1 Instituted the Subgenus Helicella As the Sixth Subgenus of His Genus " Helix, Muller "

174

ON IIE LI G ELL A, FERUSSAC. By G. K. GUDE, F.Z.S., and B. B. "WOODWARD, F.L.S. Head 8th April, 1921. IN January, 1821, Ferussac, in his " Tableau systematique do la famille des Limagons ",1 instituted the subgenus Helicella as the sixth subgenus of his genus " Helix, Muller ". It was an agglomeration of 148 species, which, as the result of the researches of succeeding malacologists, are now referred to widely differing genera and even families. This dispersal was effected piecemeal, at different times, and under varying influences of opinion, hence there is neither method nor consistency in the conclusions arrived at by the several writers. Nor can this be wondered at, seeing that the necessary literature has, until lately, been but imperfectly known, and no agreed standard of nomenclature set up. Now, however, thanks to the untiring efforts of Mr. C. Davies Sherborn, in connexion with his " Index Animalium", and Mr. Tom Iredale (to both of whom we are greatly indebted for much valuable assistance and advice, which we here gladly acknowledge), as well as other workers, practically all the needful literature has been sought out and recorded, hence it has become highly desirable to scrutinize this composite group afresh, under the guidance of those International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature, which the majority of systematic zoologists now follow.2 The results are in some respects startling, and involve the discarding of some names that have become familiar, and the changing of others. The writers yield to no possible, or probable ciitics thereof in deploring this outcome of their researches ; but if finality in nomenclature is ever to be obtained and justice done to the pioneers in malacology, the International Eules must be strictly adhered to. Ferussac took the name for his subgenus from the nude vernacular " Helicelle " of Lamarck,3 and must consequently have the credit

1 Also cited, and by the author himself, as " Prodromus". Our citations arc all given from the January edition; the numeration of the pages in the June edition is exactly four less, owing to the omission of the " Avertissement". Both editions are quoted indiscriminately in Ferussac's later " Histoire", and that sometimes on the same page ! - The latest edition of these Rules, extracted from the Proceedings of the Ninth International Zoological Congress, Monaco, 1913 (T. 0. Smalhvood, Washington, D.C., September, 1916), has here been followed. * Extrait dn Cours de Zoologie, 1812, p. 115, last line. GUDE & WOODWARD : ON HEL1CELLA, FERUSSAC. 175 of 'l.'ie Latinized form to the exclusion of Lamarck. Fcrussac further added to Lamarck's group those of other authors, for Ins synonymy includes " Sylvicola, Humphrey ; Zoniles, Montfort; ilelicella, Lamarck ; and Vortex, Ocken [si'c]." The subgenus is further divided by him into four groups, with synonymy as follows :— . 1. Les Lomastomes, Lomastomcc. Sylvicola, Humphrey. 2. Les Aplostomes, Aplostomw [misprinted Aplolosmw]. Helix, Humphrey. Zonites. Montfort. Ilelicella, Lamarck. 3. Les Hygromanes, Hygromanes. 4. Les Heliomanes, Heliomanes. It will be noted that all these group names are intended to be in the plural, and that while the first two have been duly rendered into Latin plurals, the two Greek names have not been so treated, but are merely the vernacular repeated in italics.4 No one of them, therefore, can be employed as a generic, or sub- generic name on his authority. Gray, in 1810 5 employed them in exactly the same sense as did Ferussac.6 In the next place it is quite obvious that Ilelicella, Fer., can only be applied to certain members of the second group, as Beck, Gray, S. P. Woodward, and H. & A. Adams recognized, and cannot be resorted to for any member of the fourth group as attempted by later writers, notably Pilsbry, who were misled by Risso. Risso, who was dealing, it must be remembered, not with Mollusca in general, but only those of a limited geographical area, manifestly intended to follow Ferussac in the use of the name Ilelicella, though he does not acknowledge the authorship. He included in it only three species, algira, Linn., rupcslris, Drap., and nitida, Drap., of those in Ferussac's Aplostomae, drawing the remainder from the Hygromanes and Heliomanes. At the same time he separated out under Theba (Leach MS.) the cartusiana group, whilst confusing with them three species of the Heliomanes group—pisana, Mull., pyramidala, Drap., and conspurcata, Drap. So that even if Ferussac had not clearly indicated which group contained his typical Helicellas, Risso's assemblage could not well be taken as indication of a choice.

