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Andrew Rossos | 392 pages | 01 Jul 2008 | Hoover Institution Press,U.S. | 9780817948825 | English | Stanford, United States History of Macedonia (ancient kingdom) - Wikipedia

The kingdom of Macedonia was an ancient state in what is now the Macedonian region of northern Greecefounded in the mid-7th century BC during the period of Archaic and lasting until the mid-2nd century BC. Led first by the of kings, Macedonia became a vassal state of the of ancient Persia during the reigns of Amyntas I of Macedon r. The period of Achaemenid Macedonia came to an end in roughly BC with the ultimate Greek victory against the second Persian invasion of Greece led by Xerxes I and the withdrawal of Persian forces from the European mainland. His reign was also marked by conflict and temporary alliances with the Thracian ruler Sitalces of the . He eventually made peace with Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History, which formed an alliance with Macedonia that carried over into the reign of Archelaus I of Macedon r. His reign brought peace, stability, and financial security to the Macedonian realmyet his little-understood assassination perhaps by a royal page left the kingdom in peril and conflict. Alexander II r. With the use of skillful diplomacy, Philip II was able to make peace Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History the IllyriansThraciansPaeoniansand Athenians who threatened his borders. This allowed him time to dramatically reform the Ancient Macedonian armyestablishing the Macedonian that would prove crucial to his kingdom's success in subduing Greece, with the exception of . He gradually enhanced his political Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History by forming marriage alliances with foreign powers, destroying the in the Olynthian War — BCand becoming an elected member of the Thessalian and Amphictyonic Leagues for his role in defeating in the — BC. After the Macedonian victory over a coalition led by and Thebes at the BC Battle of ChaeroneaPhilip established the League of and was elected as its hegemon in anticipation of commanding a united Greek invasion of the Achaemenid Empire under Macedonian . This pretender to the throne was eventually executed by Alexander, yet the latter eventually succumbed to an unknown illness at the age of 32, whose death led to the Partition of Babylon by his former generals, the diadochichief among them being Antipaterregent of Alexander IV of Macedon r. This event ushered in the in West and the Mediterranean worldleading to the formation of Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History PtolemaicSeleucidand Attalid successor kingdoms in the former territories of Alexander's empire. Macedonia continued its role as the dominant state of Hellenistic Greeceyet its authority became diminished due to civil wars between the Antipatrid and nascent . However, the rebellion of of in BC led to the formation of the Achaean Leaguewhich proved to be a perennial problem for the ambitions of the Macedonian kings in mainland Greece. Although Philip Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History of Macedon r. Macedonia was forced to relinquish its holdings in Greece outside of Macedonia proper, while the — BC succeeded in toppling the monarchy altogether, after which placed r. In an attempt to dissuade rebellion in Macedonia, Rome imposed stringent constitutions in these states that limited their economic growth Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History interactivity. However, Andriscusa pretender to the throne claiming descent from the Antigonids, briefly revived the Macedonian Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History during the — BC. His forces were crushed at the second Battle of by the Roman general Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicusleading to the establishment of the of Macedonia and the initial period of Roman Greece. The Greek historians and reported the legend that the Macedonian kings of the Argead dynasty were descendants of Temenus of ArgosPeloponnese, who was believed to have had the mythical as one of his ancestors. The latter eventually obtained the after settling near the alleged gardens of Midas next to Mount Bermius in Lower Macedonia. Very little is known about the first five kings of Macedonia or the first eight kings depending on which royal chronology is accepted. The kingdom was situated in the fertile alluvial plain, watered by the rivers Haliacmon and Axiuscalled Lower Macedonia, north of . Around the time of Alexander I, the Argead Macedonians started to expand into Upper Macedonia, lands inhabited by independent Greek tribes like the Lyncestae and the Elimiotaeand to the west, beyond the Axius river, into the EmathiaEordaiaBottiaeaMygdoniaCrestonia and Almopia ; regions settled by, among others, many Thracian tribes. After Darius I of Persia r. The Macedonian kingdom was largely autonomous and outside of Persian control, but was expected to provide troops and provisions for the Achaemenid army. Alexander I, who Herodotus claimed was entitled proxenos and euergetes 'benefactor' by the Athenians, cultivated a close relationship with the following the Persian defeat and withdrawal, sponsoring the erection of statues at both panhellenic sanctuaries at and Olympia. War broke out in BC when Athens, perhaps seeking additional cavalry and resources in anticipation of the — BCallied with a brother and cousin of II who were