Ursinus College Digital Commons @ Ursinus College The Dutchman / The eP nnsylvania Dutchman Pennsylvania Folklife Society Collection Magazine
Summer 1955 The Dutchman Vol. 6, No. 5 Earl F. Robacker
Olive G. Zehner
Cornelius Weygandt
Henry J. Kauffman
Albert I. Drachman
See next page for additional authors
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Recommended Citation Robacker, Earl F.; Zehner, Olive G.; Weygandt, Cornelius; Kauffman, Henry J.; Drachman, Albert I.; Graeff, Arthur D.; and Heller, Edna Eby, "The Dutchman Vol. 6, No. 5" (1955). The Dutchman / The Pennsylvania Dutchman Magazine. 5. https://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/dutchmanmag/5
This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Pennsylvania Folklife Society Collection at Digital Commons @ Ursinus College. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Dutchman / The eP nnsylvania Dutchman Magazine by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Ursinus College. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Authors Earl F. Robacker, Olive G. Zehner, Cornelius Weygandt, Henry J. Kauffman, Albert I. Drachman, Arthur D. Graeff, and Edna Eby Heller
This book is available at Digital Commons @ Ursinus College: https://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/dutchmanmag/5 75 Cents Summer, 1955 Vol. 6, No. 5
Editor: Dr. Alfred L. hoe ma ker A ssistant F.ditor: Dr. J . Wm. Frey A ntiqu60 E,litor: D r. E a rl F . R obaeker Contents Craf ts (\'; Folic Art /c,dilor: Olive G. Zehner Food Editor: Edna E b." H ell e' r .\. nliq ucs for F a ne," a nd for Fun .. Delil'gn Editor: LeB.o." Gensler E AHL F . R On t\CKE R Photogra pher: Clifl'ord Yeieh
Duleh hy the T on . P BLl SlJ Elt : 7 OLI VE H G. ZEII NE H The P ennsylvania DllLeh F olklore Cen Ler. Inc., Franklin a ndl\Ia r ~ h a ll Collcge, La ncas ter. P enn .ylvania. 13easts in Du teh la nd ...... 10 COHNE LIUS \ \'EYGAN D'l' SUBSCRIPTION R ATE 3.00 a ~ ' ea r in the nited la le a nd Church .\. rchitccture in La ne:1.s Lcr Count." ...... lG Ca nada. EI ew here fi fl y cen ts add i- H EN RY J . KAU F F ~IA N tional for po tage. in gle copies $.75 each. Tracking the Elusive Distelfink ...... 28 l\ISS AND PH OTOG RAPII S: ,\. LBE H'I' 1. DHA c mlAN The Editor will be glad to consid er ISS and phot oO' raphs enl \\ ith a R cnasccncc of History . vi ew to publica lion. (Each is ue will ...... 3G contain :1.t lea t one major a rticle.) AWI' II UR D. GHAEFF When un uitable for publication. and if accompa nied by return postagc, Dutch Chce 'c 39 ever," care will be exerei ed towa rd ED NA Eny H ELL EH their return, although 11 0 responsibility for their safety is assumed. The Zchn-uhr chtick ...... 40 THE D UT HMAN. June-August OLIVEH G. ZEH NEH ]955, Yol. 6, N o.5, publi hcd qua rtcrl y and cop,Hight 1955 b,Y thc P cnn yl vania Dutch F olklore Center, Inc., Franklin a nd Mar hall Coll ege. Lancaster, Pa. Single copy $.75. B y subscription $3.00 per year in the nited State and Canada; el ewhere fifty cent po tage extra. Entered as second-cia s ma tter D ec. 9, ]949, at the P o t Office at Lancaster, P enn y lvaniit, under the Ac t of March 3, 1879.
PRESS OF INTE LLIGENC E R P RINTING COM P A NY LANCASTER, PA. =
".Jus t for fancy" as an expression to describe orn amental rather than utilitarian objeel among th e P enn s.v lvan ia Dutch might we ll be matched by an ther- ".lust for fun ." T ogether. these tags serve \\'ell lo designate a wide vari et." of oA' hand and original crealions some for purel.\· decOl'ati ve uses, some obviously to pl ease th e children, and some to serve the purpo. e of what a later ge neration call s co n\'er ation pi eces. Among th e su rvi val. of th e Nineteen th Cen tu r.Y. th e sq ueak toy is a fa vorite of antique coll ec tors. The nature of a sq ueak toy is nol hard to im agine; th e idea was to add SO llnd to sllbsta nce- Iong before the crying do ll or the Antiques for Fancy and for Fun By EARL F. ROBACKER
" ma ma" doll had come into bein g. Wh ile squeak to.\·s ex i t in some variet.v. the roo te l' ma.y be suggested as repre se ntative. The bod.v of the bird is of holl ow papier mache, thinl.\· spread over muslin . and gail .v painted in reali sti c colors. Legs of ti ghtl.\· coiled wire attach the bird to a bell ows base. Wh en this ba e is first depressed and th en released. a concealed whistle emit an appropriate sound, and the roo tel' bob energe ti call.\· forward a nd back on hi 'pringy legs in a successful ph.vsical imitation of crowing. It goe without sa.v ill g that these to ~ ' s a rc scarce today. and that such as do come to li ght a re likel.Y to be minus their "squeakin g" q ualities no deterrent to the coll ec tor, of course. N o les ori ginal but somewhat Ie s innocent. a t least in concept, a rc snake-to.\' . A favori te of compara tively recent limes \l'a a jointed replile formed of intricately can 'ed bl oc k so closel.\· a rti cula ted that. wh en the snake wa s grasped in the mid-riA' and squeezed , head . body. and la il wou ld undulale in s tartlingly life-like fa hi on. in ce uch snakes were also usuall y reali sti eall .v painted. above and beneath. lhe practical joker had a sure-fire device r ea d~ ' to his han(1. Another \'e r ion of the nake-to,\' purports to be a book- eemingl.v a book with wooden cover and red-cord book mark da n Of a gentler nature were the pottel'," to.\'s of P e nn s ~ ' lvania redware- lhe same e l a ~ ' used in the makin g of slipware and sgraffito pl a tes. plain glazed bowls a nd pitchers. and unglazed hou ehold utensils in enormous \·a ri et,\'. C hief alllOJl O" a rticle made for ehildren were p e nn~ ' bank and whis Ll e . The ba nk ranged from imple spherical sha pe fl attened at the (Cuts are numbe red according to the order in which hase (not at a ll simple to create! ) to more elabora te forms they are me ntioned in the article. ) of a nimals a nd hiI'd. The dog a nd the bear ee m to ha\'c Illustratio ns from the Robacker collection. bee n fa\·oritcs. ,\11 . of eour e. ha\'e a slot al the top lo Photography by Charles Bohr. ad mit coin s. 2 3 , The bird wh is t le, Note the incised wi ngs, an unusuol feature , The whi li e was usuall y but no t al\\'a,\' in the shape of a bird, An openin O' on the back a ll o\\'erl the creature to be fi ll ed with l\'aler, The \\'his Ll e itself \\' as built into the Lail. a nd ex tended Lhrough the bod,\' a nd into the water, ,\ Ithough the wriLer ha ne\'er come upon a specimen ti ll in good working order, lhe fact thal Lh e glaze ha been \\'orn off a ll the tails he ha seen would a ppeal' Lo indicaLe lha t long-ago blowers found the toys adequaLe! I n tere ting but e xtr e m e l ~ ' ra re are the jointcd mcla l " walking men." to,\'s evidenLl,\' fashioned for the a musemcnt of toddlers, The cpa ratc mcmbcrs of thcse to,\'s werc cut I , An especially real ist ic specime n of the squeak- toy, ou t of thin tinned heet iron, evid en L1,I' freehand, and Lh en found a t Re inholds, Po , ri vctcd togcther 100 cl,\' enough Lhat each pa rL could win" free, .\ Ion ha ndlc wa a LLached Lo Lh e man ' hat, and Lh c fi gm e asslllllcd a vari eLy of ludicrous po itions when hc \\'as made to "walk, " These to,l'S werc ori ginall ,v brighLl,\' pa inted, 4 , The jointed meta l walking toy, which collapsed for the amusement of ch ildre n, Be rks County, 3 5 . A$sorted denize ns of Noah's Ark, ofte n used in connection with the Christmas put:<. The dove to the right is painte d an the roof of the Ark. The Noah's .\ rk. wiLh iLs complement of can 'l'd wood or an entirel," difl'erent genre, and probabl,l' inlended nol human fi gures and animals lll" o-by-two, lI"a s a Chrislma as lo,l's bu t as objets d·art. a rc larger wood carving of the fa" orite firsl lhroughout Lh e DuLchla nd and laler. as Lh e kind illu trated on these pages, Almost always roo ters id ea of' lhe Chri slma lree spread . in other parLs of lhe or turkeys, the,l' range in ize from Ie s than three in ehe in eountr.v as lI'ell. j\Ian.v of Lh e a rks were made and painted height to more than eight. and have bee n gail)· pol)·ehromed. in Switzerl a nd and Germany. and shipped to America with ome of them a re prime example of " 'hittli ng, but few. if lheir full cargoe. H owever. man~ ' of the most expertly any, exi t toda,l' in their ori ginal cond ition, The coll ec tor fashi oned animal and birds found nowadays seem lo be of is adl'i ed to ass ume a firm s tance before in quiring the price nali" e. local origin, particularl,l' lhose which h a \'(~ rema in ed of even a ra lher batlercd specimen! (N ote: The wood carvings unpainted , In uch arks as come lo lhe a ntiques markel of Ja cob chimmel. Civil \\'a r itinerant, will be discu ed loda,l' , the a nimals arc li kely to repre ent refugee from half in a later article,) a dozen difl'erent fl oods. lI"ith a considera bl e range in size , Wh il e gourds were ulilized frolll very earl .1' lime as dippers and fi gures of Ameri can origin fra ternize eompanionabl," and bowls. and a darni ng egO's a nd nest eggs a nd ehildren's with their Old Worl d rela tives. plaything, the,v seldom recei" ed the elaborate treatmenl accord ed the peeim en in lhe ill ustra ti on hown here, T o Toy carvers have seldom been id enlified in Ameri ca. bUl creale the basket, the 8-ineh dried shell wa cut inlo the one, George Huguen in, of N ewfound land. P ennsyh·ania, desired sha pe (no mean feat. for dried gourds arc likel,,' to enjoyed a local reputation from aboul 1840 lo 1880, H is be extremel,\' brittle) and afterward painted , The ba e specially wa hi sheep with rea l wool pelts- a black one in col or is black ; the de ign is executed in red. white, yellow every flo ck! a nd green. 6 . Rooster and turkey, e ach carved from a single wooden block, show the ravages at time. 8. Specimens from the wide range of objects made for childre n, eithe r for actual use or to serve as playthings. Familiar h ou ehold ulen il s were crcaled , then as now. in to.\' sizes. A a ma lter of fac t, almo t e\'ery fu ll -sized bona fid e D ulch Country antique of local make probabl." ha it 'o unterpa rt somewh ere in either child-size or to.\' size. E ven lhe maker of pa tLerwa re, \\'hich wa imported from England (Sec The Dutchman, Fall , 1954 ). took note of the de ire of chi ldren and created complete lea els in mll1l atu re size. Tin and wooden plate, L6 le cups, tin." punched-tin coffee pots, ca t iron kitchen wa re a ll lhese were popular in their day, and a re just a popu lar wilh coll ector in our o\\'n time. P aren t of today are freq Li en tl.Y heard lo deplore lhe Hi m .Y qualit.\' of commerciall .,' made to,\'s, uch a com plaint would ha rdly have been uttered in lhe ci a,\', wh en the \\'orth of a \\' orkma n wa measurcd b," the qualit,\' of hi product. and. lea t of a ll in conn ec ti on with chil d-size or play furnilure. turdy little rocking chair , benche . lable , beds, che L of dra\\'ers- a ll bore ev idence of ki ll a nd thor oughne in con lruction. The meti euloll Iy construeLcd 7 . Baske t mode from a gourd, expertly carved doll ' e Ltce. pa inted Lo ma lch its larger proLot,"I)e, may be and pointed. Found in Allentown. cited as a good example. 9. Doll-size settee, twenty four inches long, belonging to the "Pointed Period" of Pennsylvania, possibly c. 1840. P a rLi cul a r men Li on should be made 01' the doll s shown oecup,\'ing the se llee illu lraLed in this article, B olh ha\'e head of pa pier maehe, M a ry Alice Magda lena, a L the lell, long in Lh e p ossession of j\Ii Alic H ohrbaeher, 0 1' Phila delphia, bear a eombinaLion of famil,\' names Lraceable back Lo 1752, H er a rm a nd !<' O's arc whiLLI ed ouL of wood, a rah Ann a bina. aL Lh e ri ght. i a id Lo ha \'e been Lh e model 1'01' the first doll Lo be paLented in Ameri ca ( 18.58) , H er arms a nd lea a rc of leather a nd he r dress. for a ll its con temporal',\' a ppearance, is ori ginal. " 'here ma ,\' these earl,\' Lhin gs-for-fa ne,\' allel Lhin gs-for-fun be purchased ' .\ s the mo tto on the sun di a l has it. " IL is la t r tha n you think." H owever, it is not loa la te; th I' are ma ny fin e a nd intere Lin g pieces s till Lo be e1i .. eo\T red , 1'1',\ ' the Dutchl a nd anLique dea ler; nowh ere can a more re \Y a rding day be spen t than in the shops which doL the to\\'ns and countryside of rural P enns,\'I\';lnia, 10, Je lly cupboard eleven inches high, essentially similar to full-size counterparts in most homes in the Dutch Country. 12, Pointed cradle six inches lang, with simple tulip decoration. 11 . Empire-style doll's chest by Peter Williams, cabinet make r of Kelle rsville, Monroe County, Feet on the front legs are a replace me nt. Dutch by the Ton By OLIVE G. ZEHNER In th e pasL year Yorkcraft, Inc., perhap the large tingle there is exce ll ent. Even Texa recogni ze the colorful appeal co mmer ·ial ve nture usi ng th e P e nn s ~ ' h ' a ni a D uLch theme, of the P enn .vl vania Dutch motif on Yorkcl'aft item. consumed literall y fifty hort ton of paper a ll in the form The growth of YOl'keraft ha been con i tent a nd it i of gree tin g and gif t 'a rd s, note paper, tallie and core pad , expanding every year. Mr. Imhoff is pres id ent, Bill ehau I' cipe no tes, pos t cards, birLh cerL ifi 'a te and other mi cel mann is the vice-pre id ent and genera l ma nager of the plant. la neou items. The pl ant which ten year ago began a a and in recent year a younge r son, 'Yilliam Imhoff, ha famil y projcct in the H oward Imhoff home now occupie a b come lrea urer. Five year ago, D ale Ziegler fr om nearby Lwo- tory faeLory of large proportions. The ori gin al ten Red Lion and a graduate of the Philadelphia Museum School dozen Chl'i tmas card , prinLed a nd hand-color d by the of Art joined th e sta ff to help with the designing. Hi famil y and peddlcd b.\' William chaum ann , a son-in -la w, t~ ' l e i more pictorial and les ornate than Mr. Imhoff's, have grown Lo two million a year with fourteen different who de ign with more of a fl ourish and attention to deta il. agent doin g th e selling. The ori gin al ix designs have The two a rtists work well together, however. and the char expanded to forty different item with innumerabl e va ria acter of th e finished product i not radicall y changed. tion of design. As for the designs and motifs used, Mr. Imhoff say tha t From York Count.v, P ennsyl vani a, YOl'keraft items ha\'e he doe not trive to be au then tic, bu t rather to pre en t a gone to all pa rts of the UniLed ta Le, plus Al as ka, Ha wa ii , compos ite picture of the P enn ylvania Dutch. H e cla ims the Ca na l Zone, Canada and Bermuda. Be id es P ennsyl tha t the public wants "pretty" des igns. The company vania, the co mpan~ " be t customer is the l\Iiddle 'Ye t. receive thousand of "fan-mail" letter every ~'e ar containing Lea t apprecia ti ve of the P en.n ylvania Dutch Lh eme are fri end ly com men t . 