DOCSLIB.ORG

Roman History Outline Notes.Pmd

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

OUTLINE OF MAJOR EVENTS IN ROMAN HISTORY Rome was founded April 21, 753 B.C. accord- ing to long tradition. 753 B.C. - 509 B.C. Monarchy of seven kings 509 B.C. - 27 B.C. Republic ruled by two consuls 27 B.C. - 476 A.D. Rome ruled by emperors The Seven hills of Rome: Aventine, Palatine, Esquiline, Capitoline, Quirinal, Viminal, Caelian The Tiber River flows among the hills, southwest toward the port city of Ostia. The Age of Kings 753 B.C. - 509 B.C. Romulus: Deified name Quirinus; murdered his brother Remus when he mocked the trench and wall (pomerium) Romulus was building; established the asylum, offering sanctuary to persons displaced or exiled, in order to increase settlement’s population. Numa Pompilius: Sabine king, very religious, established many laws and customs, made first 10-month calendar; advised by his wife Tatia, who was taught by the nymph Egeria. Tullus Hostilius: Hostile king; engaged in battle with Alba Longa; triplet brothers Horatii (Romans) and Curiatii (Albans) fought; Horatii won; sole survivor Horatius killed sister Horatia because she mourned the death of a Curiatius; Tullus was killed by lightning when he defied the gods. Ancus Martius: Sabine king, Numa’s grandson; built the first wooden bridge over the Tiber River; founded Ostia, Rome’s seaport; annexed the Aventine Hill, and settled plebeians there. Tarquinius Priscus: Built the first circus, instituted Roman games and triumphs (military victory parades), built the Cloaca Maxima (sewer system); assassinated by the sons of Ancus Martius. Servius Tullius: Took the first census; annexed Quirinal, Viminal, and Esquiline hills. Tarquinius Superbus: Proud and arrogant; Brutus and Collatinus led a popular rebellion against him and in 509 B.C. became the first two consuls of the Republic. The Age of the Republic 509 B.C. - 27 B.C. Lucius Junius Brutus and Collatinus were the first consuls.Tarquinius Superbus enlisted Etruscan king Lars Porsenna to help him to attempt to regain power in Rome; he was unsuccessful. 496 Rome engaged in the Battle of Lake Regillus against the Latins; marked by the appearance of the gods Castor and Pollux (Gemini). 494 Office of tribune created, to provide representation of the plebeian, or “lower” class. 458 Cincinnatus became the first to invoke emergency power of dictator following incursion of outlying tribes; when the emergency passed, he relinquished the dictatorship. 451-450 Twelve Tables of the Law compiled by the decemviri. 449 The number of tribunes was increased from two to ten. 445 Lex Canuleia passed, allowing inter- marriage between patricians and plebeians. 390 The Gauls defeated the Romans in battle. 264-241 The First Punic War between Rome and the North African empire of Carthage. (The Romans called the Carthaginians the Poeni, because Carthage was colonized by the Phoenicians.) 234 Birth of Marcus Porcius Cato (Cato the Elder), the Censor who would later exclaim “Karthago delenda est” in the senate. 219-202 Second Punic War. 217 Battle of Lake Trasimene, first major battle; Romans were defeated; Q. Fabius Maximus Cunctator (“the Delayer”) named dictator; 216 Battle of Cannae, significant defeat for the Romans; the consul Varro was killed; 202 Battle of Zama, in North Africa; Roman general Scipio Africanus defeated Hannibal. 180 Lex Villia Annalis passed, setting minimum ages for offices of the cursus honorum. 153 Consuls assumed office on Kalends of January. 149 Death of Cato the Elder, three years before the destruction of Karthage. 149-146 Third Punic War. 146 Carthage destroyed by Rome; Rome also seized Corinth and took control of Greece. 135-132 First Servile War waged in Sicily. 133 Tribune Tiberius Gracchus murdered by mob led by patricians opposed to his radical land reforms. 121 Gaius Gracchus, brother of Tiberius, also killed; his death resulted from the first-ever application of the senatus consultum ultimum (“extreme decree of the senate”). 118-104 The Jugurthine War; the Roman general Marius defeated the eastern king Jugurtha. 107; 104-100;86 Marius served as consul an unprecedented seven times; allowed subsequent powerful leaders leeway to skirt laws and traditions of Republican government. 106 Birth of Marcus Tullius Cicero. 104 Second Servile War waged in Sicily. 100 Birth of Gaius Julius Caesar. 90 Lex Julia passed offering citizenship to allies that had not fought against Rome in the social wars. 89 Lex Plautia Papiria passed, offering citizenship to allies who had previously fought against Rome; it was introduced by a Tribune of the Plebs. 84 The poet Catullus was born. 82 Sulla “Felix” defeated the followers of Marius and took control of Rome. 82-79 Sulla held the dictatorship; he extensively reorganized the Roman government, and reset minimal ages to offices in the cursus honorum. 73-71 Spartacus’ slave revolt put down by Pompey and Crassus. 70 and 55 Pompey and Crassus served as consuls together. 