in open rebellion against him. In BC, Perdiccas began to play a prominent role in the Peloponnesian War by aiding the Spartan general in convincing Athenian allies in to defect and ally with Sparta. Perdiccas II was obliged to send aid to the Athenian general Cleonbut he and Brasidas died in BC, and the Peace of struck in the following year between Athens and Sparta nullified the Macedonian king's responsibilities as an erstwhile Athenian ally. Archelaus I maintained good relations with Athens throughout his reign, relying on Athens to provide naval support in his BC siege of Pydna, and in exchange providing Athens with timber and naval equipment. Historical sources offer wildly different and confused accounts as to who assassinated Archelaus I, although it likely involved a homosexual love affair with royal pages at his court. The Greek historian provided a seemingly conflicting account about Illyrian invasions occurring in BC and BC, which may have been representative of a single invasion led by of the . Philip II of Macedon r. The exact date in which Philip II initiated reforms to radically transform the Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History army 's organization, equipment, and training is unknown, including Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History formation of the armed with long pikes i. The reforms took place over a period of several years and proved immediately successful against his Illyrian and Paeonian enemies. It is perhaps more likely that his years of captivity in Thebes during the Theban hegemony influenced his ideas, especially after meeting with the renowned general . Although Macedonia and the rest of Greece traditionally practiced monogamy in marriage, Philip II divulged in the ' barbarian ' practice of polygamymarrying seven different wives with perhaps only one that didn't involve the loyalty of his aristocratic subjects or the affirmation of a new alliance. This marriage would bear a son who would later rule as Alexander III better known as and claim descent from the legendary by way of his dynastic heritage from . The conflict began when Phocis captured and plundered the temple of at Delphi as a response to Thebes' demand that they submit unpaid fines, causing the to declare war on Phocis and a civil war among the members of the aligned with either Phocis or Thebes. For the next few years Philip II was occupied with reorganizing the administrative system of , campaigning against the Illyrian ruler Pleuratus Ideposing Arybbas in Epirus in favor of his brother-in-law Alexander I through Philip II's marriage with Olympiasand defeating Cersebleptes in Thrace. This allowed him to extend Macedonian control over the Hellespont in anticipation of an invasion into Achaemenid Asia. After the Macedonian victory at Chaeronea, Philip II imposed harsh conditions on Thebes, installing an oligarchy there, yet was lenient to Athens due to his desire to utilize their navy in a planned invasion of the Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History Empire. After his election by the as their commander-in-chief of a forthcoming Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History to invade the Achaemenid Empire, Philip II sought to shore up further Macedonian support by marrying Eurydiceniece of general Attalus. When Alexander intervened and proposed to marry Ada instead, Philip cancelled the wedding arrangements altogether and exiled Alexander's advisors PtolemyNearchusand Harpalus. Before Philip II was assassinated in the summer of BC, relations with his son Alexander had degenerated to the point where he excluded him entirely from his planned invasion of Asia, choosing instead for him to act as regent of Greece and deputy hegemon of the League of Corinth. Throughout his military career and kingship, Alexander won every battle that he personally commanded. The Macedonian king subsequently hunted down and executed Bessus in what is now Afghanistansecuring the region of Sogdia in the process. Despite his skills as a commander, Alexander perhaps undercut his own rule by demonstrating signs of megalomania. Alexander's court historian Callisthenes refused to perform this ritual there and the others took his example, an act of protest that led Alexander to abandon the practice. Gilley and Ian Worthington. When Alexander the Great died at Babylon in BC, his mother Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History immediately accused and his faction with poisoning him, although there is no evidence to confirm this. Leonnatus rescued Antipater by lifting the siege. A council of the army convened immediately after Alexander's death in Babylon, naming Philip III as king and the chiliarch Perdiccas as Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History regent. However, before Antipater died in BC, he named the staunch Argead loyalist as the regent to succeed him, passing over his own son Cassanderignoring the right of the king to choose a regent since Philip III was considered mentally unstableand bypassing the council of the army as well. Forming an alliance with Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History, Antigonus, and LysimachusCassander had his officer Nicanor capture the Munichia fortress of Athens' port town in defiance of Polyperchon's decree that Greek cities should be free of Macedonian garrisons, sparking the Second War of the Diadochi — BC. married Philip II's daughter Thessalonikeinducting him into the Argead dynastic house, and briefly extended Macedonian control into as far as EpidamnosMacedonia and the Macedonians: A History by BC, it was retaken by the Illyrian king Glaucias of Taulantii. The beginning of was defined by the struggle between the Antipatrid dynastyled first by Cassander r. While Cassander was besieging Athens in BC, invaded in order to sever Cassander's path of retreat back to Macedonia, although Cassander managed to hastily abandon the siege and march back to Macedonia. Demetrius was then proclaimed king in Macedonia, yet his subjects became increasingly concerned by his conduct as a seemingly aloof and Eastern-style autocrat. Macedonia was then divided between Pyrrhus and , the former taking western Macedonia and the latter eastern Macedonia. He was then proclaimed king Antigonus II of Macedon r. After defeating the largely mercenary army of Antigonus II at the BC Battle of AousPyrrhus was able to drive him out of Macedonia and force him to take refuge with his naval fleet. Pyrrhus lost much of his support among the Macedonians in BC when his unruly Gallic mercenaries plundered the royal cemetery of Aigai. The Antigonid naval fleets docked at Corinth and Chalkis during the reign of Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History II also proved instrumental in the maintenance of Antigonid-imposed local regimes in various Greek cities. Seeking an alliance with Macedonia to defend against the Aetolians, the queen mother and regent Olympias II of Epirus offered her daughter of Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History to Demetrius II in marriage, which he Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History yet damaged relations with the Seleucids by divorcing Stratonice of Macedon. r. In BC, at the height of the with the Carthaginian EmpireRoman authorities intercepted a ship off the Calabrian coast holding both a Macedonian envoy and a Carthaginian ambassador to Macedonia, who possessed a Punic document later translated into Greek and preserved by of declaring an alliance with Philip V of Macedon. A year after the concluded a peace agreement with Philip V in BC, the negotiated the Treaty of Phoenicewhich ended the war and allowed the Macedonians to retain the settlements they had captured in Illyria. While Philip V was ensnared in a conflict with several Greek maritime powers, Rome viewed these Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History events as an opportunity to punish a former ally of Hannibal, come to the aid of its Greek allies, and commit to a war that perhaps required a limited amount of resources in order to achieve victory. Eckstein stresses that the "did not plot long range-strategies" and instead "lurched from crisis to crisis" while allowing itself to become involved in the Hellenistic east only at the strong urging of its allies and despite its own exhausted and war-weary populace. Seeking either war or humiliation for the Macedonian king, his predictable rejection of their proposal served as a useful tool of propaganda demonstrating the honorable and philhellenic intentions of the Romans contrasted with the combative and antagonistic Macedonian response. Although the Macedonians were able to successfully defend their territory for roughly two Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History, [] the Roman consul Titus Quinctius Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History managed to expel Philip V from Macedonia in BC with him and his forces taking refuge in Thessaly. The Romans formally disestablished the Macedonian monarchy by installing four separate allied republics in its stead, their capitals located at AmphipolisThessalonicaPellaand Pelagonia. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Part of a series on the. Neolithic Greece. Greek Bronze Age. Helladic Cycladic Minoan Mycenaean. . Medieval Greece. Byzantine Greece Frankish and states. Early modern Greece. Modern Greece. History by topic. Art Constitution Economy Military Names. Main articles: Achaemenid Macedonia and Argead dynasty. Further information: Delian LeagueSpartan hegemonyand Theban hegemony. Left : a bust of Philip II of Macedon r. Kingdom of I Soter. Kingdom of Cassander. Kingdom of Lysimachus. Kingdom of . Roman Republic. Greek States. Main article: . Potomac Books. That sense of being one people allowed each Greek state and its citizens to Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History their values, experiences, traditions, resources, and talents to a new national identity and psyche. Macedonia - HISTORY

The history of Republic of North Macedonia encompasses the history of the territory of the modern state of Republic of Macedonia as well as that of the Macedonian people and the areas they inhabited historically. In antiquity, most of the territory that is now North Macedonia was included in the kingdom of Paeoniawhich was populated by the , a people of Thracian origins, [1] but also parts of ancient Illyria [2] [3] populated the area in the south, living among many other tribes and Dardania[4] inhabited by various Illyrian peoples, [5] [6] and Lyncestis and Pelagonia populated by the Molossian [7] tribes. None of these Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History fixed boundaries; they were sometimes subject to Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History Kings of Macedonand sometimes broke away. In the late 6th century BC, the Achaemenid Persians under conquered the PaeoniansMacedonia and the Macedonians: A History what is today North Macedonia within their vast territories. The Romans included most of the Republic in their province of Macedoniabut the northernmost parts Dardania lay in Moesia ; by the time of Diocletianthey had been subdivided, and the Republic was split between Macedonia Salutaris and Moesia prima. The ancient languages of the local Thraco-Illyrian people had already gone extinct before the arrival of the Slavs, and their cultural influence was highly reduced due to the repeated barbaric invasions on the during the early Middle Ages Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History, accompanied by persistent hellenizationromanisation and later slavicisation. South Slavic tribes settled in the territory of present-day North Macedonia in the 6th century. The Slavic settlements were referred to by Byzantine Greek historians as "Sklavines". The Sklavines participated in several assaults against the - alone or aided by Bulgars or Avars. Around AD the Bulgar group, led by khan Kuber who belonged to the same clan as the Danubian Bulgarian Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History Asparukhsettled in the Pelagonian plainand launched campaigns to the region of . In the late 7th century Justinian II organized massive expeditions against the Sklaviniai of the Greek peninsula, in which he reportedly captured overSlavs and transferred them to . By the time of Constans II who also organized campaigns against the Slavsthe significant number of the Slavs of Macedonia were captured and transferred to central Asia Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History where they were forced to recognize the authority of the Byzantine and serve in its ranks. Use of the name "Sklavines" as a nation on its own was discontinued in Byzantine records after circa as those Slavs in the Macedonia region became a population in the First Bulgarian Empire. Slavic influence in the region strengthened along with the rise of this state, which incorporated the entire region to its Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History in AD They were also apostles-Christianizators of the Slavic world. Their cultural heritage was acquired and developed in medieval , where after the region of became a significant ecclesiastical center with the nomination of the Saint Clement of Ohrid for "first archbishop in " Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History residence in this region. In conjunction with another disciple of Saints Cyril and Methodius, Saint Naumhe created a flourishing Bulgarian cultural center around Ohrid, where over 3, pupils were taught in the Glagolitic and Cyrillic script in what is now called Ohrid Literary School. At the end of the 10th century, much of what is now North Macedonia became the political and cultural center of the First Bulgarian Empire under Samuil ; while the Byzantine emperor Basil II came to rule the eastern part of the empire what Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History now Bulgariaincluding the then capital Preslavin A new capital was established at Ohridwhich also became the seat of the Bulgarian Patriarchate. From then on, the Bulgarian model became an integral part of wider Slavic culture as a whole. After several decades of almost incessant fighting, Bulgaria came under Byzantine rule in The whole of North Macedonia was incorporated into the Byzantine Empire as Theme of Bulgaria [2] and the Bulgarian Patriarchate was reduced in rank to an archbishopric, the Archbishopric of Ohrid. In the 13th and 14th centuries, Byzantine control was punctuated by periods of Bulgarian and Serbian rule. For example, Konstantin Asen - a former nobleman from Skopje - ruled as tsar of Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History from to Conquered by the Ottoman army at the end of the 14th century, [14] the region remained a part of the Ottoman Empire for over years, as part of the province or Eyalet of Rumelia. Over the centuries Rumelia Eyalet was reduced in size through administrative reforms, until by the nineteenth century it consisted of a region of central Albania and north-western part of the current state of North Macedonia with its capital at Manastir or present day Bitola. During the period of Ottoman rule the region gained a substantial Turkish minority, especially in the religious sense of Muslim; some of those Muslims became so through conversions. During the Ottoman rule, Skopje Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History Monastir Bitola were capitals of separate Ottoman provinces eyalets. The valley of the river Vardarwhich was later to become the central area of North Macedonia, was ruled by the Ottoman Empire prior to the First Balkan War ofwith the exception of the brief period in when it was liberated from Ottoman rule after the Russo-Turkish War —78becoming part of Bulgaria. Most of the ethnographers and travellers during Ottoman rule classified Slavic speaking people in Macedonia as Bulgarians. Evidence also exists that certain Macedonian Slavs, particularly those in the northern regions, considered themselves as Serbson the other hand the intention to join Greece predominated in southern Macedonia where it was supported by substantial part of the Slavic-speaking population too. Although references are made referring to Slavs in Macedonia being identified as Bulgarians, some scholars suggest that ethnicity in medieval times was more fluid than what we see it to be today, an understanding derived from nineteenth century nationalistic ideals of a homogeneous Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History. During the period of Bulgarian National Revivalmany Bulgarians from Vardar Macedonia supported the struggle for creation of Bulgarian cultural educational and religious institutions, including Bulgarian Exarchate. The region was captured by the Kingdom of Serbia during First Balkan War of and was subsequently annexed to Serbia in the post-war peace treaties except Strumica region was part of Bulgaria between and It was occupied by Kingdom of Bulgaria between and Inthe kingdom was officially renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and was divided into provinces called banovinas. The territory of Vardar Banovina had Skopje as its capital and it included what eventually became modern North Macedonia. The Bulgarian, Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History and Romanian schools were closed, the Bulgarian priests and all non-Serbian teachers were expelled. The policy of Serbianization in the s and s clashed with pro-Bulgarian sentiment stirred by Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization IMRO detachments infiltrating from Bulgaria, whereas local communists favoured the path of self-determination. InD. Footman, the British vice consul at Skopjeaddressed a lengthy report for the Foreign Office. He wrote that "the majority of the inhabitants of Southern Serbia are Orthodox Christian Macedonians, ethnologically more akin to the Bulgarians than to the Serbs. He also pointed to the existence of the tendency to seek an independent Macedonia with Salonica as its capital. The occupying powers persecuted those inhabitants of the province who opposed the regime; this prompted some of them to join the Communist resistance movement of Josip Broz Tito. When the former Vardar province was established inmost of its territory was transferred into a separate republic while the northernmost parts of the province remained with Serbia. Inthe new republic was granted federal status as an autonomous "People's Republic of Macedonia" within the new Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. In the Constitution of Yugoslavia it was slightly renamed, to Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History it in line with the other Yugoslav republics, as the Socialist Republic of Macedonia. Greece was concerned by the initiatives of the Yugoslav government, as they were seen as a pretext for future territorial claims against the Greek province of " Northern Greece " which formed the bulk of historical Macedonia and was also officially called 'Macedonia'. The Yugoslav authorities also promoted the development of the Macedonians ' ethnic identity and Macedonian language. The Macedonian language was codified in Keithfrom the Slavic dialect spoken around Veles. This further angered both Greece and Bulgaria, because of the possible territorial claims of the new states to the Greek and Bulgarian parts of the region of Macedonia received after the Balkan Wars. After the end of the war, the ELAS fighters who took refuge in southern Yugoslavia and Bulgaria were not all permitted by Greece to return: only those who considered themselves Greeks were allowed, whereas those who considered themselves Bulgarians or Macedonians were barred. These events also contributed to the bad state of Yugoslav-Greek relations in Macedonia. Inthe form of government peacefully changed from socialist state to parliamentary democracy. The first multi-party elections were held on 11 and 25 November and 9 December On 8 Septemberthe Republic of Macedonia held a referendum where The question of the referendum was formulated as "Would you support independent Macedonia with the right to enter future union of sovereign states of Yugoslavia? On 25 September the Declaration Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History Independence was formally adopted by the Macedonian Parliament making the Republic of Macedonia an independent country - although in Macedonia independence day is still celebrated as the day of the referendum 8 September. A new Constitution of the Republic of Macedonia was adopted on 17 November Bulgaria was the first country to recognize the new state under its constitutional name. However, international recognition of the new country was delayed by Greece's objection to the use of what it considered a Hellenic name and national symbols, Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History well as controversial clauses in the Republic's constitution. To compromise, Macedonia was admitted to the Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History Nations under the provisional name of "the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia" on 8 April Greece was still dissatisfied and it imposed a trade blockade in February The sanctions were lifted in September after Macedonia changed its flag and aspects of its constitution that were perceived as granting it the right to intervene in the affairs of other countries. The two neighbours immediately went ahead with normalizing their relations, but the state's name remains a source of local and international controversy. The usage of each name remains controversial to supporters of the other. After the state was admitted to the United Nations under the temporary reference "the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia", other international organisations adopted the same convention. More than half of the UN's member states have recognized the country as