4 This was first pointed out by Mr. Iredale, Proe. llalac. Soc, xi, 1914, p. 176. Ferussac was notoriously careless in hi3 formation of names from classical sources, e.g. Cecilioiiles, which he meant to derive from Ccecus. 5 Turton's " Manual ", new edition. 6 Beck, " Index Moll.," p. 18, in hi3 S3-nonymy of BraiJybccna converted the two last of theni into the equally unacceptable " Hygromanse" and " Heliomanos ". . 176 PROCEEDINGS OF TUB 3IALACOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

v The synonymy of Risso's Theba, when restricted as just mentioned, according to our reading, should be as follows:—

Genus THEBA, Risso, 1826. Type, Helix carlusiana, Miiller (selected by Pilsbry, 1895). 1819. Telia [par?] : Leach, Synop. Moll. Brit., proof sheets, p. 9). 1821. lldudla [pars]: Ferussae, Tab!, svst. Limacons, Jan. ed., p. 41 (June ed., p. 37). 1821. Zambia [pars]: Gray, London Med. Repos., xv, p. 239. [Non Oken, 1S15 (Lcpidopt.).] 1S2G. Theba (Leach MS.): Kisso, Hist. Nat. F.urop. merid., iv, p. 73. 1833. Monacha [pars]: Htzineer, ISeitr. Landesk. Oestcrr., iii, p. 95, [Non Monachm, Kaup, 1829 (Aves).] 1837 Eradt/btxrta [pars]: Beck, Index Moll., p. 18. [Non liiadxbvcnut, Dejcan, 1829 (Coleopt.).] 1837. Frutkicola [pars]: Held, Isis, xxx, lift. 12, col. 914. 1838. Cernudla [pars] : Schluter, Kurz. syst. Verzeichn., p. G. 1871. Carthusiana: Kobclt, Cat. Europ. Binnenconch., p. 11. 18S9. Lalonia: Westerlund, Fauna Palaarct. Region, ii, pp. 30 and C8. [Non Meyer, 1843 (Rept.).] 18S9. Euomplialia: ib., pp. 31 and 92. 1904. Waierlundia : Kobelt, in Rossmassler's Icon., N.F. xi, pp. 131 and 181 [n.nov. for Latonia]. Ferussac's first group, Lomastoma;, need not be dwelt on at length. It comprised thirty-seven species, two of which are indeterminate, while two are now referred to Zonitidae, and one to PupillidEB, the remaining thirty-two being distributed among various genera of the Helicidse, as shown in the list with which this paper concludes. The Aplostomse, on the other hand, since they include Ferussac's " Ilclicella, Lamarck ", demand a close scrutiny. They were divided by Ferussac into : " Les Pesons, Verticilli," ten species; " Lea Hyalines, Ilyalince," twenty-three species; and " Les Rubannies, Fasciatw," twenty species. In the first subgroup are seven species now referred to Pyramidula, Function, Palula, Ilelicodiscus, and Goniodiscus (i.e. the Helix of Humphrey et alii): and three, algira, Linn, (the type), with verticillus, For., and gemonense, Fer., belonging to Montfort's prior genus Zoniles. With a few exceptions the Fasciatse are now placed in genera belonging to one or other of the numerous subfamilies of Zonitidie. Hence Helicella, Fer., s.s., comes into use for the bulk of the Hyalinee, with Helix cellatia, Miiller, as the type (fixed by Gray in 1847).7 Three distinct genera have since been formed for certain species of the group, namely, Vitrea, Fitzinger, 1833, Petasina, Beck, 1847, and Zoniloicles, Lehmann, 1862. The synonymy of the four genera will therefore run as follows :—•

7 " List of Genera of Recent Mollusca " in Proc. Zool. Soc, 1847. This reference applies to all the citations from Gray for that year. GUDE & WOODWARD: ON HELICELLA, FERUSSAC. 177

