Council for Development and Reconstruction (CDR) Federal Institute for Geosciences Ministry of Energy and Water (MoEW) and Natural Resources (BGR), Water Establishment Beirut and Mount Lebanon (WEBML) Hannover, Germany
German-Lebanese Technical Cooperation Project Protection of Jeita Spring
Delineation of the Groundwater Catchment for Jeita Spring using Tracer Tests, Mapping of GW Vulnerability and Delineation of GW Protection Zones 4th Beirut Water Week February 20, 2013
Dr. Armin Margane, BGR
ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring OutlineOutline
• Project - Tasks • Description of Project Area • Project Activities related to Protection Zones - Delineation of GW Catchment - GW Vulnerability Map - GW Protection Zones
ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring ProjectProject Setup Setup
Duration
1st phase 2 years July 2010 – June 2012 extension 1.5 years July 2012 – December 2013
Partners
- Council for Development and Reconstruction (CDR) - Water Establishment of Beirut and Mount Lebanon (WEBML) - Ministry of Energy and Water (MoEW)
Cooperation between two German Development Aid Projects
- KfW Development Bank > Jeita wastewater project (GITEC)
ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring PlannedPlanned Project Project Activities Activities
1. Integration of water resources protection aspects into the investment planning and implementation process in the wastewater sector
- Geoscientific advice for wastewater projects (site selection, EIA, WW best practice guidelines, standard for wastewater reuse, EIA guideline WW) 2. Integration of water resources protection aspects into landuse planning
- Preparation of GW vulnerability maps; - Inventory of GW hazards, risk assessment; - Delineation of GW protection zones - Support of implementation
ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring PlannedPlanned Project Project Activities Activities
3. Collection and use of monitoring data concerning quality and quantity of water resources
- Monitoring network - Water balance - WEAP model - Advice to WEBML (optimal usage and protection)
4. Support of the partner institutions concerning the implementation of urgent protective measures
Proposal for an - improved capture of Jeita Spring; - improved water conveyance system from the Jeita Spring to the Dbaye treatment plant.
ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring Data Availability DataData AvailabilityAvailability Groundwater
• Insufficient and inadequate meteorological stations/data (not heated > no snow data) • No groundwater monitoring > no water levels > no GW model • Spring discharge monitoring stations not adequately designed, maintained and monitored • Surface water gauging stations not adequately designed and maintained ► lack of funds and staff Water resources assessment needs monitoring system for all water balance components • rainfall / snow • spring discharge • runoff (surface water) • groundwater abstraction • irrigation water use (return flow) • domestic water use / losses (return flow)
► no data > no correct water resources assessment ► wrong water resources assessment leads to wrong planning ! ► failed investments in the water sector ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring - multiparameter probes SpringSpringJeita GrottoMonitoring Monitoring (+500) - gauging stations (weir, ADCPs) - direct discharge measurement (> 300 dilution tests)
Labbane spring Jeita spring Kashkoush spring Daraya tunnel Multiparameter probes parameters: Water level Temperature EC pH ORP DO (ammonium) (ISE) Protection of Jeita Spring +ADCP +ADCP TelemetricProtectionProtection data transfer ofof JeitaJeita SpringSpringAssal spring SpringSpring Monitoring Monitoring Assal – Monitoring by ADCP & multiparameter probe
Assa l Spring Flow (ADCP)
1.8 900
1.6 800
1.4 700
1.2 600
1 500
0.8 400 flow (m³/s) flow
0.6 300 (mm) rainfall cumm
0.4 200
0.2 100
0 0
012 013 2012 /2012 2012 2012 /2012 /2013 2013 2013 1 11/ 11/2 1 11/ 12/ 01/ 01/ 02/2 31/10/2012 07/ 14/ 21/ 28/ 05/12/2012 12/12/2012 19/ 26/12 02/01 09/01/2013 16/01/2013 23/ 30/ 06/02/2013 13/ time
ADCP : every 15 min multiparameter probe: every 20 min
ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring Jeita – Monitoring by ADCP & multiparameter probe SpringSpring Monitoring Monitoring
Monthly Discharge Jeita Spring
50,000,000
water year 2010/11: 132 MCM 45,000,000 water year 2011/12: 186 MCM
40,000,000
35,000,000
30,000,000
25,000,000
20,000,000
15,000,000
10,000,000
5,000,000
0
0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 10 1 1 1 11 11 1 -11 1 -1 1 1 1 12 1 1 - v- c- - r- t-11 - v- c- ug-10 ep-10 o e an- eb p ay un- Jul c pr- un- Jul- ug-12 ep-12 o e A S Oct N D J F Mar- A M J Aug-11Sep-11O Nov-11Dec-11Jan-12Feb-12Mar-1 A May-12J A S Oct N D
ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring ClimateClimate data data
Installation of meteorological stations at • Sheile • Aajaltoun • Kfar Debbiane • Bakeesh • Chabrouh dam
ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring SurfaceSurface water water data data
Proposal for installation of streamflow gauging stations at • Daraya (Nahr es Salib) • Daraya (Nahr es Zirghaya) • Jeita/Kashkoush (Nahr el Kalb)
LRA station 226 Daraya (Nahr es Salib + Nahr es Zirghaya) Parshall flume weir Daraya (Nahr es Salib)
Unsuitable location and profile Highly turbid flow Difficult calibration No maintenance
ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring Jeita - dO18 Isotope data Isotope data 18/11/2010 26/02/2011 06/06/2011 14/09/2011 23/12/2011 01/04/2012 10/07/2012 18/10/2012 26/01/2013 -28.00
- deuterium/oxygen-18 -33.00 - tritium/helium - CFC (chlorofluorocarbon) -38.00
D/18O > 500 analyses - 6 springs -43.00 - rainfall – 6 stations @ diff elev. - snow sampling campaigns -48.00
-53.00
Kashkoush Jeita Afqa Rouaiss Assal Labbane
D/18O Springs Jurassic Aq (J4) : - Jeita : daily - Kashkoush : every 15 days Springs Upper Creataceous Aq (C4) : - Assal, Labbane, Afqa, Rouaiss : 15 days Rainfall: Jeita, Sheile, Aajaltoun, Raifoun, Kfar Debbiane, Chabrouh : every 15 days Snow: integral & 10 cm depth intervals, 2 winter seas.
ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring ProjectProject Area Area = = Groundwater Groundwater Catchment Catchment July 2010
Assumption (UNDP 1970): SW = GW catchment
75% recharge 249 km² 50% recharge
ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring Project Area ProjectProject AreaArea Tracer Tests August 2010
150 km² 75% recharge 50% recharge
ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring Project Area ProjectProject AreaArea May 2011
?? 93 km²
tt ll u a 55 km² ff 55 km² h e n u o m m EC 320-360 µS/cm EC 200 µS/cm a EC 320-360 µS/cm J4: 39.4 km² EC 200 µS/cm Y all C4: 149 km² ?? EC 1,000 µS/cm
total mineralization at Jeita would need to be higher ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring Project Area ProjectProject AreaArea September 2011 / April 2012
J4: ! Avg elevation: 1020 m ! Avg rainfall: 1290 mm
XX
J4: 87 km²
all C4: 149 km²
► stable isotope analyses: large contribution from higher altitudes ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring Project Area ProjectProject AreaArea April / June 2012
Infiltration area Upper Nahr Ibrahim 30% infiltration (80 MCM/a) = 46% of Jeita discharge
Final Jeita Catchment: 406 km²
ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring GroundwaterGroundwater recharge recharge
Importance of Snow
Cretaceous plateau (1,800 – 3,000 m asl): 2-4 m snow (2012: up to 10 m and more) November – May
Very important for GW recharge (~ 86%) Snow is the lifeline of Lebanon
Climate change may lead to a significantly lower groundwater resources availability
Regional climatic scenarios predict less rainfall (15-30%), higher summer and winter temperatures (up to 5°C+) and thus less snow and runoff, more evaporation ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring GroundwaterGroundwater recharge recharge
- no major surface water runoff - rapid infiltration into Cretaceous aquifer - high GW recharge from snow melt
C4 limestone (upper aquifer)
ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring GroundwaterGroundwater recharge recharge
doline
GW recharge via dolines assumed GW recharge 86% in C4 ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring Groundwater System GroundwaterGroundwater SystemSystem New geological map prepared by BGR
Upper Aquifer
76 km² Aquitard 87 km² 149 km²
Lower Aquifer
ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring Aquifers
LithostratigraphyLithostratigraphy
Upper Aquifer up to 1000 m C4 C3 } C2b C2a
Aquitard 500 - 800 m C1 } J7 limited downward leakage J6 J5
Lower Aquifer >1050 m J4
ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring Source: C. D. Walley GroundwaterGroundwater discharge discharge
Jeita and Neighboring Catchments
Chekka
Lower Aquifer (J4) Jurassic Upper Aquifer (C4) Upper Cretaceous
ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring Groundwater Flow Mechanism d e t Groundwater Flow Mechanism l e in k r
u fau oc R: ~97 MCM o
n bl infiltration (30%) into w o Tan Jurassic aquifer Q: ~139 MCM
fl y
b
by ked loc lt b fau flow zh recharge in me A Upper Cretaceous re u aquifer x le f A: ~18 MCM y b d e k c lo L: ~13 MCM b w lo f Jurassic: 60% direct GW recharge Upper Cretaceous: 86% GW recharge J: ~172 MCM
K: ~70 MCM ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring controlled by GroundwaterGroundwater Flow Flow - structure (base) and - tectonics key elements to understanding of groundwater flow :
¾ analysis of tectonic system ¾ geological mapping ¾ tracer tests ¾ stable isotope analyses
ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring Groundwater contribution zone ≠ surface water catchment
50% of Jeita GW catchment is in Nahr Ibrahim SW catchment
ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring GroundwaterGroundwater Flow Flow Mean travel times
10 days traveltime
36 h 265 h 150 m/h
144 h 42 h 62 h 97 h
70-200 m/h 30 h 11 h 62 h
ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring Groundwater Vulnerability GroundwaterGroundwater Protection Protection Zones Zones COP Method (modified)
Very high = Zone 2A / 2 High = Zone 2B
ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring for Jeita Spring based on GroundwaterGroundwater Protection Protection Zones Zones Groundwater Vulnerability COP Method (modified)
ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring for Jeita, Afqa, Rouaiss, GroundwaterGroundwater Protection Protection Zones Zones Assal and Labbane springs
ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring ThankThank youyou forfor youryour kindkind attentionattention www.bgr.bund.de/jeita
Dr. Armin Margane – Project Team Leader Raifoun, Saint Roche Street [email protected] +961 70 398027
ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring