Introduction and Background
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1.0 INTRODUCTION On behalf of the Delaware Department of Transportation (DelDOT), The Louis Berger Group, Inc. (LBG), has completed an Architectural Survey Report in support of the proposed improvements to State Route (SR) 1 in New Castle County, Delaware. The project is in the planning stage, and a number of options or alternatives are being developed and evaluated within the framework of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). The architectural survey will support the ongoing NEPA analysis and Section 106 consultation as well as 4(f) determinations. As consultant to DelDOT, LBG is part of a team that includes DelDOT staff and the General Engineering Consultant, Rummel, Klepper & Kahl (RKK), responsible for development of the design and the NEPA process. This report summarizes the results of the architectural survey of the area of potential effect (APE). The purpose of the architectural investigation was to identify standing structures built prior to 1965 in the APE and to evaluate the eligibility of extant resources for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places. The investigation was conducted in accordance with the guidelines specific to the State of Delaware, including the Delaware Statewide Comprehensive Historic Preservation Plan (Ames et al. 1987) and the Guidelines for Archaeological and Architectural Surveys in Delaware (Delaware State Historic Preservation Office 1993). In addition, the cultural resource evaluations were conducted in accordance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, and the Procedures for the Protection of Historic and Cultural Properties set forth in 36 CFR 800, as amended. This legislation requires that the effect(s) of any federally assisted undertaking on historically significant districts, buildings, structures, objects, or sites be taken into account during the project planning process. Significant resources are those that are listed in, or eligible for listing in, the National Register. Fieldwork for the architectural investigation was completed by Patti Kuhn, Principal Investigator, and Sarah Groesbeck, Architectural Historian, of LBG in June 2012. Both Ms. Kuhn and Ms. Groesbeck meet the Secretary of the Interior’s Professional Qualifications Standards (48 FR 44738-9) for Architectural History. 1.1 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING The APE primarily consists of a large-scale suburban landscape, developed after the construction of SR 1 in the last quarter of the twentieth century. Historic towns and agricultural landscapes remain extant, nestled between the more recent suburbs. Major transportation routes, including U.S. Route 40 (U.S. 40) and SR 7, traverse the APE and are spotted with automobile-related businesses and other commercial buildings. The northernmost part of the APE is in the Fall Zone and the remainder in the Coastal Plain. In the Coastal Plain the land is formed on layers of sand and gravel washed down from the ancient mountains, shaped into gentle hills. The only steep slopes in the APE are the banks of streams, 1 and there are no high hills or deep valleys. Before the land was cleared for farming, it supported a mixed deciduous forest dominated by oaks and hickories. The SR 1 Corridor crosses a series of small rivers that drain eastward toward the Delaware Bay and several tributary streams. The largest stream is the Christina River, which is tidal as far inland as Christiana town. South of the Christina are Red Lion Creek and then the Chesapeake and Delaware (C&D) Canal, which occupies the old bed of St Georges Creek. 1.2 SCOPE OF UNDERTAKING The SR 1 project is a linear corridor that traverses Christiana, White Clay Creek, Red Lion, and St Georges Hundreds in northern New Castle County (Figure 1.1). The project extends for a distance of approximately 10 miles. The northern terminus is located at the Christiana Mall, and the southern terminus is located at Rogers Pit, just south of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal. From what LBG has been advised, the proposed undertaking consists of widening SR 1 to three 12-foot travel lanes in each direction between SR 273 and Tybouts Corner. South of Tybouts Corner to the William Roth Bridge, SR 1 will be widened to four 12-foot travel lanes in each direction. The proposed project also includes the alterations, expansion, or reconfiguration of four existing interchanges, listed from north to south: SR 273 at SR 1, U.S. 40 at SR 1, Tybouts Corner and U.S. 13 at SR 1, and SR 72 and SR 1. Bottlenecks along various sections of the corridor caused by volume have spurred the need for greater capacity. Additionally there are five identified Hazard Elimination Program (HEP) sites within the limits of the project that will be addressed. 