the Republic of Macedonia, including the Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History States of America while the rest use the temporary reference "the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia" or have not established any diplomatic relations with Macedonia. Inthe Kosovo War led toAlbanian refugees from Kosovo fleeing into Macedonia, greatly disrupting normal life in the region and threatening to upset the balance between Macedonians and Albanians. Refugee camps were set up Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History Macedonia. Athens did not interfere with the Republic's affairs when NATO forces moved to and from the region ahead a Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History invasion of Yugoslavia. Thessaloniki was the main depot for humanitarian aid to the region. The Republic did not become involved in the conflict. However, the war increased tensions and relations between ethnic Macedonians and Albanian Macedonians became strained. On the positive side, Athens and Ankara presented a united front of 'non-involvement'. In the spring ofethnic Albanian insurgents calling themselves the National Liberation Army some of whom were former members of the Kosovo Liberation Army took up arms in the west of the Republic of Macedonia. They demanded that the constitution be rewritten to enshrine certain ethnic Albanian interests such as language rights. The fighting was concentrated in and around Tetovothe fifth largest city in the republic. The government would give ethnic Albanians greater civil rights, and the guerrilla groups would voluntarily relinquish their weapons to NATO monitors. Directly after the operation finished in September the NLA Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History dissolved itself. Ethnic relations have since improved significantly, although hardliners on both sides have been a continued cause for concern and some low level violence continues particularly directed against police. The results of the official investigation revealed that the cause of the plane accident was procedural mistakes by the crew, committed during the approach to land at Mostar Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History. It was expected that the EU would announce in late the date for commencement of EU accession negotiations. In AugustPoland became the th country, out of total members of UN, to recognize the then Republic of Macedonia under its constitutional name. Before a permanent agreement between Greece and the Republic of Macedonia about the latter's name had Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History reached, the proposal was to name it 'Republika Makedonija-Skopje' with that spellingbut was rejected by the Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History of Macedonia. The UN mediator Matthew Nimetz proposed another form several months afterward, proposing that the name "Republika Makedonija" should be used by the countries that have recognized the country under that name and that Greece should use the formula "Republika Makedonija — Skopje", while the international institutions and organizations should use the name "Republika Makedonia" in Latin alphabet transcription, but this form was rejected by Greece. In Junean agreement was reached between the governments of Greece and the then Republic of Macedonia to rename the latter the Republic of North Macedonia, or North Macedonia for short. This agreement, after it had been accepted by the respective legislatures of both countries, came into effect on 12 Februarythus ending the disputes. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Redirected from History of the Republic of Macedonia. This article is about the history of North Macedonia. For the history of the wider Macedonian region, see History of Macedonia region. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. Learn how and when to remove these template messages. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. This article possibly contains original research. Macedonia | ancient kingdom, Europe | Britannica

The Macedonian-Greek conflict is a very complex issue. Lots of books have been Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History about Macedonia, but many of them simply serve to justify the aspirations, propaganda, and the partition of Macedonia ofby the neighboring countries such as Greece. These sources are, therefore, biased. The Greek pages about Macedonia rely strictly on their very own Greek propaganda sources, which naturally makes Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History biased. In order to find the real truth about Macedonia, one has to rely on the independent and neutral sources when looking into history. This page is such case, which browses historical independent and neutral facts, to show the truth about Macedonia against the century-old Greek propaganda. Macedonia seceded from Yugoslavia and became a sovereign state by a popular referendum held in September when the majority of voters chose independence. Greece immediately demanded from the international community not to recognize the country under its name Macedonia. Greece alleges that:. The Macedonians should not be recognized as Macedonians because the Macedonians have been of Greek nationality since BC. Those Macedonians whose language belongs to the Slavic family of languages, must not call themselves Macedonians because years ago, the Macedonians spoke Greek and still speak nothing but Greek. Macedonia