11'. Imhoff say that he i not portray the outhern SLates. Al 0 litLle interested i N ew York City in g the Ami h OI' P lain P eople, but rather the 18th ce ntur~ ' proper; but th e surrounding suburb a re \'ery good cu tomeI's. Penn sylvania Dutch way of life, which does happen to live California is willing to pay higher price and the market on inlo this century through tbe Ami h people. Mr. Howord Imhoff, designer ond creotor of the Yorkcroft line. Mr. Imhoff puts in a full ~~y at the . shop on~ then goes home and relaxes at his drawing board at home-no teleVISIon-watchIng for hIm. Here he is shown designing his newest line-"Pla in and Fancy Cutting Boards," a departure from the usual greeting cards. 7 r Amazin g i, the P enns.\'Ivania DUlch-Engli sh the Imhofi's have creaLed. Truly clcver and in geniou" iL conLribuLes greatl y Lo the popular appeal of Lh eir lin . The,\' admit that Lh ey have exaggeraLed the a li'ead,l' colorful and quaint idioms of lhe Dutch ountr,\'. It u ed to boLher them when the.\' wCI'e con Le Led on au Lh en tici L,v , bu t now th e ~ ' Lr,\' to keep lhings ge nera l and avoid a rgumenLs as much as po, sib le, The fri end I." Lone of lheir mail is far in Lhe majority; many rolks even scnd in dialect suggesLions. In addiLion Lo Lh eir Dutch line, Lh ey have added Swedish. Italian, Early A.merican and P lan Lation themes. ,\. nd once back from an exten i ve Lrip. now planned, to :l\Iexico, Central and outh _\. meri ca, Lhe,v wi ll probably come ou t wi Lh a lso a "sou th of Lhe border" lin e. jUl'. Imhoff. hcfor he began YorkcrafL. Inc" \\'a a well known and experienced commercial artis L. H e wa arL direelor for se"eral advertisin g agencies in N ew York it,\'; head of a rt decoration for leading department store where he de ign d Lhe Loy departmen t decoration a t bri tmas Lime . H oward Imhoff a lso had experience in stained gla s making. H c received his Lraining aL Carnegie Institute in Pitl burgh a nd at the .\ ca William Imhoff, the founder's son and treasurer of the firm, discusses box wraps and a sheet of greeting cords that have just come off the press with his brother-in-law William Schaumann, plant manager. Most of the items are printed by Seiler Company at Mt. Joy, but a few small items and most of the box wraps are printed at the plant in York. Dole Ziegle r designs a set of note-paper around the the me of early Ame rican crofts - a timely topic. A Pe nnsylvania Dutchman, himse lf, Mr. Ziegler draws on his rich he ritage for inspiration. A typical Howard Imhoff composite of Pennsylvania Dutchiana. There is a blending of past and present, af "Gay Dutch" ond " Plain Dutch," of the religious ond the secular. Popular among the Yorkcraft items ot the moment are the painted tins with their Dutch motifs. in Po t Fall , Idaho. he is of P enn ~ ' h'a nia Dutch extraction . His grandparent, \Yissler M ennonites. left P e nn s ~ ' l vania a nd moved to Ohio and from there farther West. Mr. Imhoff and hi wife are g r ea t l ~' intere ted in local history. Toge ther the.\' wrote a large volume on York Count.v hi stor,v for the York Chamber of Commerce, They have done articles for " \\Toman's Da,\'," "American H ome" and other magazines, Ju t la t ,\'ear All adin Pre published "Tanglewood Britches," a P enn s,\' lvan ia Dutch chi ldrcn's stor,v b,\' NIl'S. Imhoff, who writes uncl eI' the pen name of Betty P eckham. The Imhoffs have fou r hi ldren; a son. Howard, Jr" i fo llowing his father' field of interest and is art director for a big advertising agency in N cw York Cit,\', To the future belongs the task of assessing the impress upon thi co untry of the annual fift,\' ton of Yorkcraft's greeting cards and noLe paper, much of it P enn ylvania Dutch in theme. 9 Koellner print with cows. Blocksmith, fox and dogs. Beasts • Dutchland By CORNELIUS WEYGANDT Koellner print with horses. Dogs, deer and squirrels in two cut-outs. 10 A six - horse belled Conestoga wogan, the greatest contribution ta Eighteenth Century transpartation in colonial America. The ix great bell ed hoI' e of the Conestoga wagon are the first of the beast of Du tehland. Perhaps I should say "were" instead of "are," for it is only on ueh hi gh day a that of lhe Folk Fe tival at Kutztown that onc ee a nd hcar uch a lcam in action. Their appcarance and the mu ic of their bell there were the hi gh point of Jul.\' 3. 1954. A cmi survival wa thc four horse teams hauling charcoal to Phila delphia that wenl down Germantown Road into late in the eightccn- eventic . No grcat teams of oxen. imposing as they werc. could co mpare to lhe Conestoga tcam , no great herds of sheep with attendant dog, no droves of turkey or gec e. pictur esqu e a the.v were, no parade of men, could rival in effect lhe impact of the great beast wilh bell arched abo\'e them and the high wheeled archcd wagon with the spread of canva above it, ancl th e clriver on th e lazy boarcl protub rant to lhe left, ancl his helper mounted forward, a that ca\'alcacl e wept clown the old white pike of limes tone paving and brought all the neighborhood ou t to ee the pec tacle. There i left, as an imposing spec tacle of animal power, the team of ix black mu le to a harrow. pi loted b~ ' an Amish man, broad-brim hat on head, blue shirtecl and blue trousered, one still come upon in Lancaster County. There i , too, the mule drawn Ami h wagon, at it be t with one pacing mule. one meet Church town way. There are great herd of cattle yel at pa ture on the rollil1g hi ll s. Guernseys mo tly, for Dutchmen hold only the riches t dair~ ' product good enou gh for u and our cu tomcrs. There is, howcvcr. not much droving nowaday and therc are not the hepherd dogs about there were yeste r da~ ' . Groundhogs still cuttle across the road in back country placcs, and rabbits, and there are opos urn and raccoons about. orne years back, ay fifteen, a pair of panthers escaped from a circu in Lanea tel', and brought up four ~ ' oungsters omewhere in the wooded h il l.. A friend of mine, pa sing by car al night, aw a row of twelve eyes blazing at him out of the clarkne s. Thc g r ~a t cats made a pceialty of raiclil1 11 Band box with squirrel, dogs and deer. Mules Driving cattle and sheep. The young cavalier. \\'ba t became of them, no one know , unle they made their w a ~ ' nortbeast\I'ard and give ri e to the rumors of black panther current a fell' year ago in N ew Hampshire. There a re 1I'00d to conceal their progress all the wa ~ ' . The cana l boat mules. the one or two or three of the canal boat mule, were in titution of Dutchland . You found them on D elawa re and Lehigh , on Schuylkill , on connecti ve be lwee n Sc hu~ ' l kill and Susquehanna, on usquehanna and Junia ta, a nd to the westward. Tha t creature \\'a big and strong a nd bell ed. The mules oulnumbered lhe borses in like en ·ice two to one. The.I' were relegated to lhe back co untr,\' in the oR' ea on, the long strings of them fa tened to loll' rope making one of the picture que featme of pos t il' il \\'ar upstate life. There is no animal king of bea ts in P enn yll'ania Dutch inLeri or decora ti on as the dislelfink i unCju e ti onabl,l' king of birds. The lion or lhe unico rn , l on'oll'ed from the Eng Ii h coat of arms, is frequent on dower ehe ls. The Ea tel' rabbit is the hero of ma ny folkta les; bear, eamel. donke.\' . Drove rs with cattle. fox, deer, porcupin e, cal, lion, ox, co\\' , hoI' e, tiger, heep, 12 Doughty's deer. Milkmaid and cowan scenery mirror. arc th e u ual bea t in the alphabet of almanac. I have a D eer find a place, too, a mong the toy for children. The pair of wooden squirrel, red bro\\'n and life ize, and two fel heavy horned fell ow of wood, crouched, in brown, i hort of lows of their in cardboard. I have een a painting on glas fi ve inche long, a nd two inche hi gh. H e is slotted under in which a red quin'el make opprobrious ge ture from the neath to fit on a base, probably for a place under a Christma branche of a tree to a brown rabbit on the ground. I ha\'e tree. H e i .vellow bellied a nd ma rked I and X. a pie plate with a rabbit scribed in it bottom. I have found Though the nece sary cat i rare in fractur or embroider." a jar of red ware labell ed "has." whi ch mu t ha \'e once con or in cotton tuffed toy for babic, there i a ny a mount of tained rabbit salted lown. folklore a bout it. Ira R eed always turned back if a cat ran I ha\'e two watch ca e of wood with squirrel skin lining acro his road left to ri "ht a he set out on an antique and gla front to hold watche by the bed id e of cold ni ght. bu.ying trip, but he kept on if it ran from ri ght to left or ran I have a mu krat kin cap, and an ul tel' lin ed with groundhog ahead of him down the road. It is a O'e neral beli ef you hould fur that kept the co ld oA' me for year in an open topped car. not carry the household cat with you when you move but I had a mole kin pur e and glove of rabbit skin. go back for it a da.\' or two later. A person fond of cats and dogs will make a good hu band or wife. The deer de erves a paragraph. I like very much the A stapl of the fur tradc i skunk kins. A hoy in Rein kindly, almo t quizzical expre sion on a brown tag on holds kept a dozen of them in hi back~' ard; so well behaved greensward in a tin frame of red and green that is, I take it, his neighbor had no objecti on to their pre encc there. a re\\'ard of merit for "ood work in school. You find the A snap hot hows him at play with them. deer on platter of red ware, in pIa tel', on Phoenixville Burrowing moles are a sign of rain. Spearmint put in the majoli ca. in life ize lawn fi gure of metal, in soft paste made hay mow will keep rat out of the hay. A rabbit's tooth in England for the P enn ylvania market, in blow n gla hung on a tring abou t a child's neck will keep it from having un ler a bell glas , on door panel . on ampler , in cut-outs, toothache. The left behind foot of a rabhit on a rubber weath rva ne , hooked rugs, in lithograph , in carved handles of wooden knive and fork and spoons, in fi gure for the mantelpiece and in fraetur. An other fetching brown tag cavort behind columns in blue and gold in a book plate of Barbara Hun ieker of Skip pack. ] 806. ix tree, ceda r hall I say, or ~ oah' Ark fell ow, em'iron him, three on either sid e, green ." brown, as is the hummocked ground from which th e ~ ' pring. The book, on the front blank page of which .\' OU find the fraetur, is a :Menn onite hymnal printed by :iUichael Bi ll meyer in Germ an town, in ] 803. .\ pair of tag, black antl ered and black legged and their bodies spotted with red and black, prance at each oth er fr om the lower corners of a colored printed tauJschein go tten out b.\' Baumann and Ruth in Ephrata. al oof ]806. It record the bapti m of Chri tian GroA·. Tulip and pomegrana tes, fill ed in in red a nd go ld , cross it top, disleifinks in red and bla k, res t in the cleft of a great heart and dislelJinks, in 'red and gold above the stag are larger than the tage. Bobcat, dog, fox, raccoon and rabbit. 13 band up lhe . Ieeye will bring you good luck. It hould be from a rabbit shot in a Qu aker graveyard a t ni ght. You show it to another and wh en he goe to take hold of iL you lel the rubber jerk it upslee \·e. Uack the calf ou L from Lh c moLh er cow and she will not gri eve for it. Grea e a pi g you add to it fell ow in a pen a nd Lh ey will noL fi ghL. The neighing of horses at night brings ba.ck luck. ever pas under a horse's head buL walk a round back of iL. Cows feeding close toge ther in Lhe fall mean a hard winLer ahead. If ~ ' o u see a white horse ~ ' ou will soon sec a red headed girl. If Lh e groundhog ee hi shadow wh en he come out of hi s hole on F ebruar,v 2nd he will go in ('0 1' another month. Cattle can talk on Christmas ni ghL for three hour and well waLer will Lurn into win e for Lh at peri od. Plaste r poodle, goat, rabbit and lomb. It i sLrange Lh a L with more folk sa,\' in gs about Lh e cat Ih an a bout a ny oLh er animal in Dutchland, according to Fogel' B eliefs and Su perstitions of the Pennsylvania Germans (1 9];:5 ), Lh ere hould be 0 few presenta Li on of pus in our inLeri or dceoraLi on. I can recall but one cat in fmetur, the creature itLin g up with the famil,l' a round a n open fir eplace. That a nd one cat in china, Irobabl,v not of local ori gin, and one Luffed with co tton for a ba b,\"s deli ght. arc all I can recall. I have caLs' troughs of wood and of red sand Lone kept in the cow sLabl e to hold warm milk for t he ba rn caL . In s tu£l'ed cotton, too, I have found a n elephant, a rabbit. a poodl e. N ever once a cat in carved wood, or metal , and but one of life ize s LuA'ed with cotton that was put in the stra wberry patch to fri ghLen of-\' the robins. I have three Photograph of sk unk in Reinholds. mi ce and a dog, al ong with owl and disleifink and pome gra na Le and tulips. in a fraetur of D ani el B orckholter of ]811 . I have a painLing on gla s of a bobcat on a stump. worried by two dogs. A fox sports a fter a rabbit in Lh e foreground and a crow and a raccoon look cl own from the safety of tree in the upper backgrounds, I ha\'e several Lim e come on the elbedrilch, tha t mythical varminL created for the city boy by his co untr~ ' cousin . The ciLY boy i told lo search for it in all pl aces likely and unlikely, in bru h patch s and hedges, and. when he cannot find it, i derided for hi s lack of suece and for pl a ~ ' in g the fool. I have heard ,\' arns abou t bobcaL on the H exenkopf. '\'at on 's Annals record the taking of panther not fa r from Phila delphia . A DuLch bo,\' I knell' in uppermos t Chester County 'aw his way lhrough normal chool by trappin (7 mink and wea el a nd mu krats. The dog appears more frequenLi y in h ousehold decoration Lh an Lh e cat. bu t none Loo frequentl,\·. T. Cole' " On The H eadwater Of The Juniata" is one of the few prints co me upon in Dutch h ome. It hows a dog a head of a hunter on a log bridge. In a Cli L-ou L I find a man on ha l' eback and a Dog on bridge in Cole print. deer, a nd in anolher a man with dog after squirrel . A prinL of a tore hows rabbit a nd ham hangin g from Lh e ceilin g and joinL of meaL on the counter . A turtle and a lobster are on display. I have a goat, a shee p, a rabbit. three dogs. in plaster ; and, in p o tL e r~ ' , Lwo dogs. D og pur ue a deer on a bandbox, on the top of which a quirrel disports. In a print a dog help Lw o men on horsebacl dri\'ing cattle and heep into a covered wooden b ridge. There i, a kangaroo on a powder horn. In a pa in Lin g a man lead a h orse along a road through ta ll pine . I have a bear wiLh collar a nd chain on an ancestral seal. Cow arc a t pa Lure in a photograph of a slone bridge. In a painting on gla a hound niff a dead fo . . Two cows a re drinking in a print of the D elaware by A. Dog sniffing deod fox in pointing on gloss. 1 oelln er, a lIrely a folk a rList as P enn ylvania has developed. ]4 Returning from the hunt. In anolher p rin t of hi Lwo horse. Lake Lh e pl ace of the eo\\' b.\' a mailer lream. There arc dogs in a pa in ling of a pa rty on hoI' eback relurning from a hunl. Lel il nol be fo rgolten tha l lhere wa a hunl, largely of Dutchmen, as far a wa .\' fr om Philadelphia as choeneck in La ncasLer Counly. from eighleenlh c nlur." day down inlo our own time. Betsy Erhard's deer. Though we arc not give n eredil for bein g a writing people, it is in book Lh a l lhe 01 0 t we have had lo a." a boul bea t has bee n poken. Store with rabbits, turtle and joints. Shooting a rattlesnake. 15 Church Architecture in Lancaster County By HENRY J. KAUFFMAN The ecel la ti cal a rchitecture of Lancaster Count," is La nea leI' ity i often referred to a a" ityof hurclles" intere ting for a l1umber of rea 0 11 , Lancaster ounty is and on ' unda." morning it i yi rtua ll ,\' impo sible to gel reputed to have a la rgcr "ariet," of sec t wilhin its border beyond the hearing range of a number of church bell , T he lhan an~ ' other comparable rural area in Ameri ca, ::\I a n,\' congregation co\'er the gamut of religions commonl,\' found of the e a re unique to the area and a number do not ha \'e in .\ meri ca with a gcn rou sprinkling of Lulheran and R e cOIH'cnLional places of wor hip, The easons determine the formed groups, .\ t one time lhe e congregation upporled use of the hou e or the barn as a church for ome, \"hile what wa known a a "enion" ch lII'eh , but thi in lituLio n is olhers wor, hip in imple tructures that are ba rel,\' discernible rapidl,\' eli appearin g tocia,\', Onl ,\' a few of the an(' ient and from a resid ence. aUractive buildings ha\'e , ul'\·i\·ed Lhe rUlhless hand of The restored "Sao I" is one of the most important buildings in the Cloister group, A frow was used to Cloister at Ephrata is one of the most dramatic split the clapboard siding and other restoration was nples of architecture in the Dutch Country, Operat executed in traditional techniques, on a plan of Christian Communism, this Protestant The pediment over the doorway is a slight variation tuary become the focal point for many visitors in of the traditional triangular form , They were valued in Eighteenth Century, The group was almost, if not the Eighteenth Century at "so much per piece, dearer 'ely self-sustaining, and were famous for their music, or cheaper, according to their Largeness, Goodness of rur work, paper-making and printing, handcrafts, Materials, and Curiosity of Workmanship," ng and religion, The door leads to the chapel which was simply fur light and shadow on the roof lines and grave nished with plank benches {without backrests} and hour es form on interesting pattern that could be re gloss, and other appropriate fittings, There the mem 'ed many times on the site, The large building in bers gathered doily to rest from the ir toils and gain center is the "Sao I" before it was restored, new inspiration to proceed, 17 The Me nnonite church at Landisvill e is one of the most inte resting archite ctural specime ns that has survived fram t he Eighteenth Ce ntury. Technically it is not a log building for they we re built of unhewed lags. Bu ild ings made of carefully he we d lags we re known as black buildings. In Ne w England such builrling we re used for de fe nse purposes and were calle d garrison hauses. In Pe nnsylvania the style was used for forts, churches, hauses and barns. The ce ntral chimney is an inte resting feature of the church and is usually associated with the dwe llings of re side nt s who came from the Palatinate. It can also be found an Eighl e en~h Ce ntury houses made of stane, brick and clapboard. The pe nt raof across the gable e nd af the structure serve d as a shade for the windows and pratected t he clay and chinking from washing a li t of the wa!ls. Photography by He nry J . Kauffman The corne r detail of the church shows t he me t iculous jo ining of the timbe rs at the corne rs in a dove tail fa shion. This te chnique was used whe n the re was time and need fo r a more lasting joint than the one used with round logs. The shutte r is probably original to the building and is he ld in place by a twig which is inse rte d in an angular hole in the log. demolition and modernization and tho e remall1 the prized The city of La nea ter had a direct t rade connection with po se ion of an admiring community. lhe Engli h city of Philadelphia and thu Ol d T rinity became II i natural thaL Lh e earlie t building would how Lh e a brilliant expre ion of the '''ren chool. L iLeralure and architectural feature wh ich the ettler recall ed from their patterns fl owed from England lhrough Philadelph ia to lhe homeland. "\ t Ephrata a continental mediae\'al pa tLern cities on lhe fronlier cau ing many of them lo appear like of half-timbering and harply pitched roof was foll owed Engli sh citie a llhough they were la rgely inhabita led by in their " aal" and in the adjoining Brother ' and iter ' people from the continent. home. The.\" were h ea \ ' ~ ' ma sive building with fla t topped M o t of the bui lding in thi uryey da te from the middle dormer in their double and Lriple allic . of the Eighleenlh C e ntur~ ' whieh indicales that lhe area The congregotion now worships in this large brick building which stands nearby. It was built in 1855 and renovated or enlarged in 1912. The spacious basement quarters were used for ~e. a!s after funer.als and other social functions connected with Sunday School or church activities. The serving of meals has now been discontinued by some of the Mennonite groups and the space is used for nurseries or expanded Sunday School activities, 19 was gaini ng some equ il ibrium. The " Saal" aL Ephrata was fini hed abouL ] 740, D onegal the same year, b~ ' ] 74.J. Lhe l\ iennon iLe had bui lL their mode L log s truc Lure a t La ndi - vi ll e, in 17,t 9 the F ri end s builL a small mee ling house a L B ird-in -Hand, Lh e Catholi cs gained l o w l ~ ' in P e nn s ~ ' h ' a ni a and erec Led t. P eler' a t E li zabelhlowJl in 1799 , a nd lhe pre enl church of t. J a mc Episcopal was built in 1820. Donegol is unquestionobly one of t he most charming spots in Lancaster County. The plain gambre l roofed build ing sits upon a small hill over looking Done gal Spring. The simplicity of the doors and windows shows the desire for an unclutte re d f unct ional bui lding. The g ray- whit e plastered wall s are attractive with the limb patte rn s in the sunlight. The re are old pews on the inside but most of the ancient atmosphe re has been sacrifice d for a mare mode rn se tting. The graveyard has many old stanes, some marking the graves of people who were barn in the Seve nteenth Ce ntury. The olde st are beautifully decarated and lette red. The plaque on the front wall of Dc be ars the following information : Donegal Presbyterian Church Founde d prior to 1721 by settlers fro north of Ireland Prese nt Building erected 1740 Patent granted by John Thomas , Richard Penn June 4, 1740 Presbytery of Donegal organize( Oct. 11 , 1732 M e mbe rs of this congregation ha' figure d promine ntly in all the wars ~ Country. The congre gation was naturally loyal to the English th rone , but whe n a post rider an nounce d ta the group that British troops would invade Pe nnsylvania they met in front af t he ch urch unde r an oak tree and ple dged their support to Ame rican action. This is calle d t he " Witness Tree" and it continues to dominate t he sce ne at Done gal. 20 Lampeter Friends Meeting House at Bird-in-Hand was originally built in 1749 and rebuilt in 1889. The steps and platform to enter car riages and the graveyard are the only evidences of the early character of the place. The building now serves as a local scout meeting-place and sheep leisurely graxe in the graveyard. 21 Pike Mennonite Church is located along the highwoy between Ephrato ond Blue Ball. It wos originally 0 small stone structure but it hos been extended in both length ond width. The small roof over the doorways, the division of the double-hung windows, the proportions and simple charm of the building indicate that it was built late in the Eighteenth or early in the Nineteenth Century. It bears a marked resemblance to the Quaker meeting houses of the period. The members have consistently resisted the inroads of Twentieth Century ideas which seem to dilute their devotion to the ideals of the church. This attitude has had an influence on the architectural pattern, for the church has not been moderni%ed and electrified, the hand pump stands in the churchyard, and in the rear are protecting sheds for their animals and vehicles. There is no basement with its attendant social functions and the split rail fence seems to be a perfect inclosure for the setting. 22 Although Lh e imple churches of Lh pl a in ecLs of Len lack ae Lh etic charm they do reReeL a prac Li cal Lheolog.y in Lh e mid-Tw ntie Lh enLury. Theyare imple. [une-tiona l building and are furnished in a simila r ma nner. Their iLe are u uall y in rural areas or ma ll towns where Lh e hoI' e and bugg.y are s Li ll widely used Lo tra n porL chure- h goers Lo Lh eir appoinLed place of wo r hip. N eal' the chureh are exLen ive heds to hel te l' Lh eir hor e during Lh e en ' iee and a fLer ome po tservice oeializing Lh ey re turn Lo Lheir farm Lo feed Lh eir animals and mi lk Lh eir cow. The hand At anothe r church near Morgantown one can regularly of change and modernization cern to have ha rely Louched find double the numbe r of buggies which appe ar on this picture. They seem to be on obsole t e mode of tbem and their piritual li fe i remarkably imilar to tha t of transportation but they meet the re quire me nts of the tbeir ance tor . own e rs. The me mbe rs have conside rable pride in main tain ing the ir ve hicles in good condit ion and their horses are we ll fe d and groome d . The re are feed ing fac ilities in the she ds for the horses and the re alwa ys is a pump in the churchyard for wate r. 23 The plaque on the south wa ll tells that many famous people are buried in the crowded graveyard inside t he brick wall. George Ross, Edward Hand, Edward Shippen, and many other men who served the country a t the time of the Revolution. Thomas Cookson, who served a s Lancaster' s first burgess in 1742, is also buried t here with m a ny of his contemporcries. St. James, like most of the churches, has undergone considerable change. It is built on the site of on earlie r structure in the Ro manesque style wh ich was popular in 1820. Exte nsive renovotions were mode in 1844, 1878 and 1880. The rear of the church is porticularly attractive because there the beauty of its antiquity seems to be best perpe tuoted . The long brick wall and sidewalk ore shaded with old gnarle d trees which send me nacing roots in all directions. 24 St. Peter's Catholic Church in Eliza bethtown was built in 1799 and is one of the oldest Catholic structures in t his a rea . The main body of the church is built in the traditional form of the cross and the interior is fur nished with appropriate Cot h a I i c embelli£hments. The exterior walls of brown field-stone present on appearance of sturdiness and strength. The belfry seems to be of a later period, at least its frivolous detail is not compatible with the bal ance of the church. The dote stone is cleverly place d between the small window and t he belfry. The small window under the belfry does not seem to fit the architectural space which was probably broken to provide adequate light for that port of the interior. The gravestone from St. Peter's grave yard is on interesting contrast 10 the simple markers usually found in the Dutch Country. The bas-relief of the mother and child is delicately and beautifully executed in the style of f he Italian Renaissance. The ap pendage on top is bulky and un necessary. The lettering was prob ably cut locally and lacks the charm of the stone as a whole. Although not original ~ o the main church structure, the steeple of Old Trinity is regarded by many as one of the outstanding architectural maste rpieces of the easte rn seaboard. The church was starte d in 1761 and dedicated in 1766. Originally there wa s a bric k wa ll along the side walk and the main e ntrance wa s in t he ce nte r of the west wall. In 1785 the foundation for the towe r a nd steeple was laid and on Se pte mbe r 5, 1794, the figures re presenting St. Motthe w, St. Luke , St. Mark and St. John we re set in place. Dece mbe r 8, 1794, the stee ple was fin is hed and the main e ntrance to the church since that time has been through the towe r on the e nd. In 1853 the brick wall was utilize d to build vestibules on e ach "ide of the tower which was the lost e xte rio r change in the a rchitecture of the building. The inte rior of the building has bee n renovate d many times and bears little rese mblance to the original. The doorway on the south side of the tower is on e xce ll e nt e xample of the charming architec ture of the period. The re is a pleasing balance between function and ornamentation which see ms neve r to have been surpassed since that time. '- In the west wall unde r the cornice two dote stone s are located with t wo inscriptions, one Ge rman, the othe r Latin, indicating that a Ge rman congregation worshipped in a struc ture that was in most de tails English. The pyramid unde r the window shows the early location of the entrance . 26 27 Tracking the Elusive Distelfink By ALBERT I. DRACHMAN In Collaboration with Marian Winston " J usl as lhe eagle came 10 symbolize . 1merica ... so has been lhoroughl y suitablc for thc old P en nsylvan ia D utchman lhe dislelfin!'- come to symbolize . .. lhe Pennsylvania Dutch." lI'iLh ils fo lk y, gossip.\' a nd down-to-eartil cha racter. in c~ Dr. Alfrcd L. hocmaker. Director of lhe P cnn sylvani a we a re now back home in thc Dutchma n again. we 'an Dutch Folklorc Cenler and Edilor of lhis QlIa rlcrl.", madc discard our formal attire in Lh e bosom of thc fami ll'. But this slatemcnt on thc inauguralion of lhe 0. S. Navy' new don't Lcll a n.vone outsid e of lhefreindshafl! . P enns.v lvania Dutch unil, The Dislelfink Company. The ori gin al and in Lere ting dialcct columnist of th e I love thal quotation. N ot onl.\' docs il express m.v own AllenLown Call , who signed hi s leLter " \\'rn. S. Troxcll vicws which. f cour e. makes me fec I good- and not on l.,' odder ewwa Pumpernickle Bill" wrote " While the de ign was doc it do so more slrongly and more inclu si,'cl.1' lhan I u cd by carl.,· potLers and fractur wriLers it ncver meant much would have expres cd it myself. but it gi,'e. me an add iti onal to ou r ancestors. If the.\' had taken the 'bird' eri ou, thrill for a nothcr reason enlircl.,·. This extra fi llip comes naturall .,· Lh cre wou ld be storic and legends about Lh e same. from the fact lha t the words we re u llered b.,' the samc and also dialcct song . In a ll of m.v stor.v and legend D octor Shoe makcr who. barel.,' a ~ ' ea r before, had seoA'cd at coll cetin g, and same pcrtain to ong, that I have made m.,· beli ef in the birel's symboli c nalure. What he wrotc me during the pasL 25 ~ ' ca r s, never have I comc across any old about thc symboli sm of the di stelfin k was summed up by t ime reference to the ·Distelfink·. " him in one senlenee : ",\11 of il is pure poPp.,'('ock ." So D octor Shoemaker was in good compa ny, and hc a nd Le t a nyone get lhe mi slaken impression lhal I am now hi s companions were ab olutel.v ju Lifi ed in being skeptical hilling back al m.,' friend Doc Shoemaker. I haslen lo add abouL a notion whi ch had no known cvid enee to support it. that he had "cr." good grounds for hi s belief al lhal lime. Ne'"erlhcle , as the study progres ed, I was fortunaLe in Tha t ,,"as the general and acecpled " iew among praetieall .1' uncol'ering mu ch maLeri al bowing profound meaning and a ll of the most oUlstand in g P enn s.l' lvani a foil artist , as significance to the motif, as well as a number of fo lk tale well as cxperts and aulhori lies on Dutch lore. No known and legend pertaining to the li vin g bird. These beliefs evidencc had been uncol'cred proving an ." l ege ndr~ ' , S.\'m and the associaLed .I'mbolism have a history of Illany cen boli sm or sign ificance to the popular bi rd motif. olhcr than Luri es, and ha "e had a powerful hold on the imaginations il bcautiful and colorful nature. The solc x 'cplion among not onl .1' of Gcrmanic people but of the inhabitant of a my informan ts and corresponden l was Profcs or H erberl large part of thc civi li zcd wo rl d. H. Beck (de cri bed b.1' D octor Shoe maker as "perhaps the Whcn I tinall.v tumblcd onto my 61' t reall y sianificant Icading ornithologist in Lancaster Count.""). who wrole me, evid ence indicating this fact- 0 con trar~ ' to what pracLicall y rather milell .,', lhat hc was inclined lo bclievc lhc distclfink all Lh e P ennsylvania folklore authoritie had maintained "a genera li zed token of lo,'c and aA'eclion." His lettcr ga,\'e till Lh cn- I felt I simpl.\, had Lo sha re it with D octor Shoe some reasons for tha t opi n ion, bu t nole Lh e guarded and maker, a he had been exceptionall .,' kind and helpful to restraincd mannCl" in which hc cxpressed it. me in my in ve tigations. D oc can be pr ett ~ ' hardboiled Dr. Earl F. R obackcr. auLhor of Pennsylmnia German about hi opinions wh cn he has reason to bcli eve them co r L1'leralure and of P ennsylvania D1llch SllI,O'. wrole mc sayin g rcct, but he is a good port about giving con id eration to Aa tl .v, on th is poi n t. "Not h i ng m.'·sLe ri ous ahou L the d istel ncll' cl'idence when it appcar . Quick as a flash came back fink, and nothing legen da r.I'." hi s rcsponsc, cxprc sed . as alwa.1' , tersely an 1 to the poi nt. "S.,·mboli c .. .'. he II"roLe. "eil\{ach unglaublic!t!,' ("Simpl.,· lUi s Frances Lieh ten. aUlhor of Polk A rl of R ural P enllsyl un bcl iel'able.") vania and of Folk . Irl lV ollj:, of Pellll syivania agreed. A Though. as concern s the P enn ylvania Dutch distel6nk, lettcr- one of thc scveral whi ch she mos l kind l.,· sent ll1 e- I am the firs t to point out it .,·mboli sm publicly a nd with a id , " It i the thistelfinch as you and the d iclionarics sa\'. a n." subs tantial evid ence, I could not po ibly have succeeded Be.,·ond that, I am of the opin ion Lhat thesc s Lori es arc witil wiLhout much a si tance from many expert , authori t ies ouL I'alid foundation. I do Lhink , howc,·cr. Lhat the great ma of P enn ylvani a German art had (at one Lim e, aL least) symbolic reasons behind the moLifs.·' Early taufschein distelfinks. JusL be LlI'ccn you and me, he did noL say prec isel.\, lhal thcse Lori es "arc wi thou t val id fou ndation." H er exacL word were "are so much bolone.,·.· ' .\ t thaL lime I was writing thi s sL ud.,· as a shorL article for Lh c P enn s.,·" 'ania Dutchman magazine, 11 011' superseded by th e present al traclive Du Lc hman Qua rLerl .\'. in which ~ 'o u arc reading lhis. LaLe r Lh e P enns.I'! l'an ia German SocieLy dccided to issue iL in Lhe form of a beauLiful a nd elaborate book. which is Lo be publishcd at abouL Lh c close of the prescnt .,"Car. Miss L ichtcn and I felL lhat hcr opini on had bcen cxpressed loo in forma ll.,· for uC'h a prod ucLion. and she amended it Lo read "wiLhouL vali d foundaLion. ·' She added, howe,·er. LhaL her previoll expression " so Illu ch ho lone/' would hal'e 28 trale the s.\·mboli m- not, perhap . bcyond " any perad \ ' CI1- ture of doubt," but sufficiently firm l ~ ' 0, that it can now h{' regarded a rea onably e tabli hed. Bu t I am getting ahead of m~ ' stor.\'. The significancc and legendry of the molif wcre the lale t aspecl to be unra\'el ed, and here I am talking first abou t lhem. I wa, lrieked into thi bv mv a ffection for lhat favorile quotation from D octor h ~em;k e r , righ t at the \'Cr,v lop of thi articlc. I a m not the fir t man to have been lumed wl1l ershi-sevversht (toPS)' turv,\') by lo\'e! But now it's time to lake a decp breath, plunge in again, and begin this time at the beginning. What' s a D is t elfink~ To many of ou r reader this may Ollnd li ke a si ll ,\' que lion. es p ee i a ll~ ' ' to tho e vollsiaendiche (complcte) Du tehmcn wh o were bom surrounded by di telfin k and ha\'e, ever ince Toufschein distelfinks. then, been eein g the colorful design decorating numerou hou ehold a nd reli gious articles, But when 'you bave heard and plain folk. A brief narrative of m.\' ach'entures in thc lhi query a often a I have, it sounds quite different. hunt, uch as thi one, can not even mention more than a Not 0 "er~ r many )'ears ago I wa a king that question vcr,v few of tho e who 0 kindly and ably as isL d, though ll1\'self, And wa n't it the same puzzler which reall y was thc the book to be i sued later will attempt to givc full credit c;re of 1\11', Cook's letter ? H e explained hi s problem a to all. On the pecial aspect of ,vmboli m, the utmo t a p li ttle more full,\' than the brief quotation above. introduci ng preciation must go to Dr, H erbert Friedmann, Curator, it with ", .. The pattern, , , carried a bird of peacoc k Divi ion of Birds, Smithsonian In titution. Washington, type. In some cards of P cnnsyh 'ania Dutch pa ttern I D, ., without whosc important di coveri e and exceptionally found lhc word (i,e, distelfinl.: A .J.D.) appli ed to a similar kind per onal help, I might vcry possibly not e \'en have bird, But dic ti ona r,v a nd e\'eral librarie claim Distelfink gotten to firs t base on this pha c of the topic, acccpting insLead mean Thi Ll efin ch or Goldfinch. " thc conclusion that thc distelfink ha no ignificancc other This is t~ ' pi ca l. The available informa tion i meager, and lhan it beauty, 0 greatly am I indebted to him that it what little can be obtained is often perplexin g, Even as in would be a ca c of "damning with faint praisc" if I were to tere ted ancl de\'otecl an an tiquarian as l\Ir. Cook wa con attempt to CO I1\"ey it adequatel,\' in this bricf accounl. The fu sed- and precisel,\' by the \'er,\' book he con ulted and the full book has much to ay about him and hi work- and information be obtained! in cvitably 0, as an e sential tJ'and in thc weavin g of its pattcrn , The distelfink we arc tudying in this a rticle i the decora tive motif, widely u ed in folk arts and craft , e peciall ,\', 1\11', Lewi K, Cook. of Basil , Ohio, i III many ways \'er~ ' diffcrent from the cminent mithsonian ornithologi t. but, though dccid edl y not olely, in those of thi COLlllllonwealth. up to thc moment of typing the e lin es. is thc one other Anyone who know Dutch culture is surcl,\' familiar with that pCI' on who has been most helpful to me in developing the bright, t~ ' li zed bird fi gure which abounds in fractur. tole, textil es, ccramies, hymn books, furniture, do\\'er chests and, symbolic aspect of this tud~ ' . 1\1 I' , Cook i intcre ted in P ennsylvania Dutch Hi tory and has from timc to time in short, on the mo t varied urfaces a nd in a ll kind of media. written feature article for thc local paper. l'or omc time Its mos t obviou characteri tic i it colorful na ture. Almo t he ha been tudying the work of the H eilbronn wea\'er , invariabl,v it i respl endent in yell ow, red , black and wbite; and his intere t in the distelfink wa a rou ed by the pattern with blue frequent and other hue added not ra rel,\', of a bird occurring on woven covcrl ets. In addition to it use in authentic folk art, this pa ttern l\ly fir t awarcne s of hi exi tence came throucth a lettcr is frequentl,v employed in model'll commercial produc tions, from him asking me two que ti on reerarding the de ign. One was a vcr,v deep and earchin er one. who e full implica Yorkcroft distelfink. tion , he later told mc, he him elf did not reali ze at the time. The other was the plain and nai\'e (bu t al 0 vcr,v natural) one: " I Distelfin k a pecifi c bi rd 01' i it a generi c term for a n,\' bird u ed by Dutch art?" Y et it wa he, and no other, who proCllred for me a most important document bearing on the thoI'D)' problem of the u e of the motif in pea ant art, and it place in the affection of the folk, A mentioned, the two gcnllemen arc \'er,V different, and what I gain ed from each one wa almost the reverse of what was provided b.\' thc other, After many fal se lead and detours on m,v part, D octor Friedmann got me started on thc right path toward arrivin g at the motif' ,vmboli m, and hi continuing per onal as istance from time to time helped me to keep traveling toward that goal. 1\1r. Cook's find furni hed evidence tending to corroborate the tentativc 'onclusion at which I had arrived, Between the two of them (and b~ ' no mean ai regarding thc valuable help from many otbers in between), they have enabled me to demon- 29 Som ' of Lh e:e arc gl'ote que a nd implausible. thus attraeLin g disfavor from devotee. of t.h e lore, who regard Lhem a example of Lr.vin g to "eash in " Unju lifiabl .v on the popu larit.\' of the bird. Other arc attractive and noL at a ll undesirable, and may even he u cful in timulating Owslen ners (literall y foreigners; buL signifying any who arc not of the genuine P ennsylvania Dutch ancestry) to an interest in the fo lk culture at a lime wh en Lh c ~' are noL .veL uffi cientl.v informed to be able Lo appreciate the more difficulL and ometimes unidentifiable authentic erealions. The Living Bird and !Is Nallle .\I lhough we a rc seeking here the motif raLh cr than 01' niLholoaical pecim cns. so me kn owledge of thc actual crcature is desirable for a n understanding and appreciation of its representation in art. Hul cven my fu ll report, when puh Ii hed , wi ll not be a trealise on ornithology, a nd will conta in Woodcut distelfinks, only a fe\y page on the bird itse lf. Here we must be cven more brief and sketchy. The facts given herc on the acLual bird have been gleaned from m .v own observalions oj' the li vin g creature, from of the color but actuall .v it is a brighter and more yellow yellow reference to bird book, from interviews and correspondence than th e average canar.\'. wilh orniLhologi L ; and all finall y eonfirmcd per onall .v b.\' Dr. Friedmann ha kindl.\' written me, on l~ ' recently: the kind assistance of D oeLor Friedmann. However, he has " You shou ld always keep ill llIind that the distelBnk of the not seen the manu cripL of this article and I mu st take full P ennsylvani a Dutch culture is based 011 the European and not on the Ameri can goldfinch . , . . It i true that the re p on s ibi l it~ , for a ll statement As 1\1 1' . Cook' letler conecLl .v stated, the bird is the distelfink acquired more ~ ' e ll ow (a in the American pecie) goldfinch. of which there are several specie. The oll e found at the hands of it P ennS,vl vania users than it ori ginall ,v in a tate of Nature in P enn .vlvania is the Am eri can gold had at the hands of their ... forbear , but it till remained fin ch. cia sifi ed scicntificall y as pinus iristis. Of that spccies a derivative of the Europcan bird." And again : " We mu st there are vari ous u bd ivi ion or " race ," bu t Lhere i no empha ize that the origi nal source of the distelfink i lhe nced becoming technicall y detai led here. :Moreover, in European, not the Ameri can goldfinch. " con id ering the bird fr om the standpoint of its influence on There is ce rtainl,\' much truth in that, and it goe a long Dutch culture. I believe it wou ld be a mi take to lry to way toward explaining both the manner in \\'hieh the bird delimit it too cl osely. There i , for example, a European is commonly represented in the local cra ft here- for example, specie Carduelis carduelis, su bd i vided in to many races, the reel in its plumage- and also the nature of it igniBcance forty of whi ch the R e \· . H arr.v D. Althou e of Hickor.v, and legend ry. 1\lost surel.v the P enn ylvania motif derived NorLh Carolina, wrote me he had been able to id e ntif~ ' in from abroad. Do nol, however. mistake lhat to mean that a len weeks' trip abroad. Those of thefollr wh o draw or speak it continued completely unmo liB cd in its new home. The of the di tel fink arc not attempting to be ornithologieall,\' people changed and so did their languagc, as illusLraled technical- far fr om it- and at least the earl,\' settlers, in b~' many of the P enn sylvani a Dutchisms, 0 amusin g to orn e cluding those who have left behind p o rtra~ 'a l s of the bird , people. N evertheless the Germanic origin of both i clear, undoubtedl,v had at lea t dim visual memori es of it European and the ame is also true of thei r craft. Thu there i counterpart and of the manner in which the.v were repre- reall .