70 The poet Vergil was born. 67 Lex Gabinia introduced by a Tribune, granting Pompey vast power against the pirates of the Mediterranean. 65 The poet Horace was born. 63 Catilinarian conspiracy; Lucius Catilina and associates plotted to overthrow the government and murder the leadership; Cicero needed to deliver only the first of four prepared speeches to the senate; conspirators fled Rome. 63 Octavian (later Augustus) was born. 62 Defeat and death of Catiline. 60 First Triumvirate; Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus struck agreement at Luca. 59 Consulship of Caesar and Bibulus, known as the “consulship of Julius and Caesar” due to Bibulus’ weakness. 58-51 Caesar waged campaigns in Gaul; extended term of governorship; ultimately he was granted emergency control of all three Gallic provinces. 58 Publius Clodius Pulcher exiled Cicero. 56 First Triumvirate reaffirmed at Luca. 54 The poet Catullus died. 53 Battle of Carrhae; Crassus killed by Parthians. 52 Vercingetorix defeated Caesar at Gergovia; Caesar defeated Vercingetorix at Alesia. Pompey served as sole consul. 50 Pompey was asked to save the state; Tribunes left Rome. 49-45 Civil War 49 Caesar crossed Rubicon River, bringing his army into Italy and declaring war against the state; 48 Pompey defeated Caesar in Dyrrhachium; Caesar defeated Pompey at Pharsalus; Pompey fled into Egypt; and was beheaded; 45 Caesar defeated the sons of Pompey in Spain. 44 Julius Caesar murdered in conspiracy of senators led by Brutus and Cassius; Caesar’s will provided for the adoption of Octavian as his son and heir; Marc Antony became second consul. 43 Cicero was killed at the order of Antony and possibly Octavian; the Second Triumvirate was formed by Antony, Lepidus, and Octavian; legalized by Lex Titia; the poet Ovid was born. 42 Antony and Octavian defeated Caesar’s assassins Brutus and Cassius. 37 Second Triumvirate reaffirmed; Antony and Cleopatra married in Egypt. 31 Octavian and Agrippa defeated Antony and Cleopatra in naval engagement near Actium in Greece. 29 Dedication of Temple of Divus Julius on the site of Caesar’s cremation in Forum Romanum; rostra from ships defeated at Actium affixed to foundation wall. The Early Empire 27 Motion made to confer title “Augustus” (“revered”) on Octavian. 19 The poet Vergil died; Augustus dis- regarded Vergil’s instructions to burn the unfinished Aeneid. 17 Augustus adopted his grandsons, Gaius and Lucius Caesar, making them potential heirs. 13 Death of Lepidus; Augustus was sole surviving triumvir. 12 Augustus became Pontifex Maximus; death of Marcus Agrippa, Augustus’ admiral, friend, and possible heir. 8 Deaths of the poet Horace and the literary patron Maecenas. 2 Augustus was granted the title pater patriae; Augustus banished his daughter Julia from Rome for moral turpitude. 2 Death of Lucius Caesar. 4 Death of Gaius Caesar. 8 Ovid banished to Tomi by Augustus for “carmen et error” (Ars Amatoria, and possible improper involvement with, or influence on, Julia, Augustus’ daughter). 14 Augustus Caesar died, possibly by poisoning at the hands of Livia, his wife; he was without direct heir. 17 The poet Ovid died, without having been allowed to return to Rome. 19 Death of Germanicus, Augustus’ stepson and presumed heir; Germanicus’ brother Tiberius became emperor. Julio-Claudian Dynasty 27 B.C.-68 A.D. Augustus 27 B.C.-14 A.D. Tiberius 14-37 Caligula 37-41 Claudius 41-54 Nero 54-68 The Republican Cursus Honorum Tribune of the Plebs Annually elected by the plebeian section of the Assembly of the Tribes (Comitia Tributa), known as the Concilium Plebis, there were originally two, but by 449 there were ten. The person of the tribune was sacrosanct and he could veto anyone, except a dictator, including another tribune. The office, an alternative to ten years’ service in the cavalry, was often attained through nepotism, a practice accepted and commonly employed. Quaestor The first position in the cursus was Quaestor, whose term was a year. Originally there were two Quaestors, but the number was increased to 4 in 421 and then to 6 in 267, and then to 8 in 227. In 81, the number was increased to 20. They were selected by the Assembly of the 35 tribes, the Comitia Tributa. Quaestors supervised the treasury and the financial affairs of the state, the army, and the military officers. Aedile Two Plebeian Aediles were chosen each year by the Concilium Plebis and two Curule Aediles were picked annually by the Assembly of the 35 tribes, the Comitia Tributa. It was not necessary to be an aedile while following the cursus honorum. Aediles saw to the maintenance of public buildings, the oversight of public festivals, and the enforcement of public order. Praetor Elected by the Assembly of the Centuries, the Comitia Centuriata, the (originally) two Praetors held office for a year. The number increased to 4 in 227; and then to 6 in 197.
Recommended publications
  • The Politics of Roman Memory in the Age of Justinian DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the D

    The Politics of Roman Memory in the Age of Justinian DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the D

    The Politics of Roman Memory in the Age of Justinian DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Marion Woodrow Kruse, III Graduate Program in Greek and Latin The Ohio State University 2015 Dissertation Committee: Anthony Kaldellis, Advisor; Benjamin Acosta-Hughes; Nathan Rosenstein Copyright by Marion Woodrow Kruse, III 2015 ABSTRACT This dissertation explores the use of Roman historical memory from the late fifth century through the middle of the sixth century AD. The collapse of Roman government in the western Roman empire in the late fifth century inspired a crisis of identity and political messaging in the eastern Roman empire of the same period. I argue that the Romans of the eastern empire, in particular those who lived in Constantinople and worked in or around the imperial administration, responded to the challenge posed by the loss of Rome by rewriting the history of the Roman empire. The new historical narratives that arose during this period were initially concerned with Roman identity and fixated on urban space (in particular the cities of Rome and Constantinople) and Roman mythistory. By the sixth century, however, the debate over Roman history had begun to infuse all levels of Roman political discourse and became a major component of the emperor Justinian’s imperial messaging and propaganda, especially in his Novels. The imperial history proposed by the Novels was aggressivley challenged by other writers of the period, creating a clear historical and political conflict over the role and import of Roman history as a model or justification for Roman politics in the sixth century.
  • The Cursus Honorum

    The Cursus Honorum

    itself, but they did possess the same rights: of calling a session of the senate and of vetoing proposals and decrees. Theonly emperors between Augustus and Hadrian not to hold these powers were Galba, Otho, and Vitellius.17 Thesethree were military leaders, and took power through the forceof their soldiers, though by no means were they the only ones to rise in this way. They each ruled onlybriefly and, along with Vespasian, their reigns have come to be knowncollectively asthe year of fouremperors. Theseemperors did not earnthe same right to rule, because they took control by force, without any attempt to smooth the situation or any pretense of observing laws or customs. While be was dictator, Julius Caesar instituted severalchanges in the political structure of Rome, modifications which Augustus retained. Caesar reduced the office of the consulship to a powerless honor, since allother magistrates were subordinate to him as a perpetual dictator. The high office still had a great amount of prestige, and the Caesars exploited this fact to reward their loyal supporters.18 Other changes included lowering the required ages for entering the competition for the cursushonorum, which meant that more men would be competing each year for the small number of offices.19 He also introduced a new entry�level office, the vigintiviri;there were twentyseats, and the officerswere assigned to assistvarious positions within the government. A man could not proceed through the cursus honorumwithout earningthis rank first.20 By the time of Claudius, the gap between the active republican senate and the rising direct control of the emperor was apparent.
  • The Herodotos Project (OSU-Ugent): Studies in Ancient Ethnography

    The Herodotos Project (OSU-Ugent): Studies in Ancient Ethnography

    Faculty of Literature and Philosophy Julie Boeten The Herodotos Project (OSU-UGent): Studies in Ancient Ethnography Barbarians in Strabo’s ‘Geography’ (Abii-Ionians) With a case-study: the Cappadocians Master thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Linguistics and Literature, Greek and Latin. 2015 Promotor: Prof. Dr. Mark Janse UGent Department of Greek Linguistics Co-Promotores: Prof. Brian Joseph Ohio State University Dr. Christopher Brown Ohio State University ACKNOWLEDGMENT In this acknowledgment I would like to thank everybody who has in some way been a part of this master thesis. First and foremost I want to thank my promotor Prof. Janse for giving me the opportunity to write my thesis in the context of the Herodotos Project, and for giving me suggestions and answering my questions. I am also grateful to Prof. Joseph and Dr. Brown, who have given Anke and me the chance to be a part of the Herodotos Project and who have consented into being our co- promotores. On a whole other level I wish to express my thanks to my parents, without whom I would not have been able to study at all. They have also supported me throughout the writing process and have read parts of the draft. Finally, I would also like to thank Kenneth, for being there for me and for correcting some passages of the thesis. Julie Boeten NEDERLANDSE SAMENVATTING Deze scriptie is geschreven in het kader van het Herodotos Project, een onderneming van de Ohio State University in samenwerking met UGent. De doelstelling van het project is het aanleggen van een databank met alle volkeren die gekend waren in de oudheid.
  • Domitian's Arae Incendii Neroniani in New Flavian Rome

    Domitian's Arae Incendii Neroniani in New Flavian Rome

    Rising from the Ashes: Domitian’s Arae Incendii Neroniani in New Flavian Rome Lea K. Cline In the August 1888 edition of the Notizie degli Scavi, profes- on a base of two steps; it is a long, solid rectangle, 6.25 m sors Guliermo Gatti and Rodolfo Lanciani announced the deep, 3.25 m wide, and 1.26 m high (lacking its crown). rediscovery of a Domitianic altar on the Quirinal hill during These dimensions make it the second largest public altar to the construction of the Casa Reale (Figures 1 and 2).1 This survive in the ancient capital. Built of travertine and revet- altar, found in situ on the southeast side of the Alta Semita ted in marble, this altar lacks sculptural decoration. Only its (an important northern thoroughfare) adjacent to the church inscription identifies it as an Ara Incendii Neroniani, an altar of San Andrea al Quirinale, was not unknown to scholars.2 erected in fulfillment of a vow made after the great fire of The site was discovered, but not excavated, in 1644 when Nero (A.D. 64).7 Pope Urban VIII (Maffeo Barberini) and Gianlorenzo Bernini Archaeological evidence attests to two other altars, laid the foundations of San Andrea al Quirinale; at that time, bearing identical inscriptions, excavated in the sixteenth the inscription was removed to the Vatican, and then the and seventeenth centuries; the Ara Incendii Neroniani found altar was essentially forgotten.3 Lanciani’s notes from May on the Quirinal was the last of the three to be discovered.8 22, 1889, describe a fairly intact structure—a travertine block Little is known of the two other altars; one, presumably altar with remnants of a marble base molding on two sides.4 found on the Vatican plain, was reportedly used as building Although the altar’s inscription was not in situ, Lanciani refers material for the basilica of St.
  • Ancient Rome