has no right to call itself by this name because Macedonia has always been and still is a region of Greece. The Macedonians affirm that:. The ancient Macedonians were a distinct European people, conscious and proud of their nationality, their customs, their language, and their name. The same applies to the modern Macedonians today. The ancient Macedonians regarded the ancient Greeks as neighbors, not as kinsmen. The Greeks treated the Macedonians as foreigners "barbarians" whose native language was Macedonian, not Greek. Macedonia was never a region of Greece. On the contrary, ancient Greece was subjected to Macedonia. Inmodern Greece and her Balkan allies partitioned Macedonia. If today a portion of Macedonia belongs to Greece, it is by virtue of an illegal partition of the whole and occupation of a part of Macedonia. These assertions will be shown Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History be true in the eyes of history proving the absurdity of Greek allegations against the people of Macedonia. In the course of the second pre-Christian millennium, the ancient Greeks descended in several migratory waves from the interior of the Balkans to Greece. Some passed across the plain of Thessaly on their way south, while others went south through Epirus. More recent scholars point to Asia Minor as the original Greek homeland. There is no evidence that the ancient Greeks ever settled prehistoric Macedonia. Archeological evidence shows that ancient Macedonia lay beyond the cultural and ethnic borders of the Bronze Age Civilization, which ends at the border of northern Thessaly - BC. The prehistoric Macedonians show a remarkable continuation of existing material culture. Ancient Macedonia was home to many tribes. The ancient Macedonian tribes emerged from the Brygians or Phrygians. Some of the Brygians left Macedonia and migrated to Asia Minor where they changed their name to Phrygians and established a powerful Phrygian kingdom Herodotus. When the Macedonian army under Alexander the Great will enter centuries later, Philotas spoke of the Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History between the Phrygians and the Macedonians, by calling the Macedonians "Phrygians" Curtius. Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History, they did not consider Macedonia especially attractive for permanent settlement. Neither did the Macedonians welcome them as open-heartedly as did the Italians and Scythians. By the middle of the fourth century BC, the Greek settlers were expelled from Macedonia and their cities, including 's native Stragira, razed to the ground by the Macedonian king Philip II Aristotle died in exile in Greece. The ancient Macedonians regarded the Greeks as potentially dangerous neighbors, never as kinsmen. The Greeks stereotyped the Macedonians as "barbarians" and treated them in the same bigoted manner in which they treated all non-Greeks. Herodotusthe Father of History, relates how the Macedonian king Alexander I BCa Philhellene that is "a friend of the Greeks" and logically a non- Greekwanted to take a part in the Olympic games. The Greek athletes protested, saying they would not run with a barbarian. Historian Thucydidis also calls the Macedonians barbarians, and so did Thracymachus who called Archelaus a barbarian who enslaved Greeks. Demosthenesthe great Athenian statesman and orator, spoke of Philip II as:. This battle had established Macedonian hegemony over Greece and this date is commonly taken as the end of Greek history and the beginning of the Macedonian era. Greece did not regain its independence until AD. On rumors of his death, a revolt broke out in Greece with the support of leading Athenians. Alexander marched south covering miles in two weeks. When the revolt continued he sacked Thebes, killing 6, people and enslaving the survivors. Only the temples and the house of the poet were spared. The Ancient Macedonian Language. The Macedonians spoke their own native language which was unrecognizable by the Greeks. The very label barbarian literally means a person who does not speak Greek. Though Alexander spoke also Greek, loved , and respected Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History tutor Aristotle, there is much evidence that he hated the Greeks of his day, just like his father Philip II. Philip had razed to the ground the Greek cities on Macedonian territory including all 32 Greek cities in Chalcidice Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History enslaved their inhabitants. Alexander the Great thoroughly destroyed Thebes. His Asian empire has not once Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History described as "Greek", but is correctly called Macedonian for he won it with an army of 35, Macedonians and only 7, Greeks, and similar numbers of and who were all forced to Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History with their Macedonian overlords. The overwhelming number of Greeks however, 50, in total Curtiushad however, distinguished themselves on the side of the Persians and fought fiercely till the end against the Macedonians. For instance, at the battle of Granicus there were 20, Greeks, out of which the Macedonians killed 18, and the 2, survivors were sent in chains to Macedonia Arrian, Curtius. Arrian specifically speaks of the "old racial rivalry" between Macedonians and Greeks that characterized this battle. At the battle of Issus, there were 30, Greeks on the side of the Persians to fight Alexander, and their survivors