Council for Development and Reconstruction (CDR) Federal Institute for Geosciences Ministry of Energy and Water (MoEW) and Natural Resources (BGR), Water Establishment Beirut and Mount Lebanon (WEBML) Hannover, Germany German-Lebanese Technical Cooperation Project Protection of Jeita Spring Delineation of the Groundwater Catchment for Jeita Spring using Tracer Tests, Mapping of GW Vulnerability and Delineation of GW Protection Zones 4th Beirut Water Week February 20, 2013 Dr. Armin Margane, BGR ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring OutlineOutline • Project - Tasks • Description of Project Area • Project Activities related to Protection Zones - Delineation of GW Catchment - GW Vulnerability Map - GW Protection Zones ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring ProjectProject Setup Setup Duration 1st phase 2 years July 2010 – June 2012 extension 1.5 years July 2012 – December 2013 Partners - Council for Development and Reconstruction (CDR) - Water Establishment of Beirut and Mount Lebanon (WEBML) - Ministry of Energy and Water (MoEW) Cooperation between two German Development Aid Projects - KfW Development Bank > Jeita wastewater project (GITEC) ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring PlannedPlanned Project Project Activities Activities 1. Integration of water resources protection aspects into the investment planning and implementation process in the wastewater sector - Geoscientific advice for wastewater projects (site selection, EIA, WW best practice guidelines, standard for wastewater reuse, EIA guideline WW) 2. Integration of water resources protection aspects into landuse planning - Preparation of GW vulnerability maps; - Inventory of GW hazards, risk assessment; - Delineation of GW protection zones - Support of implementation ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring PlannedPlanned Project Project Activities Activities 3. Collection and use of monitoring data concerning quality and quantity of water resources - Monitoring network - Water balance - WEAP model - Advice to WEBML (optimal usage and protection) 4. Support of the partner institutions concerning the implementation of urgent protective measures Proposal for an - improved capture of Jeita Spring; - improved water conveyance system from the Jeita Spring to the Dbaye treatment plant. ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring Data Availability DataData AvailabilityAvailability Groundwater • Insufficient and inadequate meteorological stations/data (not heated > no snow data) • No groundwater monitoring > no water levels > no GW model • Spring discharge monitoring stations not adequately designed, maintained and monitored • Surface water gauging stations not adequately designed and maintained ► lack of funds and staff Water resources assessment needs monitoring system for all water balance components • rainfall / snow • spring discharge • runoff (surface water) • groundwater abstraction • irrigation water use (return flow) • domestic water use / losses (return flow) ► no data > no correct water resources assessment ► wrong water resources assessment leads to wrong planning ! ► failed investments in the water sector ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring - multiparameter probes SpringSpringJeita GrottoMonitoring Monitoring (+500) - gauging stations (weir, ADCPs) - direct discharge measurement (> 300 dilution tests) Labbane spring Jeita spring Kashkoush spring Daraya tunnel Multiparameter probes parameters: Water level Temperature EC pH ORP DO (ammonium) (ISE) Protection of Jeita Spring +ADCP +ADCP TelemetricProtectionProtection data transfer ofof JeitaJeita SpringSpringAssal spring Spring Monitoring Spring Monitoring 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 flow (m³/s) 1 0.8 Assal – Monitoring by ADCP & multiparameter probe 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 A ssa l Sprin Flow (ADCP) 31/10/2012 g ADCP : every 07/11/2012 14/11/2012 21/11/2012 15 min 28/11/2012 05/12/2012 12/12/2012 multiparameter probe: every 19/12/2012 26/12/2012 Protection of Jeita Spring Protection of Jeita Springtime 02/01/2013 900 800 09/01/2013 700 16/01/2013 600 23/01/2013 500 20 min 400 30/01/2013 300 06/02/2013 200 cumm rainfall (mm) 100 13/02/2013 0 Spring Monitoring Spring Monitoring 50,000,000 45,000,000 40,000,000 35,000,000 water year 2010/11: 132 MCM water year 2011/12: 186 MCM 30,000,000 25,000,000 Jeita – Monitoring by ADCP & multiparameter probe 20,000,000 Monthly Discharge Jeita Spring 15,000,000 10,000,000 5,000,000 0 Aug-10 Sep-10 Oct-10 Nov-10 Dec-10 Jan-11 Feb-11 Mar-11 Apr-11 May-11 Jun-11 Protection ofJul -Jeita11 Spring Aug-11 Sep-11 Oct-11 Nov-11 Dec-11 Jan-12 Feb-12 Mar-12 Apr-12 May-12 Jun-12 Jul-12 Aug-12 Sep-12 Oct-12 Nov-12 Dec-12 ClimateClimate data data Installation of meteorological stations at • Sheile • Aajaltoun • Kfar Debbiane • Bakeesh • Chabrouh dam ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring SurfaceSurface water water data data Proposal for installation of streamflow gauging stations at • Daraya (Nahr es Salib) • Daraya (Nahr es Zirghaya) • Jeita/Kashkoush (Nahr el Kalb) LRA station 226 Daraya (Nahr es Salib + Nahr es Zirghaya) Parshall flume weir Daraya (Nahr es Salib) Unsuitable location and profile Highly turbid flow Difficult calibration No maintenance ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring Jeita - dO18 Isotope data Isotope data 18/11/2010 26/02/2011 06/06/2011 14/09/2011 23/12/2011 01/04/2012 10/07/2012 18/10/2012 26/01/2013 -28.00 - deuterium/oxygen-18 -33.00 - tritium/helium - CFC (chlorofluorocarbon) -38.00 D/18O > 500 analyses - 6 springs -43.00 - rainfall – 6 stations @ diff elev. - snow sampling campaigns -48.00 -53.00 Kashkoush Jeita Afqa Rouaiss Assal Labbane D/18O Springs Jurassic Aq (J4) : - Jeita : daily - Kashkoush : every 15 days Springs Upper Creataceous Aq (C4) : - Assal, Labbane, Afqa, Rouaiss : 15 days Rainfall: Jeita, Sheile, Aajaltoun, Raifoun, Kfar Debbiane, Chabrouh : every 15 days Snow: integral & 10 cm depth intervals, 2 winter seas. ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring ProjectProject Area Area = = Groundwater Groundwater Catchment Catchment July 2010 Assumption (UNDP 1970): SW = GW catchment 75% recharge 249 km² 50% recharge ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring Project Area ProjectProject AreaArea Tracer Tests August 2010 150 km² 75% recharge 50% recharge ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring Project Area ProjectProject AreaArea May 2011 ?? 93 km² tt ll u a 55 km² ff 55 km² h e n u o m m EC 320-360 µS/cm EC 200 µS/cm a EC 320-360 µS/cm J4: 39.4 km² EC 200 µS/cm Y all C4: 149 km² ?? EC 1,000 µS/cm total mineralization at Jeita would need to be higher ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring Project Area ProjectProject AreaArea September 2011 / April 2012 J4: ! Avg elevation: 1020 m ! Avg rainfall: 1290 mm XX J4: 87 km² all C4: 149 km² ► stable isotope analyses: large contribution from higher altitudes ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring Project Area ProjectProject AreaArea April / June 2012 Infiltration area Upper Nahr Ibrahim 30% infiltration (80 MCM/a) = 46% of Jeita discharge Final Jeita Catchment: 406 km² ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring GroundwaterGroundwater recharge recharge Importance of Snow Cretaceous plateau (1,800 – 3,000 m asl): 2-4 m snow (2012: up to 10 m and more) November – May Very important for GW recharge (~ 86%) Snow is the lifeline of Lebanon Climate change may lead to a significantly lower groundwater resources availability Regional climatic scenarios predict less rainfall (15-30%), higher summer and winter temperatures (up to 5°C+) and thus less snow and runoff, more evaporation ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring GroundwaterGroundwater recharge recharge - no major surface water runoff - rapid infiltration into Cretaceous aquifer - high GW recharge from snow melt C4 limestone (upper aquifer) ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring GroundwaterGroundwater recharge recharge doline GW recharge via dolines assumed GW recharge 86% in C4 ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring Groundwater System GroundwaterGroundwater SystemSystem New geological map prepared by BGR Upper Aquifer 76 km² Aquitard 87 km² 149 km² Lower Aquifer ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring Aquifers LithostratigraphyLithostratigraphy Upper Aquifer up to 1000 m C4 C3 } C2b C2a Aquitard 500 - 800 m C1 } J7 limited downward leakage J6 J5 Lower Aquifer >1050 m J4 ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring Source: C. D. Walley GroundwaterGroundwater discharge discharge Jeita and Neighboring Catchments Chekka Lower Aquifer (J4) Jurassic Upper Aquifer (C4) Upper Cretaceous ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring GroundwaterGroundwater FlowFlow MechanismMechanism d e e k t rin l oc u o fau bl n w o infiltration (30%) into fl Tan y Jurassic aquifer flow blocked by b R: ~97 MCM Amezh fault e xur fle Q: ~139 MCM by ked loc w b flo recharge in Jurassic: Upper A: ~18 MCM Cretaceous J: ~172 MCM60% direct GW recharge L: ~13 MCM aquifer K: ~70 MCM Upper Cretaceous: Protection of Jeita Spring Protection of Jeita Spring 86% GW recharge controlled