    Ancient Rome

    Ancient Rome William E. Dunstan ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS, INC. Lanham • Boulder • New York • Toronto • Plymouth, UK ................. 17856$ $$FM 09-09-10 09:17:21 PS PAGE iii Published by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 http://www.rowmanlittlefield.com Estover Road, Plymouth PL6 7PY, United Kingdom Copyright ᭧ 2011 by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. All maps by Bill Nelson. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review. The cover image shows a marble bust of the nymph Clytie; for more information, see figure 22.17 on p. 370. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Dunstan, William E. Ancient Rome / William E. Dunstan. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-7425-6832-7 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-7425-6833-4 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-7425-6834-1 (electronic) 1. Rome—Civilization. 2. Rome—History—Empire, 30 B.C.–476 A.D. 3. Rome—Politics and government—30 B.C.–476 A.D. I. Title. DG77.D86 2010 937Ј.06—dc22 2010016225 ⅜ϱ ீThe paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/ NISO Z39.48–1992. Printed in the United States of America ................
  • The Roman Republic: Lesson Plan

    The Roman Republic: Lesson Plan

    The Roman Republic: Separation of Powers - History of Global Democracies Series | Academy 4 Social Change The Roman Republic: Lesson Plan Topic The Republic is the period in Roman history dating from the end of the reign of Rome’s last king in 509 B.C. to the ascension of Augustus in 27 B.C. that marked the beginning of the Roman Empire. During this time, elite Roman men pursuing political careers tried to work their way up the highly competitive hierarchy of political offices called the cursus honorum in order to gain more prestige and power. The highest annually occurring office in Rome was that of the consul, held by two men each year. In addition to Rome’s various magistrates, there was a powerful advisory body called the senate, as well as citizen assemblies that elected officeholders and voted on proposed laws, trials, and military decisions. Possible subjects/classes Time needed ● Government ● History 30-45 minutes ● Politics ● Philosophy Video link: https://academy4sc.org/topic/the-roman-republic-separation-of-powers/ Objective: What will students know/be able to do at the end of class? Students will be able to... ● Describe the three major areas of the government under the Roman Republic. ● Explain how the Roman Republic incorporated the concept of separation of powers. Key Concepts & Vocabulary republic, cursus honorum, consul, senate, assembly Materials Needed Worksheet, computers The Roman Republic: Separation of Powers - History of Global Democracies Series | Academy 4 Social Change Before you watch Turn & Talk: What does the phrase “separation of powers” mean to you? What about “checks and balances?” Have students discuss their answers in small groups.
  • Ritual Cleaning-Up of the City: from the Lupercalia to the Argei*

    Ritual Cleaning-Up of the City: from the Lupercalia to the Argei*

    RITUAL CLEANING-UP OF THE CITY: FROM THE LUPERCALIA TO THE ARGEI* This paper is not an analysis of the fine aspects of ritual, myth and ety- mology. I do not intend to guess the exact meaning of Luperci and Argei, or why the former sacrificed a dog and the latter were bound hand and foot. What I want to examine is the role of the festivals of the Lupercalia and the Argei in the functioning of the Roman community. The best-informed among ancient writers were convinced that these were purification cere- monies. I assume that the ancients knew what they were talking about and propose, first, to establish the nature of the ritual cleanliness of the city, and second, see by what techniques the two festivals achieved that goal. What, in the perception of the Romans themselves, normally made their city unclean? What were the ordinary, repetitive sources of pollution in pre-Imperial Rome, before the concept of the cura Urbis was refined? The answer to this is provided by taboos and restrictions on certain sub- stances, and also certain activities, in the City. First, there is a rule from the Twelve Tables with Cicero’s curiously anachronistic comment: «hominem mortuum», inquit lex in duodecim, «in urbe ne sepelito neve urito», credo vel propter ignis periculum (De leg. II 58). Secondly, we have the edict of the praetor L. Sentius C.f., known from three inscrip- tions dating from the beginning of the first century BC1: L. Sentius C. f. pr(aetor) de sen(atus) sent(entia) loca terminanda coer(avit).
  • Roman Republic Notes