1.3. AREA OF POTENTIAL EFFECT For purposes of this study, the APE or study area, defined in DelDOT’s Section 106 initiation letter to the State Historic Preservation Office (Fulmer 2012), is limited to 600 feet from the edge of the existing travel lane. Where the 600-foot limit crosses private property, the APE encompasses the entire privately owned parcel. The APE during project development of this undertaking may be refined to include additional properties should greater indirect effects apply. This decision will be made through consultation among the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), DelDOT, and the Delaware State Historic Preservation Office. 2 LTSe2gend h c 7 58 n TS TS New Casttlle Wilmington Manor 273 a Wilmington Manor TS APE r Aiirrporrtt B Penn Acrres R Durross Heiightts y C la Ogllettown TS58 ¤£202 C e it TS4 Wh Wilmington Manor Gardens C Wilmington Manor Gardens hr TS37 i stin a 7 ³ C TS R ¦¨§95 TS58 TS141 Brrooksiide B C ra h Chrriisttiiana n r c i Plleasanttviilllle 273 h s TS TS141 t i n a Miidvalle C R 13 M B TS7 ¤£ ill C r re a e k n c h Lllangollllen Esttattes k ee TS1 Cr ill M rm 72 A y C e TS r r e iv e k a R Chri stin Ru n n Bearr ddy u u R M To n m w C o r t e ll 40 e e ¤£ TS1 k TS72 B S7 ¤£40 T ¤£13 Gllasgow PiinesKeeney N e w C a s tt ll e Red Liion ek re C o u n tt y C n n L i o u Porrtterr ed R R ll o D Wrange Hill Estates Wrange Hill Estates TS7 Reybolld Carravell Farrms Corrbiitt TS72 TS9 D Wiilllliiamsburrg r a g o n 13 Wrranglle Hiillll 72 C ¤£ TS re ek Dellawarre Ciitty Kiirrkwood Lums Pond State Park TS71 TS1 ¤£13 TS1 ¤£13 Gams Crrestt n u R l n a u n t R u rys ott R C y Sc o 0 1.25 J Lorre2w.5ood Grrove Miles ¤£301 Summiitt Brriidge TS1 Kilometers 0 1 2 4 TS1 Summiitt Aiirrporrtt FIGURE 1.1: State Route 1 Road Widening Area of Potential Effect SOURCE: ESRI 2011 3 2.0 BACKGROUND RESEARCH 2.1 PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS Numerous cultural resource studies, archaeological and architectural, have been completed in the project vicinity, many of which are associated with the building of SR 1. Table 2.1 lists the previous studies in the vicinity of the APE. Table 2.1: Previous Studies in Vicinity of APE TITLE/DESCRIPTION REFERENCE Cultural Resources of the Proposed Route 13 Corridor: An Overview Custer and Cunningham Prepared for the Draft Environmental Impact Statement 1986 Identified 320 standing structures located in the U.S. 13 corridor, 60 of which would be directly impacted by the proposed relief route. Architectural Investigation of the U.S. 13 Relief Route, Route 7 to U.S. Benenson and Bower 1987 Route 113, New Castle and Kent Counties, Delaware Overview of how the study of approximately 140 architectural resources was conducted and a closer look at what were found to be the more historically and architecturally significant resources in the U.S. Route 13 Relief Route corridor. Architectural Investigations on State Route 7, U.S. Route 13 to Interstate Bowers 1988 95 and at Milltown, New Castle County, Delaware Examination of buildings and structures of potential architectural significance that could potentially be affected by proposed relocation of portions of Route 7. Four properties were included in this investigation. A Cultural Resource Survey of the Proposed 301 Corridor, New Castle Siders et al. 1993 County, Delaware Reconnaissance survey of standing historic structures and a preliminary determination of the potential eligibility of those resources for nomination to the National Register. The study identified 88 historic standing structures. New Castle County, Delaware, New Castle Hundred, School Bell Road Hyland and Kuncio 2004 (SR1 to US40) Improvements, Historic Architecture Survey and Determination of Eligibility Historic resource study to identify and evaluate standing structures in the APE that were 50 years of age or older. One previously surveyed resource and five newly identified resources were evaluated, and none were determined eligible for the National Register. 4 Table 2.1 (continued) TITLE/DESCRIPTION REFERENCE I 95/Delaware Turnpike Project, New Castle County, Delaware Clark et al. 2012 Included a historic architectural investigation associated with proposed Interstate 95 improvements in New Castle County. A total of 27 properties was surveyed, of which 13 had been previously surveyed. Of the surveyed properties, two were recommended as eligible for the National Register. New Castle County, Delaware, New Castle and Pencader Hundreds, Hyland and Kuncio 2006 Route 40 Improvements, SR 896 to SR1, Historic Architecture Survey and Determination of Eligibility Historic resource study to identify and evaluate standing structures in the APE that were 50 years of age or older. The study identified 38 resources, one of which was determined eligible for the National Register.