\' no di agreement between Dr. Friedmann ' "iew and ented in the arts of the countr,v. mIne. H e mention the increased yell ow in the motif in The European goldfinch differ in variou s wa~ ' from the P enn yh-ania, and I have pointed out the red in it. which American pccles. One prominent di tinction is that the is not found in the actual Ameri can goldfinch. I belie\'e tbe t~ ' pi ca l European one has some red in the plumage, par learn ed ornithologist, and connois eur of birds in art. is ti cularly in the front of the head. stre sin g this point so strongl,\' becau e a reali zation of it i The well known ~ 'e ll o\V and black of the Ameri can gold necessar,\' in tracin g and understa nding the ymbolism, which fin ch is the dressy ummel' plumage of the male. As with goe back to early origin. The full book will have much many other type of bird , the male wear a brighter colora to ay on that part of the subject. In this article. the tion during the mating and ne ting easons, which, in the .\'Ill bol ism can be touched on on Iy Ii gh tl ,\·. ca e of thi bird, occur during the summer. Thus he i The bird's diet i mainl.v mall. dry, hard ced ueh as at hi colorful best just at the time when the average pcrson, those of plant belonging to the order Composilae. who e e peciall ,v the city dwell er, is most li kel,,, to see him. The lwo important members for our pre ent purpose are lettuce male a t oLh er ea ons a nd the female at a ll time are much and thisLie. Thi explain the bird' name distelfink, which less striking in appearance. In fact. an,vone without special is perfectly good German. pronounced in Il ochdeutsch (High experience wou ld probably not recognize the female as a German) as pell ed , with the t ounded. The literal trail la goldfinch at ai L ti on in English is thisle/finch, olle of it Ie s co mm on l~ ' u ed The male's summer plumage is mo tly yell ow, with black names in lhis language. It derives from two of the habits in the foll owin g placcs: crown and frontlet on head ; wings of the bird: ealing the seeds of thistles and lining its nest a nd lail almost complctely black but ome white markings with thistledowlI. ·illlilarl,v. it is sometimes also ca ll ed on wings, Th component " gold" in the name "goldfinch" lel/uce bird or. in P enns.vh-ania English, sa/ad bird. The should not mi lead u . The hue is more yivid than gold , standard name in German IS lieg/itz. and. in English. gold being what i known a "canary yell ow." That i the name finch, a \\'e already kno\\'. 30 A far am,\' ob er\'ations go, the word i mos t co mmonl ,\' "'h,v i il po ible for 0 well informed a mall a "Pumpcr pronounced disselfinlc with the I changed to all ,y, This, of ni ckle Bill" Troxell . Pre id enl of the Penns,\'h-ania German course, is one of the com mon allera ti on which occur in the Sociel,\' and an ardent coll ector of folk laIc and ongs. dialec t, as in lhe \\'ell know n expre ion " It make no ing to a,Y in the I tter quoled previously, " 'Yhile lhe de ign out" into whi 'h the ly pi cal Dul 'hman of len the hal' h \\'a u ed by earl,\' potter and fraetur wriler , , , ne\'er Ifoclzdeulsclz " Es maclzt nic/lis a11 s" when he lran lates il ha\'e I come aero an,v old time reference lo the 'Di tel into Engli h, However, there arc everal different pro fink ''' ~ And how i it that ju t t oda ~ ' , while preparing lo nunciations, and even pellings, of the \'e r,\' ame name, and, type the e \'ery line, I ha \'e reeei \'ed a letter from Dr, in addilion , a number of other names in both Engli hand Pre ton ,\, Barba. learn cd Editor of'S P ellllsylvaallisch Du lch, Deilch Ed:, ayin g. "I shall be glad if your publication will ometimes healed argument arise a to which designation clarify u about the bird"~ arc correc t. and it would be foolhard,\' for an outsider to Following it earl ,\' popula rity and hold on lhe imagination ret into the middle of a famil,\' dispule, I beli eve, ho\\'ever, of the peopl e, the bird fi gure went into one of its dips- a long, lhal the p Il ing d-i-s-t-e-l~r-i-lI-/' and pronuncialion dissel deep a nd slo\\' one, T o orne extent it continued being u ed fink are gradually but steadil,\' increasin g in u age, T o for decorative purpo e but it \\'a , apparenll,v, little spoken me it eems that the,v are on the way to becoming the accepled of and, clearly, seldom if ever written aboul. uch memorie , standard, or a ncar to that as i possible in a free and fl exible vague or otherwise, a the early eWers brought with lhem dialect. of it ignifi eance in their old home. pa ed almost enlirely The most oulstanding work on this part of the subject is into eelip e. Symboli ms. in an,V event. arc not the sort Reverend \Yilli am J , Rupp' B ird Names and Bird L ore of thing which are commonly marked down and pre erved A mong the P ennsylvania Germans, originall,v \'olume 52 in court. church or busin e s record, available for lud,\' of the Proceedings of th e P ennsylvania German Soc1'ely (1946), later, as arc births and death , furniture and farm animals now oul of print. His book con lain approximatel,v two transferred by bills of ale or bequealhed by will , 0 1' lhe pages on lhe di telfink, which is, in eid entall,\', by far lhe passenger lisls of hips, greale t amount of' space that ha ever been given in print B,\' the beginlling of lhis ee nlur,\', intere t in lhe motif to the Penn ylvania bir I, prior to the appearance of this had largel,v passed awa,v, So had most knowledge of it. article which ~ ' ou arc reading, except that it was found as a c1 ecorati\'e pattern on certain The goldfinch's fli ght has bcen dc cribed by Doctor Ro antique objecls and papers, 1\lost of the people hardly backer and other as " li ghtning like," This is not due to its realized its ex i tenee. and even those who had begun to lake speed, which. though fairl,\' rapid- lip to about 28 mil es an an intere t in folklore and erafl were only ver,v sli ghtly awarc hour- is much lower than that of reall y fa t fI,\'in g bird of it in lhe background of their consciou ness, Those were uch a the swallow, On the contrar,\'. it is due to the birer the day wh en pricele' s antique were thrown away or old making udden cha nges of direction b,v mean of pec uliar fo r a ong a nd were bein g eagerly replaced b,v modern sup bounding woops in a vertical plane: fI,vin g fir t horizon tall,\', posed improvcment , then dipping downward and up again in an il1\'e rlcd arc, Thcn the intere t in Dutch eullure began reawaking, and continuing horizonta ll y till the next woop, These affecting the dislelfink along with other clement, But even repeated swoops often co me in fairl ,\' close ucces lon, so at that time. il did not get mu ch eonsciou thought. Finall:... that the whol e mode of pro" re is ometimes call ed l(·avy about ]6 ,,'cars ago. ome of u had it fir l call ed vividly to flight, our attention b~ ' the beautiful Dislelfink from Bucks COlllzty B ooms and Depressions in P ennsylvania Distelfillk H istory fronti pi ece to Corneliu \Y e ~ 'ga ndt 's The Dutch COWl try The charaeteri tic dips and ascents of the goldfinch's a nd by lhe dozen or so brief bu t provoeati ve references lo \\,av,v fli ght have had their co unlerparts in the degree of the bird co ntained in the book, such as "our bird of bir I , intcres l taken in the motif b~ ' the P enn ylvania Dutch popu the li stelfink , , ," and " the di tel fink , beloved of a ll of u lace, F or lhi , too, ha had its ups and downs, though much of Dutchland," Tha t \\'as my own experi ence. and several more gradual and long dra\\'n out than the bounding woop of m~ ' kind co rrespondent have told me the ame as concel'll of lhe bird' ph~ 's i c al fli ght. The fi gure was Bluch used them, \Ve were nOlI' more eonsciousl,v aware of it. but I and admired in the old country, \\'e Blust assume that lhe know I did nothing about it then, and I think that was pretty earl ,v seWer brought along with them uch memories a th e ~ ' generall,\' true of the others as well. retained of its appearance and of their emotional attitudcs Ju t a celestial bodies may be ob cured by an eclipse toward il, as D oc tor Friedmann 0 clearly remind u, but are not destroyed or eliminated thereby and, sooner or :1\lorcover, for a con iderable time, the schooling of youn" later, emerge. so a lso was it in the case of the distelfink, children in thi, Common\\'ealth began with A-B-C Bi.icher :Mixing my metaphors. the bird had now begun a cending (primer ), \\'hose word for the first four letter of the alphabet from the low point of it descent. Thi ha continued wilh \\'ere Adler (cagle) , Baer (hear), Camel and Distelfinl.. , a ll increasing virtor and acceleration ever since. particularl,v illustrated \\'ith piclurcs, This tarted vel',\' carl y in the in lhe past three year or 0, and most markedl,v within the hi lory o f' thi coun tr~ ' . past year, ,\ fter long neglect it is now being in creasin gl,v \\'hy. then so little common l,\' kno\\'n of the bird toda,\'~ di cu ed and written of, It has been at lea t mentioned a Distelfink from A-B-C book. number of times during that most recent period, in publica tion and over the radio, The most outstanding develop ment is, undoubtedly, the formation of the Navy's Di telfink Company, wilh its inauguralion ce remonies and Doctor Shoemaker' oration, quoted al the head of this article, The climax will be reached presumably at the Kutztown Folk F e tival, on Distelfink Day, Jul,v -Hh thi ,vea l' , Some of us are watching wi th in tere t to see whether, thereafter, the 31 bird continues oarin g rapid l,\' and vigorousl,,' upward, dips subject." 1\1y own req uest for information, which just a once morc, or Aic ahead on an CVCIl levcl. litLie la ter, was printed in the old P e nn s ~ ' l va ni a Dutchman Sornc of the reasons for the motif's long decline are fairl,l' through the courLe .\' of D ocLo r hoemaker, broughL num ob\'i ous: the eparatioll of the folk from their environlllent erous interested a nd timulating respon es, some of them and from man,\' of their customs of the old countr,\'; the from hundreds of mil es awa.\'. 1\1y more recent corre pond truggle for survival in the new land; in creasin g ~\ mericaniza ents arc caltered abouL P enn sylvania, \Ya hington , Ohio, tion with conscquent loss of the former culturc; el'en, to somc the Carolinas, California, J\lar,vland, \Viseonsin , and even con id erable extcnt. an aping of their Yankec ncighhors and a Europe and I srael. cnse of the unworthiness of their own co ntrihution as "for True. 1 broadcasL mu 'h seed , but it would have accom eign," " odd" or " dumb Dutch" whieh tendenc,v was. plished nothing on infertile , oil. One thing seems certain, unfortunatcl,\' , not rare among the leaders of the peopl e. N either my prodding nor \Ye,\,gandt's intriguing picture and and ha a lso occu rred among Italian, .Jewi sh and other im text. nor an,l' sin gle person or act, could have brought about migrant groups. Some of the causes of thc later, gradual the present high degree of interest. Weygandt may have in crease of interest a re a lso fairl,,' clear and havc, to some served a a spark plug lo get thc motor started , and I may sli ght ex tcnt. been pointed oul a few paragraphs abol'e, have b en a "booster" to "soup up" Lhe engin e a nd keep it However. man~ ' of the rca ons for both the dip a nd the ri c goin g, but the fu el rnu t have becn there a nd the cylind t> rs arc relatil'cl,v involvcd or obscure, and rcquire more space primed, 01', less fi gurativel,l', the public must hal'e been than can be a ll otted hcrc. read,l' 1'01' it, needing onl,l' thi impetu to set it in motion. At fir t, naturall.v enough , the progress \\'a slow. Even 11/ a/cing Friends with the Dislelfink a rccently as 8 to 10 year ago, one did not hear ver.v mu ch To be on fri endl,l' term lI'ilh anyone the least you can do about the distelfink ; though. b,\' then, the fo lkl ori sls and to knoll' him wh en ,I'OU ce him. Kone of us, urely, would antiquarians had become intere ted, and this feelin g had wi sh to sli ght the beloved birdie by pas in g him b~· , unrecog begun Lt'iclding down to less sophisticated la ,\'ers of the ni zed, And ri ght Lhere we run into trouble, for often it i populace. This risin g intere t snowball ed- if it isn' t too difficnlt to id entif,\' the bird fi gures, Thus, 1\1i s Liehten much strain on the imagination to visuali ze a snowball sa,\'s, " The st,l'li zed bird of P en ns,v lvania German F olk Art gaining peed and volume as it roll rapidl," ltiwwelnllj)'1 cannot be classified as one type. , " The , .. arti ts' (TI ill up. in P e nn s ~ ' l vania Engli sh, ) During the pa t ve l',\' , , . abili tie ,., naturall y vari ed. , " T o me birds in fe\\' years. and mos t especiall,l' the past olle. this upwards pcasant art. , , appeal' to be birds, and not portra it of a zooming has been mctco ri e or alm os t ex pl osil'e, t~ ' p e , , , except where certa in characteri stics distingui sh Whether I m,\'self played any part in bringin g this about. them, " Dr, Robacker ay, ", . , frequently far from life a nd , if so, to what extent. is somethin O' which I am unable like, Often . . . the present day connotation of distelfink to an we I' , and not onl,I', or perhaps not at all. as a matter of tem from thi crucI e art. We frequently must call a bird modes ty. I know that for three and a half years I have been ju t a bird," making a nuisance of m,\' elf on the subject. I have been 1\1oreover, not all of the difficu lty terns from the a rti ts' hounding artist , ornithologists, ed itors, folkl orist , boo k ignorance or lack of kill. J\1any of the craftsmen were dealer , librarians, historia ns. authors, plain Dutehmen remarkably competent, but made no attempt to be ornitho anyone. in short, who I though t mi gh t be able to tell Inc an,I' logicall y accurate, as IVa also pointed out by the arne two thing of what I wanted to know, or perhaps lnere l ~ · be coerced authorities and other, in taternents not quoted here. John into li stening to me. Thi must have brought the distelfink Jo eph Stoudt in Pennsylvania Folk Art ay , "P enn ylvania prett,v forcefully to the foreground of their attention, In 1' 011 art i not tr,yin cr to be true to nature , , , the . , , J\1arch 1952, orne queri es from me were kindl,l' in serted arti t draws what he mean, not what he ee .. , the into the Stroudsburff R ecord b~ · J\1adal,l'n H anna 1\1a lone,\', de ign , . . arc to be compared not with natural object causin g Doctor Robacker to write me, " .. . your inquir,l' but with ideas," Thu, often, he i not portra~ ' in g the on distelfinks has touched off consid erable intcre t in the ph~ ' ical appearance of the bi rd , bu t hi idea of ",hat the ou l, or spirit or atmo phere of a di tclfink hould be like. This certainly create problem for those Iyho attempt to identih' the bird in folk a rt. and a indicated in the above quotations, the task i at time impo sibl e, H owever. it is possibl e more often than is generall,v reali zed, cI'en by mo t of the experts, The book to be i ucd goes into this question at ome length- col'ering tweh'e page in my t~ ' p e d manu- cript. I present there a set of criteria whi ch I have worked out to enable one to recogni ze the bird in n1 32 In Penns~ ' h ' ania art, and be ide ma.,· be intended a. a hief Pelly Officer' chel'rons. T he hair on the chest of lhis hird. and the bell -bottom trousers. are wh olly nell' and origi nal, and, undoubtedl.I·, due to the nal'al influence. o. all in a ll , thi cartoon i not too far out of line. It i a hybrid, lhe tarting point. perhap . of a nell' breed; a cro between a quetzaljink and P op E ye th ai lor ::\Ian. Long may it lI'a/'e .' . 