also fought at Gaugamela along with the Albanians and the Persians, against the Macedonians. The question of the use of Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History ancient Macedonian language was raised by Alexander himself during the trial of Philotas, one of his generals accused of treason. This is what Alexander has said to Philotas:. For he alone disdains to learn it. But let him Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History all means speak in whatever way he desires, provided that you remember that he holds out customs in as much abhorrence as our language " Curtius. The trial of Philotas took place in Asia before a Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History public, which has understood Greek as it was then a common language, like English today. But Alexander spoke Macedonian with his Macedonians the language he accuses Philotas of loathing and used Greek in addressing the west Asians. Like Carthagenian, Illyrian, and Thracian, ancient Macedonian was not recorded in writing. However, on the bases of about a hundred glosses, Macedonian words noted and explained by Greek writers, some place names from Macedonia, and a few names of individuals, most scholars believe that ancient Macedonian was a separate Indo-European language. Evidence from phonology indicates that the ancient Macedonian language was distinct from ancient Greek. It is significant that the Greeks again fought against the Macedonians during the Macedonian Wars, on the side of the Romans. The Macedonians were asked to evacuate from the whole of Greece and withdrew to Macedonia by the Romans, and the Greek fought against the Macedonian army and its king Philip V until their final defeat PolybiusLivy. After the end of the Macedonian kingdom, Latin was the official language in Roman Macedonia from BC until the demise of Roman rule at the end of the sixth century AD. The Slavs settled lands as far as Peloponnesus and the Aegean islands, and some of the Slavic tribes in Greece remained unconquered for centuries. During the following centuries, the Slavs mixed with the original Macedonians, Greeks, Thracians, and Illyrians, and thus laid the foundations to the modern nations of the Balkans, and their modern languages. Today's modern Macedonian language has both ancient Macedonian and Slavic background. How much modern Macedonian is based upon ancient Macedonian is impossible to say since we do not have many ancient Macedonian words that have survived, except about glosses. Yet, ancient Macedonian words are still present in modern Macedonian. Alexander's infantry peshatairoi literally means "armed walking men" in modern Macedonian Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History. Hammond says that the ancient Macedonians called their commander tchelnikuwhich again means in modern Macedonian "somebody who leads" chelniku. The Macedonian prodromoiwere the openers in the battles of Alexander the Great. Today in modern Macedonian this means "somebody who penetrates" prodiretc. Many ancient Macedonian names are still present among today's Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History, and many ancient Macedonian customs have the ancients have described have survived as well among today's Macedonians. The modern Macedonian language was systemized in the middle of the ninth century by SS Cyril and Methodius, the two Macedonian brothers from the largest Macedonian city of Salonica. This language has functioned as the principal literary, liturgical, and colloquial language of Macedonia ever since. This period of the Macedonian history set the foundations for the development of the modern Macedonian nation and in the centuries after the coming of the Slavs, the Macedonians continue to exist in Byzantine sources as nation. Macedonia resisted the settlement attacks by the Armenian and Syrian dynasties, who held power in New Rome Byzantiumand by the nomadic Bulgarians. From toMacedonia was part of the multi-cultural Byzantine Empire. In the next two centuries, the Macedonians fought foreign invaders, adventurers, and bandits who failed to dominate their land, apart from the Serbs and the Bulgarians who briefly held it. In the fifteenth century, the Ottoman Turks succeeded in conquering all of Macedonia, Greece, and the rest of the Balkans, and enforced their year old rule. Greek, Serbian, and Bulgarian Independence. Inthe European powers intervened on behalf of the Greek rebels and forced the Turks to grant them independence. The same powers, established the first modern Greek state, chose Prince Otto of Bavaria to be the "King of the Hellenes", and sent him to Athens. Serbia freed herself also from the Turkish rule, while Russia declared war on Turkey to help Bulgaria gain its independence. San Stefano and Berlin Conferences. The Turks had to agree to the formation of the new Bulgarian state, to also include all of Macedonia but the city of Salonika. Russia was hoping that greater Bulgaria with Macedonia would give her the strategic exit on the , but she encountered fierce resistance from Austria-Hungary and England that saw their interests on the Balkans endangered. On July 13, with the Berlin Conference, they forced Russia to give up her dream and the San Stefano agreement was revised. Macedonia was returned to the Ottoman Empire. From this moment, Macedonia became a battleground where the interests not only of the Balkan states, but also of the Great Powers, collide. The Macedonian and Greek Orthodox Churches.