    Roman Republic Notes

    Roman Republic Notes Republic to Empire What I have learned? 1. Roman Republic What does this movie franchise have Years: in common with Roman history? ________________________ Rule Similar to? 2. Roman Empire Years: Ruled by _____________________ The Founding of Rome What I have learned? According to legend, the city of Rome was founded What story is told by this picture? by the twin brothers, _____________________ & ________________ 3 Groups who influenced early Rome: 1. 2. 3. The _______________________ were the 1st rulers of the Italian (Apennine) Peninsula. The Etruscans gave Rome 1. 2. The _______________________ were the first to settle in the area that would become Rome. The Latins were _______________________ . The Latins gave Rome 1. The _______________________ built colonies along the Apennine Peninsula. The Greeks gave Rome According to the map, which group originally lived in the area of Rome? 1. 2. 3. Who controlled the island of Sardinia and the tip of Sicily? Roman Religion was a mixture of the _____________________ Religion which gave them What areas did the Etruscans control in the beginning? rites & rituals and the __________________ Religion which gave them their gods. Where would one find the Greek colonies? The Roman Republic What I have learned? A Republic is a __________________________ form Romans chose a republican form of government because they wanted to of government. A prevent any one individual from gaining too much power. Citizens have power through the B guarantee women a voice in government. C limit the power of the emperor. ________________________________________. D preserve their tradition of religious tolerance. In the Republic, there were 2 main social classes: Patricians Plebeians 1.
  • Eunus: Royal Obverse, Messianic Preacher, Firebreather and Avenger of Syria

    Eunus: Royal Obverse, Messianic Preacher, Firebreather and Avenger of Syria

    Revista Diálogos Mediterrânicos www.dialogosmediterranicos.com.br Número 17 – Dezembro/2019 Eunus: royal obverse, messianic preacher, firebreather and avenger of Syria Eunus: anverso real, pregador messiânico, cuspidor de fogo e vingador da Síria Vicente Alvarez Dobroruka* Universidade de Brasília Resumo Abstract Este artigo busca ligar a revolta de Eunus, This article makes an attempt to link Eunus’ também conhecida como a “Primeira Revolta revolt (i.e. The First Slave Revolt”, 135-132 BCE), Servil” (135-132 AEC) aos seus proferimentos em more directly his prophetic utterances and Syrian êxtase profético, ligados à sua origem Síria. Tais provenance to other events and stories that proferimentos e a própria revolta ocorreram na happened during the Second Century BCE, in the seqüência da derrota de Antíoco III, o Grande, em aftermath of the defeat of Anthiochus III the Great 190 AEC; até o momento, esses proferimentos in 190 BCE; the so-far unobserved links are não foram vinculados às estórias de profecias provided by prophecies against Rome uttered in fantasmagóricas e também anti-romanas otherworldly fashion and preserved by Phlegon preservadas por Phlegon de Tralles (séc.II EC), of Tralles in his Mirabillion. These utterances fit em seu Mirabillion. O padrão observado em in the pattern of Eastern revenge prophecies Eunus, nos Oráculos Sibilinos e nas estórias de against Rome (much like the ones found in the Phlegon é aparentemente o mesmo, com a Sibylline Oracles), with the peculiarity that, in the peculiaridade de que, através da fala em êxtase de mouth of Eunus, the slave who lead the Revolt, Eunus, o líder da revolta, tais proferimentos são they appear first as mockery in the eyes of his usualmente tratados como um misto de owner.
  • The Late Republic in 5 Timelines (Teacher Guide and Notes)

    The Late Republic in 5 Timelines (Teacher Guide and Notes)

    1 180 BC: lex Villia Annalis – a law regulating the minimum ages at which a individual could how political office at each stage of the cursus honorum (career path). This was a step to regularising a political career and enforcing limits. 146 BC: The fall of Carthage in North Africa and Corinth in Greece effectively brought an end to Rome’s large overseas campaigns for control of the Mediterranean. This is the point that the historian Sallust sees as the beginning of the decline of the Republic, as Rome had no rivals to compete with and so turn inwards, corrupted by greed. 139 BC: lex Gabinia tabelleria– the first of several laws introduced by tribunes to ensure secret ballots for for voting within the assembliess (this one applied to elections of magistrates). 133 BC – the tribunate of Tiberius Gracchus, who along with his younger brother, is seen as either a social reformer or a demagogue. He introduced an agrarian land that aimed to distribute Roman public land to the poorer elements within Roman society (although this act quite likely increased tensions between the Italian allies and Rome, because it was land on which the Italians lived that was be redistributed). He was killed in 132 BC by a band of senators led by the pontifex maximus (chief priest), because they saw have as a political threat, who was allegedly aiming at kingship. 2 123-121 BC – the younger brother of Tiberius Gracchus, Gaius Gracchus was tribune in 123 and 122 BC, passing a number of laws, which apparent to have aimed to address a number of socio-economic issues and inequalities.
  • Coinage of Triumvirs, Antony, Lepidus and Octavian : Illustrative of the History Pdf, Epub, Ebook