111 Ow lenner Breddiching a/ D II/chmen . Jbollt Their Own Favorite B ird! flow Com e? I n the whole aga of the d i lclfink hunt. the mo t remark able lhing ha been the almo t total ab ence of any a l'ailable inJorma/ion . T h i i all the more a mazing when one con tra t lhi lack with the reali ,,' h ig h degree of interest in "our bi rd of bird . .. belol'ed of a ll ... Dutehland." In m." article on the Cone toga H orse in the la t previous i ue of Dutchman, I men tion the d iffi culty wh ich I at fi r t experi enced Toufschein bi rds. in oblaining dala, but the itua tio n IVa in comparabl,l' better there. After a ll , lhere we re the excell ent Strohm a nd Bec k In which word acco mp a n ~' the designs." I wou ld expand treatise, a well a the other reference Iyhi ch I cited in lhis a IiW e furlher. See if lhere i any tille. or olher extra tba t article. Once I had learned of the e ource a nd how neou el'id ence ou tsid e of the design il el f, wh ich indicate to procure them, lhere was enough materia l. lhat a di telfink was inlended. The quantilY o f' tha t inForma ti on cO J'npa red with the .\ limel.\' example i the cute a nd a rre ti ng emblem of a mount avail able on the distelfink was in a bout the ame the U. S. l\'a l'Y' reee nLl ,l' formed P enn ~ ' I va n ia Du lch unit. proportion a the heft of one of those ponderou draft h oI' es to pec i a ll~ ' honored on Di lelfink .D a ,l· at the Kulzloll' n fo lk the wc ight of the 5 in ch birdie. The ra re book dealer, fe til'al. N o omilhologi t would concede lhi s to be a correct fai led to fi nd anything. 0 did the li bra ri a ns. :Miss Y rn a go ldfin 'h nor a rtist accep l it as a t.I' pical folk cra ft di lelfink. 1\Iutch of the ,\.ll ento\\'n Free Libra ry did her be t- but no X el'erthele , it does hal'e some simila ri lie to both fi glll'e oap. H er coll eague. :Mr . Ann S. Fink, did gct hold of one and is the insignia of the Dis/eljink o mp a n ~ ' , 0 the indenti cha rming a nd whim i al little folk talc, di cu ed a t length fi cali on i positil'e. in m," full report, but no informa tion. 1\11'. Florence Nixo n It is, howel'er, admittedl y somewhat a nomolou . 1.1' K a ne of the .Monroe County Publi c Libra ry at Stroudsburg. daughler a nd coll a bora t T, :i\Ia ri an Winston, ha bee n a lilLi e who had more than once ucce full y procured book for me concern ed about it a nd ha wrillen me, " ... it doesn't look whi 'h I had been un able to borrow from a ny libra ry in the mu ch like a distelfink to me. In fact il head . . . i cntire cilY of Nell' York. h ad Ie luck this t im e. D oc id entical with a Gualamala n quelzal (pronounced K etsahl Shoemaker. wi th a ll the resource avail abl e to him a nd lo the . \.LD.) ." D oclor hoe ma ker informs me. " ... the art P en n ylvani a Dutch F olkl ore Center, go t no beller re ult . work was done by LeR oy Cen ler of the R ead ing newspapers So, without mentionin g further a ll who tried. we had to . . . al 0 a ocia led with the Dutchman." Thcreforc. a n," conclude t ha t there were no books or even a rticle on the non-resemblance between thi bird a nd the ideal di tel fin k ubject. Of cour e, thi relates to tbe P ennsylvania Jolk art is intenliona l and for a purpose, a nd not due to either un motif. There is no dearth of ornithological work with fa m il iari ty wi lh the models or insu ffi cien t a rtisti c a bil i t.v. chap ter on the living bird, a nd D octor Friedma nn ha done Thi quetzalt (kitselt = ti ckled) my fancy and cau ed me to pioneer \I'ork on the u e of the fi gure in l!. uropeanJormal art. skid off into one of my numerou detour . 0 I et about accu Plenty of pecimen of the motif can be cen decora ting mula ting consid erable ma teri a l on thi beautiful. inleresting folk craft object a nd paper , and there are. a men tioned , a nd a ll egori cal ethnic ~ ' m bo l of the 1\Ia,l'ans, anciently re the old A-B-C books with their crude portrayals of the bird. garded by lhem as a d e il~ ' . I el'en contempla led in cluding it " 'eygandt' book with its beautiful fronti piece a nd frequent here. But then I reconsid ered. 1\I,1' readers are alt'ead," brief references to the distelfink, can be obta ined wi thou t bei ng btendi geretzt about schpetzli so why houl d lhey be fur too much difficulty (though with some) . The motif i ther geqlletzt about quetzli? (No, I a bsolulel,l' refuse to tra ns mentioned oTten in the litera ture, but usually with only a la le lha l. It i a multi-lin gual pun. ill\'oh'ing ource fr om few lin . or ometime onl ,\' word , of text. Rupp' two l l ochdeutsch, P ennsyh 'ani a D utch. Guatemala n. English. lhe pages still remain the m os t lengthy treatment which has Lithua ni a n form of the German di ale'l commonl y known ever been uncovered, and they a rc limited almo t exclusively a "J ewi sh," plus. in addition, some arbitra ril .I' manufactured to the vari ou forms of the name. 1\Iore recently a Ii ttle more lingui ti c inl'ention of m,\' own - a nd JarlwJtich, indeed. materi a l has appeared, the two mos t notabl e items of which not worth the trou ble!) . a re Dr. H erbert H . Beck's intere ting P ennsylvania Dutch While I thoroughly under tand a nd s.l'mpa lhize with 1\11' . Names oj Birds in the D ecember 1953 i sue of Lancaster \"inston' qualms, I a m not worried over the na l'al in iO' nia. magazin e- three qua rler of a year after my entire fir t as he wa . It is true tha t this emblem i b.I' no mean a pure dra ft manu cript had been completed- a nd, till later. di tclfink, but, then. how ma n,l' a re? The head , as my Corneliu s Weyaandt's cha rming B irds in Dutchland in the coll aborator p oi n l ou t, i certa inl .1' not omi thological, e _ eptember 195·1 D utchman qua rterl y, Ie s tha n a ~ ' ea r ago. peciall," the popping eyes, but, on the other hand. the broad N either of the e, however, give more than two pa ragraphs ba ed bill i more truly fin chi an tha n the ones in mos t of the to the pa rticul a r bird which we a re a ft er. folk picture . The peculia r markings of win gs a nd tail arc This gives the sum tola l of all tha t ha been uncovered never found in the actua l goldfinch but rather trongly ugge t after a very arduoll s search, with the a id of ma ny skilled a nd the manner in which these appendage arc often orna mented IV II informed helper - a nd it i little enough. So the first 33 imporLanL piece of in formation whi h we obLain ed is Lh a t Lhere prac Li call ,\' isn ' t any, B uL wh y did r eek info rm a Li on? H ow did omeone who is not an a rtist, noL an auLhoriLy, noLa ny kind of thoroughgoiwf folklorist, not a P enn ylvanian and not a Dutchman get into the ad a t a ll ? r had no such intention, N oLhin g \\' a further fro m my though ts, It all Larted in the mosL im ple, natural a nd sponta neou mann er, Started, tha t is: a nd it probably would have end ed not long Lh ereafLer, Bu t ve ry earl y in Lh e hunt, D oc Shoe maker's influence made itself fe lt. His intere t. hclp, eneourage menL a nd occasional persuasion kept me goin g, Cherchez la fem me, As usua l. ever sin ce Eve go t in Lo Adam's rib , there was a woman behind iL. The lad,v was Miss Mildred Glick, a t that Lim e a coll eague of' mine and, like myself, a n Ows/enner, r was acquain ted with her Early central Pennsylvania woodcut. profes ionall y but not a t a ll el o el,v, and she was eompleLel,v innocent of a ll inLention of starting a ny Lhin g, So wa r , eonnec Li on between the two, H e also said , " Books, pam a nd neither of u could have had the lightest id ea that phlets, etc, TO, I probably have one of the mo t exten ive he would ever have any influence wh a tever on my life, private li braries in this fi eld, a nd I know of nothing specific, Bu t never underestima te the power of a woman! Time and again one run upon a reference, , , but tha t's ]U i Glick appeared one morning wearing an attracti ve a ll , , " H owever, address a n inquiry to Dr, Alfred hoe cerami c ornarnent showing the fi gure of a colorful t,v lized maker, ., bird, Spontaneously and more or Ie s au toma tica ll ,v r ex I took Lhat hint, and it has certainly proved fruitful. cla imed " What a beautiful di telfink r' When the ~ ' o un g D oc, in his repl,v, a lso gave ome valuable sugge tions, and lady came back a t me with the very na tural query " What's ra ther surprised me by saying, " I am plea ed to hear that a di telfink ?" r started tell in g her what I knew a bout it, you are working on the ubject : Distelfinlc." "Surprised" and was hocked to realize how little I did know, (Later i almost too weak a word , I didn' t regard it as a subject, on, of coursc, it appeared tha t almo t no one el e eemed to and didn't consider that I wa " working on" it. I ju t know very much about iL either, but tha t's ebbesel1n ersht) wanted a little informa ti on to be able to an weI' the youn g ( omething else a(fain !) lad)"s ques tion a nd to sati fy my own c uri os it~ " If hi And so, pu hed into it by die lol eill e }/illi, en ti rei ," un object was to lure me into worlcing on it (as I have sin ce then wiLtingly a nd uninLenLi ona ll y on her pa rt: lured deeper a nd sometimes suspected ), then hi pl an was sucee sIul. His deeper by the elu ive bird ; a nd encouraged and cheered on manner of expres in g tha t one hort sen tenee piqued m," by D oc tor Shoemaker tandillg on the sid e line rooting for curio ity, intrigued my interest a nd stimulated me to keep me, a nd ever,v once in a whi le pointing out to me ome going, F rom time to time thereafter, espeeia ll ,v just a t thicket inLo which my quarr,v had disappeared , I plungcd moments wh en I bad become discouraged a t my inability into the pursuit of the wil y creature, to get hold of any ubstantial or eonelu ive sources, he popped T o be frank, I would ncver have started if I had known up with wb a tever was needed to get things sta rted again : then wh a t the hunt would enta il- a ll the fal e starts I would bits of informa ti on he had run acros, uggestion for me to make a nd dead ends I would ge t into, how many time I foll ow, sometime just a word of praise or encouragement. would have to tUI'll about a nd retrace my teps, a nd how a t H e wa clever enough to ask me questions occasiona ll y, I , tage after tage a Bash of gold would whi z by just as I couldn't let him down b~ ' fai lin g to find the ans\\'ers a nd end thought I had it in my grasp, so tha t many a time I felt I was them on to one wh o had been 0 kind, hunting a n elbadritsh in stead of a distelfink, But I'm glad Almost a ,veal' a nd a ha lf la ter. when I had written him now I did, I owe thanks to thc )'oung lady a nd the bird, for some data on the Conestoga h orse. he included in hi 1'0 1' the chase led me th rough beautiful P enn ylva ni a territor,'" repl,v " H ow did ,Y O U fa re on the di telfink ? Did ~ ' o u publi h into cha rming b,v\\,ays, made me acquainted wiLh ma n," ~ ' o ur findin g? , , , We would be happ,v to run it in Lh e gudehartzig and helpful Dutchmen a nd reawakened m," D T CHM,\ T," I ti ll did not con ider that wb a t had la LenL in Lerest in the folk a rt. culture a nd custom ', tickled my eu ri o it," con ti tu ted a su bjeet, a nd I had no A mentioned earl ier. I communicated with :Madal,\'n intention of writing or publishing any thing a bout it. I did H a nnah ~Ia l o n e ,\', wh o kindly inserted some queri es 1'0 1' me feel, however. tha t the worLhy Director' helpfulnes deserved into her very interesti ll g column in the Stroud burg R ecord, a return, and I thou 34 d<,<, p hr<,ath, look{'(\ with a toni hment at the numerous perad ventu re of doubt,' but ufficicnLl~ ' firml,\' () that il can pag<, which I had COY 35 "1> TIlE. PI: ''i~YI v.\:-.;i,\ (;FR\I,\, .... PE:\'~SYLVAl\:L \ GER~L\r\S Renascence of History By ARTHUR D. GRAEFF Hi tory is the cement which Li es a ll things inLo a clear pattern .. ILs ingredient are drawn from man.,' so urces and iLs cop comprehends a ll forms of human aeLi\' iLi es and ill Lerests. Properl." recorded and in Lell ige n L1." in terpreted, history articu late the pas t wiLh Lhe present and offers a .\ mong the early biographers of eminent P e nn s ~ ' l vania lanLern ligh t, feeble though iL may be, Lo those who wou ld Germans were- H enry Harbaugh on :iHi cbael chlatter; pierce the dark rece es of Lh e unknown fuLure. In any re \\'. J. Mann on H. M. Muh.l enberg; C. Z. Weiser on Conrad view of event leading to Lh e reeenL revival of interest in a ll 'Vei er. There were others who wrote about matters related phases of P e nn s ~ ' l vania German aebievements. culture and to history such as folklore, dial et, literature, genealogy. lore there Dlus L be an effort Lo evaluate Lh e part p layed b.Y In January ] 900 the P ennsylvania German 1\Iagazin e the hi torian and Lh e impacL which his or her re\'elations has made it bow to the worl d. :Bounded by P. C. Croll, edited had upon Lhe Zeitgeist or spirit of Lhe times. b.1' H. A. Schuler and managed by H . W . Kriebel this quarterly In all\' survey it is neceSsary to scan Lhe events which p re survived for fourteen 'year (1900- 1914). During the last ceded t1~e prob'lem bein g inv ~ tigated. Our purpose here i few years of it exi tence the magazine s taggered through to explain the variegated factors which led to what ome financial p roblems. The anti-German sentiment , prevalent per ons like to call the Henais ance in P ennsylvania. Prior among Americans d uring the £r t World \\'ar, presented to 1935 a ll of us heard the frequent plaint " Our people have new p roblems. The 1\Iagazine wa unable to surmount never been given their proper credit by hi torian." Ex the e diffieu lti e . ploded in stentoria n tones by an orator indulgin g in special During the year be tween] 900 a nd 1935 there were e\'eral pleading, before a prej udiced audience. th is sentimcnt was notable h istorical studies. .