon Solution Compllatlon ........... 79 XlI. DSN Station Locatlon Evaluatlon ..................... 80 A. Theoretical Background ......................... 81 B. Data Coverage and Calibrations ..................... 82 C. Preliminary Solutions .......................... 83 D. Final Solutions .............................. 83 XlII. Satellite Ephemeris Evaluation ..................... 101 A. Wilkins' Angles ............................. 101 B. Analysis of Approach Optical Data for Ephemeris Determination . 102 C. Satehite Ephemeris from VO-1 and VO-2 ............... 104 XlV. Conclusions ................................ 106 References .................................... 108 Tables 1. Mission events ............................. 49 2. Optical observables ............................ 51 3. Orbit determination system error model ................. 54 4. OD software inputs ............................ 55 5. OD software outputs ..........................
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