    Coinage of Triumvirs, Antony, Lepidus and Octavian : Illustrative of the History Pdf, Epub, Ebook

    COINAGE OF TRIUMVIRS, ANTONY, LEPIDUS AND OCTAVIAN : ILLUSTRATIVE OF THE HISTORY PDF, EPUB, EBOOK H A Grueber | 50 pages | 10 Oct 2016 | Createspace Independent Publishing Platform | 9781539449652 | English | none Coinage of Triumvirs, Antony, Lepidus and Octavian : Illustrative of the History PDF Book AR Denarius 17mm, 3. By continuing to use the portal, you agree to receive cookies. Lepidus was feeling slighted by Octavian and Antony and stationed his troops in Sicily, insisting his triumvir territories be reinstated to what they were when the Lex Titia was signed. Sydenham a. Heidenheim an der Brenz and Hellenstein Castle. Octavian soon entered into a fight with Sextus Pompey. Near Very Fine; banker's mark to obv. Lustrous, light hairlines. A wonderful example of the type. Less than a year later, on the Ides of March, 44 B. The Gallic tribes were governed either by kings in the southwest and in the north or by an aristocracy with appointed chief magistrates in the central region. The moneyer of the same name who struck this coin was the grandson of both men. AR denarius 19mm, 3. If Lepidus had had been a more effective communicator, history might have turned out vastly different! Ahenobarbus achieved considerable naval success against the Second Triumvirate in the Ionian theater, where this denarius was certainly minted, but finally, through the mediation of Gaius Asinius Pollio, he reconciled with Mark Antony, who thereupon made him governor of Bithynia. He made dynastic changes in the dependent kingdoms by taking huge taxes. This agreement is known in history as the Second Triumvirate see also First Triumvirate.
  • The Military Reforms of Gaius Marius in Their Social, Economic, and Political Context by Michael C. Gambino August, 2015 Directo

    The Military Reforms of Gaius Marius in Their Social, Economic, and Political Context by Michael C. Gambino August, 2015 Directo

    The Military Reforms of Gaius Marius in their Social, Economic, and Political Context By Michael C. Gambino August, 2015 Director of Thesis: Dr. Frank Romer Major Department: History Abstract The goal of this thesis is, as the title affirms, to understand the military reforms of Gaius Marius in their broader societal context. In this thesis, after a brief introduction (Chap. I), Chap. II analyzes the Roman manipular army, its formation, policies, and armament. Chapter III examines Roman society, politics, and economics during the second century B.C.E., with emphasis on the concentration of power and wealth, the legislative programs of Ti. And C. Gracchus, and the Italian allies’ growing demand for citizenship. Chap. IV discusses Roman military expansion from the Second Punic War down to 100 B.C.E., focusing on Roman military and foreign policy blunders, missteps, and mistakes in Celtiberian Spain, along with Rome’s servile wars and the problem of the Cimbri and Teutones. Chap. V then contextualizes the life of Gaius Marius and his sense of military strategy, while Chap VI assesses Marius’s military reforms in his lifetime and their immediate aftermath in the time of Sulla. There are four appendices on the ancient literary sources (App. I), Marian consequences in the Late Republic (App. II), the significance of the legionary eagle standard as shown during the early principate (App. III), and a listing of the consular Caecilii Metelli in the second and early first centuries B.C.E. (App. IV). The Marian military reforms changed the army from a semi-professional citizen militia into a more professionalized army made up of extensively trained recruits who served for longer consecutive terms and were personally bound to their commanders.