\ mong these was the eholarl.,' a lmos t certain to win applausc. Sometime the orator could work of A. B. Faust: The German Element in the United, tates, buttres h is theme h.v contrasting Yankee history and the 1919; Oscar Kuhns: German and Swiss ettleme nis in the neglec ted truths in P enn )·h-an ia. The temptation to win United Slales and many excell ent monographs published in the approval of the home folks by such tac ti c could not be Proceeding of the P ennsylvania German Society. Progres resisted bv uch writers a Samuel " '. P ennypacker. H enr.,· in the fi eld \Va slow and curnbersome. 1\I an.v of tho e who 1\1. 1\1. Richard and others who attem pted to wri te histor.,· engaged in the e stu die felt that they worked alone, almo t at the turn of the present ee ntur.\'. Earlier the R e\'erend in a vacuum. During the early 1930's two German scholar Samuel K. B robst was almos t mili tant in crusad ing for more came to this country intent upon a thorough stud.v of th e rccognition b~ ' historians a nd a greater deoTee of the pride of picture in P ennsylvania. H ein z K lo wa intere ted in heri tage among the descendan ts of the earl y German ic the use of the dialect ; Emil 1\I eynen compiled an exhaustive se ttlers of P enn ylvania. bibliography of a ll extant publications featuring P enns.y lvania The P enn .vlvania German Soeiet.v organized in ] 890, Germa n history and lore. \\'e fai l to note any marked devoted most of its published Procecdings (1891- 1955) to impact on the American scene caused by the e vi itors. extensive monograph dealin g with ma n.v pha e of history. The .year 1935 i chosen, ome\"hat arbitrarily, a the Some of the e account are authoritative and definitive with beginning point of the renaissance of interest in many facet the limit of the the e the.,' e tablished ; others arc valuable of our cultura l pattern. Our observation to account for as leads to further tudy. the ground swell s of public interest which have marked Among those who were active in the earl y years of the the past t\\' e nt~ ' ~ ' ea r s mu t be confined to those a reas of P ennsvlvania German Society was Julius F . Sachse whose concern which relate to history a nd its immediate a ll ies. s tudi e~ of religious h is tor.v we're published in imposin g tomes H the fi rs t person i injected into this account it i because during the la t decade of the ] 9th centur)'. we leem it vi tal to the story and a k ou I' reader to be patient Judgin g by the publication dates of Dlany seeondar.v works and mercifu l before charging egoism. dealing with this subjec t it appcars that 1890 ma.v be used In the general sweep of hi tor.,' it sometimes happen a a beginning point for a seriou and concerted effo rt to that events which occur in widel.,' cattered region s or ideas record P ennsvlvania German history as a d istinct fi eld for which germinate in men 's minds have 0 many coincidcntal stud,' and I:e earch. I t may be mcre coincidence tha t features that the hi torian i led to eek a pattern or a p lan. fixes" this date in the same that the fir t learned soeie t.1' ~ ' ea r The events of 1935 and in the year that fo llowed might of its t.vpe was founded. appear to reReet some sort of fo lk-movement, as if an ethnic After 1890 there were a number of writers at both local group had been coale ced into some ort of nationali ti c and tate level who made cont ri butions. Among the nine . pirit or a Yolk Q'eist born or p lanted among the de eendant teen th een tu r.1' au thor we shou ld men tion : of the earl.v German settlers of P ennsyh ·ania. The timing Beid elman, W ill iam : The Slory oj th e Pennsylva nia Ger- of this de"elopment, parall cli ng as it doc , tbe development mans- 1898. and expl oiting of " blood theories" by Nazi Germany, mi ght Cobb, . H. : Story oj the Palatines- 1897. lead the casual or careles observer to charge that the quick Linn, John B. : Annals oj the J3~~O'alo Valley- 1877. ened pirit which became manife t in P ennsylvania was Ro engarten, Jo eph G. : The German Soldier in the IVars in spired by Old 'Yorl d propaganda. Such a conelu ion oj the United States- ] 890. wou ld be far from the truth. Let it be understood , here a ncl Seidensticker, Oswald: The First Cen tury of German Print now, that there \Va no concerted pla n; no sin gle impulse: ing in America ] 892. no one mind; no foreign infiuence pre en t in the eri e of 36 de,'eloplllents whieh Illade the cor or ,H'ar that ha ju \'(.' nture adding to the literaturc of our people, passed so remarkable in the annals of a folk, .\ t the reque t Le s con picuous, but nOlle the Ie eA'ecti"e, were uch of Dr, .\ , 13 , Fau, t (1940), thi ob erver wa il1\'itcd to de\'Clopment a the re"italized Hi torical ocietie of Berk , eollaborate in a ol'l1 ell L'niver it,\' seri e or , tudie entitled Lehanon and Y ork ountie: the e tablishment of the "l\linorit,\' Groups in th l"nited tate ," .\fler conferring chwcnkfcld er l\1u cum and L ibraI',\' at P enn burg (195 1) ; we deci ded against th i, venture, One rca on was to fore tall the e tablishmcnt of the Landis \'a ll c," M useum (1941 ) in any IIiLlerian gesture toward " re cuing" our peopl e! .\ Lancaster Count,\'; the renewed acti\'itie of l\loravian hi - one whose life and eA'o rt pans the entire period we declare tori cal oC letl e in Bethlehem and Nazareth: expanded that Hille l" "theories" were a deterrent to even more public interest in the Buck unt," l\1useum at D )~ ' I e town rapid progress; that instead of a conecn trated effort by a and th redirection I' the activitie of other histori cal or group or group there was a peri od I' a lmost con tant rivalr,v ganization which included ma n,\' features of especial concern and fri cti on between eal'l1 est groups holding differing views to studcnts of the German ettlemenls in P enn ~ ' I vania and no ne person eame even close to bein g a leader of a move wh ic h had prcviou 1,\' been unheeded or overl ooked, ment for quite to the contrary there was con tant conAi ct Formalized Studies between those wh o aired their view, in ome ca e leading to feuding and engendering per onal bitterne , If it i ,\fter the P cnnsylvania German SJeicty had publi hed pos ibl e to generalize about the characteri sti c of a peopl e se"era l doctor ' dissertations in the Proceeding, other it ma,Y be said that the " Dutch" arc tubborn, rugged in scholars were encouraged to select the P enn ,,,Ivania German dividualist , marked by a pride in independence of behavior fi cld of tudies for the hi ahly pecialized invcstigation , whi ch ometime become hau ght~ , and cavalier in its pro Wal ter S, Knittle wrote his excell ent account "Earl,v Palatine proportions, Such men are not led; they do not follow, the,\' Emigrations" (1937), Arthur D, Gracff' " R elations between arc overeign, the P ennS,vlvania Germans and the Briti h Authoritie" H ow, then, did the astonishing changes develop? The won thc Phi D elta Kappa Award for research in ]935 , Alfred an we I' con tain a dozen 0 1' more factor, L, Shoemaker, J, \\,illiam Frey, Clyde Stine, J ohn J o eph Stoudt and other earn ed the advanced degree in research Organizations in the field, l\1an,v l\lastcrs' thc e found their way to the The fact that the P enns,\'lva1iia German Folklore Society shelve of univer ity libra ri e ' was founded in 1935 might appeal' to be the key that will Dr, Wilbur H, Oda, by prodigious efforts, brought 0 wald open the door to the answer , Doubtle sly the creation eid en ti cker's Bibliograph,v up to date; Dr, Harold Bender of an additional society, full of ,\'outh and vigor, was a potent added va t materials to the record of the l\1enn onites and force, The 18 Yearbooks pu bl ished b,v tbe So c iet~ ' , today, other " Plain Sccts" and Dr, R a lph Wood edited a volume mix hi tor,\' and folkl ore in a literal'," brew that sometimes entitled " The P ennsylvania Germans" which wa publi hed obscures the name of the organ ization, The grou p of by the Princeton ni,'er it,\' Press in 1942, The e cA'o rts dedicated men and \\'omen who gave un elfi shly of m o n e ~ ' , represen t only a fcw of the major contribu tors to the histori cal talent ancl labor certainl ,v did much to accelerate the work record , To name a few we in lude Russel \V, Gilbert, of the ,'enerable P ennsylvania German Society, enior by Grant Stolzfus, Morris l\1ook, Frederi c Klees, Theodore forty-Jh'e year, T appert, J , B ennett K olan and Frank E. Li c hte nthal ~ r. The Carl Schurz M emorial Foundation, founded in 1930, began to devote it attention to the P enns,vlvania scene A highly organized and vastly extended study was con horLl,Y after 1935, Acting as agent for the Oberlander Trust ducted by the Work Progres Administration of the federal this foundation spon ored man,v young and carn e t student go vcrnment during the depression years of 1938- 1941. who wi shed to tud," the origins of the P enn ylvania Germans Arthur D , Graeff acted a chief consultant for those emplo,,'ed b,v vi iting the p ortion of Europe from which the original in rescarch, There were more than eight,\' " re earcher " ettler came, F or a period of three years 1940- 1942 the active in 34 tates, All of the findin gs cleared through Foundation conducted annual in titutes for the tud, ' of Graeff' s hand and man,\' interstate coni'erences wcrc hcld P enn ,,,Ivania German Hi tor,v and L ore, ::\early 100 at the Graeff farm in N orth H eid elberg Township in Berk scholars from wid el,v scaLlered areas gathered in Philadelphia County, When the W ,P,A, was discontinued all of the copy for each f the in stitute and hared their intere t and sent in by the reporters was impounded by the federal findin g in re earch, ag e nc~ ' , Somc of the material found their way in to prin t In 1948 Dr, ,\Ifred L, hoe maker returned from extensi" e in ~ ub se qu e nt years, studie in European ee nters of folklore tudie and in col In 1938 Charle B, l\1ontgomer,v, while in V)l1don, came laboration with Dr. J , \\'m, Fr e ~ ' and Dr, D on Yode l' e tab upon the record of Palatine mi grations to New York, On Ii hed the P enn yh'ania Dutch Folklore Center on the campu hi rctul'l1 to Amcrica l\1ontgo m e r~ ' urged that someone of Franklin and }lar hall Coll ecte, The core of the Center's be ent to England to microfilm the e material, The micro coll ection was thc t'nger-Bas Ie I' coll ection of tons of lit cop,vin g of records was a new technique when Arthur D, eraturc dcalin g with th e tor,\' of our pcople, The Folklore Gracff and II', GraeA' went to Europe in 1939 and secu red Cen tel' , at Lancastcr, became the promoter of a long se ri e nearly 300 frames of film relating to the Palatine , Photo of activitic Ic ianed to interest largc scgment of the public s tats of records in R otterdam and The Hague and other in the peculiar hi tor,v and culture of the P enn vlvania rccord from the Palatinate were ccured, In 1954 po itive Dutch, Among thc c wcre the formation I' a gene~ l ogica l copies of these record were made at the headquarters of the oeiet,\': the e tabli hment of ummel' seminal' ; thc indexing Genealogical ociety of Utah, Salt Lake City and copies and catalogin g of hundrcds of thou ancl of name ancl fact , were di stri b I ted to research ocietie III Europe and the the coordination of man," folk activitic uch a Folk-Fe U nited tate, tival , and other la rge c,a le acti"itie at both thc academi c E.1:tendil1g th e Scope and at the popular le,'el, In addition to the e activitic The P cnns,"'vania German Socicty always held to the the men at the ccnter cngaged in exten ive publication policy that it concern extended on l~' to P enn ", Ivania and the 37 s tales contig ll Ous to its borders, N ead published hi s aceollnt There w 're ma n,\' othel' faetors ill,'olved in the Renaissance, of the Germans in ~l a r,\'land and Schuricht did the same for We ha,'e in eluded onl ," a few ill this brief view, the selllers of the Shenandoah \"alle," in Virginia, The But even as we wri te lhere comes the challenge tha t younger oeie ty ( PGFS) pl aced no limit upon the extent a lthough firs t few cha pters ha "e bee n wriLten there a rc of it tudie , George Ludwig published the s tor,\' as it ma ny unexplored areas for further in vesti gati on, T o poin t rela ted to I owa and J\I, Wa lter Dundore did as mueh for up onl y a few we would suggest such extensive subject as the tor,\' in " 'isconsin, A tudy of the P elln S,\' I\'a nia Ger the part our people pla,ved in politics, the mi litar," record ma n selllements in Illinois is IInder way, of heroes, the bi ographie of om many pi oneers in na tural In I 9 ,Hi the G radi's ,'isited the Pennsy"'a nia Germa n ~c i e nc e. the econom,v of our rural a reas, the ethnocentric fettlers in On ta ri o, Canada, and i na ugu rated a n interes t cultural pa ltern a nd the pa rt pla,veu by our pionee r 111 a mon O' our Ca nadian cou in s which ha led to the forma ti on indus tr,v a nd CO ll1mC'l'ce, of soeieti e in the D ominion, dedicatcd to a full er undcr The schol a r will find ma n," adva ntage in the pur uit of sta nding and knowledge of their Pennsyl vania ori gin s, such s tlldie, The ori gin a l ources he would need to con ult In N ova Scotia (1953) the peopl e of Lunenherg County a rc loeated in ma ny a rchi ves but they a rc cOll centra ted celebrated their 200th a nniversar,\' of the a rri,'a l of German within a GO mile radius dra wn between R eading a nd Phila settlers, Thi was. in part, an outgrowLh of interes t inspired delphia, E I' C'I',\' town, city a nd vill age in southeastern b," P e nn s ~ ' ''' a nian who v i ited the maritime pro"inces P ennsyh'a ni a wi ll have li,'in g in it one 0 1' two expert in (1 951- 19.33) with a view to eli cerning ves ti ges of a eommon local hi s t o r~ ' , .\11 ins titutions of higher learning have on lore to tha t which till Aourishes in P ennsyl vania, In the ir fa culti es a few schola r, wh o ha ve discol'ered their 194 · ~ a Libert," Ship was added to the Ameri can n av ~ ' a t the "acre of di a monds" close by the iv,,' ha ll s, L ocal newspapers Ba ltimore Ship ,\'a rd, It wa na med in honor of onrad a re fri endl," a nd ci"ic groups ha "e a bsorbed a propel' scnse \Yeiser. A pl aque honoring \Yeiser was placed in the Garden of pride in gua rding their eO llllllunity heri tages, of Our L ord , in Coral Ga bl es, Florida, 195·1. A knowl edge of the di a lect is helpful but far from necc ar~ ' , The great interest in P ennsy"'ania Germa n hi tor,v spurred T oday a n~ ' P ennsy"'a ni a n can speak Engli sh I eLter then a uthor who wrote for nation-wide reading to pay a new a II on-na ti,'e could learn to speak the di alect. Exce pt for regard to the pa rt pla,ved by our peopl e, Oli ver Chitwood , the u e of earl ," G C'I' ma n publications a nd a few coll ecti ons Thomas " 'ertenbaker, Richard hr,voek, Carl Van D oren of eO ITe pondence a reading facilit," in Germa n not de and other added pa ragra phs a nd pages of rela ti ,'el," new ma nded , \Y hen it i needed there a rc usua ll ," some \\'ell in forma ti on to the general pu bl ie, disposed fe ll ow tudent wh o will oblige, One indispensable bit of equipment is a n intimate knowl cllOOl Law edge of the geogra ph,\' of sou thea, tern P enn ,,'Ivani a, Place B y a n aet of the P ennsylva nia Assemhl,v 1\ la," 10. J94·k na mes a re elusi" e thing becau e ma n,v of thcm a re dua l the tea hing of the hi tor,v of P ennS,vlva ni a wa required of a ll in na Lure one for po t o ffi ce ervices a nd the other pre high school studen t in the Co m mon wealth , Also Leachers ervin g local flavor, Thu you ma," ask for Obold a nd be eeking certifi cation to teach \\'ere required to ta ke coll ege en t to H etricbes te tLI e or eek Yera C ru z a nd find tha t ,vo u courses in the history of the s La te, L a ter a requirement for a rc in " Die Gas." There a re " a ri a nt in the pronunciation the tudy of ta te go,'ernm nt was added , a nd pelling of local place na me, D o not be di ma,"ed The new law led to a plethora of texLhook issued by if ,\'ou are told b," a na ti,'e tha t " Goosel'ille" i near ,\lIentown zealou publisher to meet the omewh a t sudden need , Any e,'en lhough the sio'nboard said " GuLhsvill ," textbook dea lin g with the his tory of Penn y"'ania would. The ea rlie t writer of P enn S,l'h-ania Germa n hi s t o r~ ' of necessity, de" ote a generous space to the Germa n element, \\' C'I'e clergymen 1830- 1900, During thi p ri od the thread particularly in the Colonial peri od , At least a dozen tcxt of chlll'eh history \\'ea,'e through the pattern , ,\ fLer ]930- books a ppeared during the ~ ' e ar s between ]945 a nd ]948; 1935 m a n~ ' l a \\'~ ' e r undertook to e tabli h the record , The others were a dded la ter, \\,i th "e r," few exeeption the resul t was a preeise catalog of facts. h ea\' il~ ' Aa" ored with a uthor of the e texthooks were of P e nn s ~ ' l v ani a Germa n eontrovers,l' a nd a uthorita tive pronouncemenls, in ee 1935 descent a nd it was to be ex pected tha t. a t long last. a proper educator a nd scientificall y tra in ed historian mo,'ed into reeognition ,,'ould be accorded the folks wh o helped to found the scene, Sin ce Lh en we ha " e been Lreated to objeeli,'e the provin ee a nd help to ma ke the La le beco me great. Sin ce writing. pe l' peeti" e " ie\\'ing, a na l," i , eandor and s in ce rit~ " 1944 nea rI,\' ] ,000,000 ,"ou ng P ennsy" 'an ian ha "e been Thu . gra dua ll ,'" truth is emerging. a nd with trulh come expo ed to the full Lo r," of their k'l te' early settle ment and the v io'or a nd growlh which sends to'Tering tree to frin ge developmen l. lhe sk,l'line, About Our Authors ALBERT 1. DRACHMAN , New Y ork C iL ," teacher ; two K \ RL F R O U.\ CK ER , \\ hile P la ins. X , y , lca< her f his ma in intere ts a rc Dutch folk-culture a nd horses, a uthor of Pellll syil'all ia OenllOlI L ilera/u re a nd Pell llsylNw ia DR. ARTHe R D, GRAEFF, Philadelphia a nd R obesonia; Dutch 811(0'; frequent contributor to .l n1iqlles JIagazill e, teacher ; editor of 8cholla column in R eading T imes; a uthor CORNELILT \\'EYG.\ NDT, Philadelphia profe 0 1' em- e ri tus of ('ni"ersi t," of P enn y" 'ania; dean of a ll a uth\)!' of lIislory of Pelll/sylvania; I t happened in Pellnsyll'allia. e tc, wriling a bou t the Du tch Counlr," : a ulhor of a score of book , EDK,\ EBY HELLE H, II e r s h e~ ' a utho rit," a nd Iec tlll'C'I' a mong lhem : The Ned !h lls, T he m ile 1/ ills. a nd Th e Dulch on Dulch cooking: a u thor of Th e Du/ch Cookbook, COl/n/r!J, HEKRY J, J{.\ CFF~L \ :\T , Millers,'ill e- leache r ; a ulhor of OLIYE G, ZElI::\EH. R ead ing lecturer and author on I )ellllsyil'allia Dulch . l lIIe ricall Folk . trl, l~a rl!J , llIIericall Du Lch a rts and cra fts: co-aulhor of Colorillg alld Desigll nook G1I1I8111il h8, e tc, for Clt ildrell of all , Iges , 3 This photogroph of the ch eese stand of C. H. Sh e nk was take n at the Lancaste r marke t. YOU ra lher ha" e ball chee e, cottage cheese. or mearca e? Dutch . TwenLy-fi" e .,·ear ago, C . H . Shenk wondere I wh a t he cou ld do wilh the milk urplus from hi dairy roule. heese makin O' seemed to be the a n weI' but nIl' . Shenk eoulln'l be ex pec Led to make it wh en he had eight children to elolhe Cheeses a nd feed. 1\11'. henk accepled lhe cha llenge and taught their old e t daughLer to ma ke chcese. Humbly they placed By EDNA EBY HELLER it be id e lheir vegetable on lheir ma rket stand. That wa the beginning of a bu in ess which now produce a much a lwelve hundrcd quarls in one week. Two 0 11 , P a ul and N gra ndma's day, it wa n't a n ~ ' traged.,· to ha "e chi na R obert. a re now pa rtners wi th their fa lher in thi growin g I cup 10 e their ha ndles. a Illuch lhe better for lhe ·once rn. ch e e busin e ! II was the cracked, chi pped. a nd handle henk's cheese fador.,· is located on the Tew D anville les cups tha t had th ' honor of ca l'l ' ~ ' i n g the cheese to market, Pike. jusl outh of Lanca tel' . When you step into the there to be transferred lo the cup th a t the city women-folk white stucco building. ~'o u a re immedia tely impressed with broughl in lheir market basket for lhi ,·er.,· purpo e. \'es, the changes lhal progre s has brough t into ehee e makina fi" e cenls a C lip. Tha t wa lhe price. ince Grandma' day. "'herea he puL h I' pan on the back '''hen YO LI lhink of P e nn S ~ ' l van i a Dutch Chee e ~ ' o u IllU l of the stove to thicken, here it i sleam healed in la rge tub , mean tho e of La neasler and Berk 'oun lies. Like ugar each about 15 fee l long. Quite likely all Dutch cooks wh ) pea (lhose wee l pea wi th the edi ble pod ) Dutch ·hee es make cup (' hee e till palientl.\· quceze the mu lin bag d a re £ und ani ." in lhe e eo un lie. T o a great extent lhi curd afler il has drained on the limb of lhe plum tr e, bul ee ti on was inhabi ted b." ettler fr om wilze rl a nd , lhe cheese in the f ac t o r~ ' , a modern vel' ion of the old cid er pre s doe counlry. Chce e wa ge nerall y made on lhe farm. bul eyer all the queezing. ince lhe farmer' "ege tables have go ne to market, the cheese Like the fa rmer' wife, Shenk judge the cooking tage has gone loa. by the "look , feel, and smell. " A problem, though, ha Fir l lo the curb market a nd now to lhe markel hou e ari en in lhi genera ti on. If one batch of mill contains the the chee e ha" e go ne. In today' market , now modern milk from any co w ' that have been treated with peni cillin wi th indirec t lighl and refri gera ted ca e , you will till find lhe chee e " ju t doe not gel right." But, thi era has il cup chee e moldcd in a cup elting along ide of lhe poultry advantage too . When kim milk is plentiful il is fr ozen and vege Lable. In the Lancasler ma rket . however, there for the months of carcity. are different Lands where nOLhin g el e i sold buL P enn yl P ercha nce you arc one of lhe unfortuna le tha t hasn't vania DuLch Chee e . All the regul ar markel-goe r know bad a ny cup chee e ince you left P ennsylvania years ago. wh ere henk ell their chee e. D eep pa n of chee e stand then you will ce rtainl~ ' want to contact C. H. Shenk, R. D . (j sid e by ide, covering t!le entire counler. Here, lhe chee e Lanca ter, P enna. A oon a cool weather comes they will uf your choice i spooned inlO half pint paper cups. W ill mail it an~ · wh e r e. They have already ma iled packages lo you have mild , medium, or sha rp cup chee e ~ 01', would Korea! Ye, sir, Dutch food a re lepping ri ght up there ! 39 I jus t returned from my third trip to P ennsylvania Dutch On March 1 the Arle ne Francis " HOME" how celebrated Canada. This time I spent a few hours in the Wa terloo it fir t anniver ary on the ai r by howin g high-lights of it area for the first time. then I went back to the £\rea of the main programs of the year. One of them was the full -hour Twenty, where I attended the annual opening of the l\luseum coverage that it gave to our' Kutztown F olk F e ti val in 1954. of the Twenty in J ordan. This was an important a ffair The mo t req uested "HOl\IE" recipes of the year were for for the community and formal ceremoni e were accompanied "shoo- fl ,v pie" a nd " funn ,\- cake" which wcre shown on the by demonstration of craft, uch as weavin g, spinning. Folk F estival show. rug making. the use of earl .\· apple-peelers. cabbage cu Uers. The "Campbell Soup Kids" have "gone Dutch. " The,\' and the making of cider with a scalc model of a huge cid er havc donned ,\ mi h garb and one m a ~ - find them in a Houri h press shown in one part of the mu cum. The C hief Justice of Dutch motifs on " Indian H ead" bra nd ~'ard goods. of On tario wa the main speaker at the ceremon.v, a nd the N ew 1100ks museum received an important cita ti on from the Ameri can The J ohn C, \\'in ston Compan,v has just released a new Association for the Preservation of State and L ocal Hi tor.v. teen-age mystery book by Ann H a rk ealled " The l\larket Thi was well deserved, for I know of no other museum. H ouse l\-lyster,v," l\1.v Susy and a ll ,\', who a re just the large or small. where pi oneer artifact a rc di played in the age for this type of book. a nd wh o consume a ll that Oul' local di tinetive and fune tiona l manner of our present centur.v. librar,v ha to offer, thought it as cxciting as any they had It i indeed a deli ghtful experi ence to walk into \'intage read, In addition, Lh ey were pl eased with the P ennsylvania H ouse 0 1' its companion building, the stone school house up Dutch theme, which thcy, of cour e, heal' continuall y at the road, and aestheticall y enjo.\' the sight of the objec Ls home, Sus~' uscd it for a book report at school and was while learning the story about them. Ontario is parLicul a rl y ver,v proud to do so, ri ch in fraetu I' and textiles. Miss Hark has ta ken the opportunity to discreetl y point Over sixty members of the local Pennsyh-ania German up her pride in the P cnnsyh-a ni a Dutch throughout thc Socie ty of the Area of the Twenty gaLh ered at the beautiful tex t , by throwing in bit of local hi s t o r~ - , trad itions, a nd home of W. E. Troup at J ordan Station to greet and hear lore, In one cha pter she men tions Ba rbara Frietchie and messages from Dr. Shoemaker, Dr. D on Y oder. and m,v elf. Moll,v PiLcher. She tell s of " Baron" Stiegel a nd the Church For me it wa a treat to see and talk with old fri ends again of the Hcd R ose: of " \\'heaLl a nd." home of Prc id ent Bucha n they are a quiet, tranquil folk who radiate ge nuine fri endline s, an: ( I' Lanca ter's one-da ,v as the capit I of oLl[' countr,\-; Dr. Shoemaker and Dr, Yoder went to the other s ctions of and (,I' the P ennsylvania Dutch bcing the first to call George Ontario in order to extend invita ti ons to the Canadian W ashin g ton " The Father of Hi Country," There is a lso Dutchmen to attend Canadian Day. July 2, at the Kutztown a ma ttering d " Amish" intercst in the book- one cha pter F olk F estival. We expect quite a delegati on from Canada is entitled ",\ n ,\ mish ' inging'," to help participate in the program that da,\', I hardl,v think it nccessar,\' to mention that Ann H ark Pennsylvania Dutch Covers th e ,vation is a well -kn \\'n a uthor. " H cx l\[a rk the Spot" was one of In recent weeks I have noticed a rash of tele \'ision " plugs" the vcr,v first popula r books on thc Dutch. for the P ennsylvania Dutch theme, I suspect they a rc a ll In Maya limitcd cdition of seven of the di alect poems due to " Plain and Fancy," which s till remain ' a bi g hit of Erncs t Wa ld o B echtel came off the pre . The new on Broadway. On l\larch 3 Dinah Shore devoted her entire eight-page bookl et bcars the title, " P ennsyh-ania Dutch progra m to the Dutch theme, She sang "Shoo-By Pic a nd Poems." Copics can be procured at fifty cent each from Apple Pan Dowdy" and sang " The Object of My Afl'cctions" the author. whose address is H einhold , P enn ylvania, in mock P ennsyl vania Du Lch -English. One of the quartct Antiqlles and 11 alldcrafl Shop " The Skyla rks," who a lways appear with her, spoke a fcw H enry and Zoe K auffman opened a new Antiques and sentences in the actua l dia lect. Dinah announced that hc H a ndcraft hop in mid-June a t 261 2 Lincoln Highway We t wa a real P ennsylvania Dutchman- Geo rge B ecker from in Lancaster, The hop is on R oute 30 near the new Arm T e mple, P ennsylvania, ju t outside of R eading, strong R esearch Labora tory, Their tock ineludes a dis Steve All en, on his " T oni ght" show, has mentioned distel tinctive line of cards a nd note paper with DuLch motifs, finks, " hex signs," shoo-By pies, a nd showed some examples decoraLed wooden ware, handcrafted object of copper, of, wha t he call ed, " P ennsylvania Dutch folk arlo" It was iron, pewter and tin, as well as an exten i\'e line of antique. the usual "painting on tin" which i eonLin ua ll y bein g fed If you are interested in one-of-a-kind handicrafts, this i it to Lh e public, There are other media which a rc more genuine for the Lancaster County area, and which would, it seems to me, be much more interesting Trade J oumals to the broad Ameri can public. Two trade journals, The Chevrole t Corporation's Friends On the a me show, repre entatives of the Quakertown (Pa.) Magazine and the Ford 1'1:mes, carry articles, with illu tration market presented teve Al len with a 24 Ib, hoo- fl y pi c. in color, in their July issue of The P enn ylvania Dutch Someone in the a udience referred to it as a " P enn y lvania Folk F e tival in Kutztown , This year's date are June 30- pizza." July ,~, 40