Genus VITREA, Fitzinger, 1833. Type, Helix diaphana (Studer), Fitzinger. 1821. Helicella [pars]: Ferussac, Tabl. syst. Limacons, Jan. ed., p. 41 (Juno ed., p. 37). 1833. Discus [pars]: Fitzinger, Beitr. Landesk. Oesterr., iii, p. 99. 1833. Vitrea: ib. 1S37. Hyalinia, Ag. (Msc) [pars]: Charpentier, Neue Denkschr. Allg. Schweiz. Gesell., i [No. 2], p. 13. 1837. Polita [pars]: Held, Isis, xxx, hft. 12, col. 916. •.r ' [ Cryslallus: Lowe, Proc. Eool. Soc. Lond., 1854, xxii, p. 178. e ?' \ Aplostoma [pars]: Moquin-Tandon, Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 72. Genus HELICELLA, Ferussac, 1821. Type, Helix cellaria, Miiller (selected by Gray in 1847). 1815. Vortex [pars] : Oken, Lehrb. Naturg., iii, abth. 1, p. 314. [JVon Humphrey, 1797.] 1821. Helicella [pars] : Ferussac,Tabl. syst. Limacons, Jan. ed., p. 41 (June ed., p. 37). 1833. Oxychilui [para]: Fitzinger, Beitr. Landesk. Oesterr., iii, p. 100. [Non Oxycheila, Dejean, 1825 (Coleopt.).] 1S37. Hyalinia, Ag. (Msc.) [pars]: Charpentier, Xeue Denkschr. Allg. Schweiz. Gesell., i [No. 2], p. 13. 1837. Polita [pars] : Held, Isis, xxx, hft. 12, col. 916. 1850. Hyalina [pars]: Albers, Heliceen, p. 66. [Xon, Schumacher, 1817 (Marginellidx), nee Studer, 1820 (Vitrina).] Alar' f ^uc'"a : Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Land., 1854, xxii, p. 177. jj nt' f dplosloma [pars] : Moquin-Tandon, Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 72.

Subgenus HELICELLA, S.S 1857. Euhyalina : Albers, Malak. BlStt., iv, p. 01. 1907. Euhyalinia : Taylor, Monog. Moll. Brit. Is. [ii], p. 18. Subgenus RETINELLA (Shuttleworth MS.), Fischer, 1877. Type, Helix olivetorum, Gmelin (indicated by Fischer).8 1877. Rdinclla (Shuttleworth MS.): Fischer, Notitisc, Malac. Shuttle- worth, ii, p. 5. 1878. JEgopina^ : Kobclt, in Rossmassler's Icon., vi, p. 15. Genus PETASINA, Beck, 1847." Type, Helix fulva, Muller (selected by Gray in 1847''). 1833. Conulus [pars] : Fitzinger, Beitr. Landesk. Oesterr., iii p. 94. [Xon Leske, 1778 (Echinod.).] 1837. Pelasia [pars]: Beck, Index Moll., p. 21. [Xon Stephens, 1828 (Lepidopt.); nee Morren, 1829 (Infusor.); nee Audinet-Serville, 1831 (Orthopt.).] 1838. Cernuella [pars]: Schluter, Kurz. sj'st. Yerzeichn., p. 6. 1847. Petasina: Beck, Amtl. Ber. 24 Versamm. Deutsch. Naturf., p. 122.

8 The well-known British species, nilidula, Drap., pura, Alder, and radiatula, Alder, arc now placed, in this subgenus on anatomical grounds. ' Previously the specie3 of this subgenus had been referred to Mesomphix, Kafinesque (Journ. de Physique, lxxxviii, 1819, p. 425), but that name i3 now reserved for American species only. VOL. XIV.—OCTOBEK, 1921. 13 178 PROCEEDINGS OF THE JIALACOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

18S3. Euconulus : Reinhardt, Sitzb. Gesell. Naturf. Freunde, Berlin, 1883, p. 8G. 1SS8. Trochulus: Wcsterlund, Fauna Palaarct. Region, i, p. 20 and Beil. iii, p. 10. [Xon Humphrey, 1797 (=Monoilonla, Lara.) j ntc "Trochulus, Christ." Gray, 1847; nee Trochula, Sehluter, 1838 (= Helicopsis).] 18S9. Ernstla: Jousseaume, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, ii, p. 250. 1S90. Arnouliia: Bourguignat, Bull. Soc. JIalac. France, vii, p. 330. Genus ZOXITOIDES, Lehmann, 1862. Type, Helix nitidus, Mttller. 1821. Hclicella [pars]: Ferussac, Tabl. syst. Lima cons, Jan. ed., p. 41 (June ed., p. 37). 1833. Ozychilus [pars]: Fitzinger, Beitr. Landesk. Oesterr., iii, p. 100. [iVon Oxycheila, Dejean, 1825 (Coleopt.).] 1837. Ilyalinia, Ag. (Mse.) [pars]: Charpentier, Neue Denkschr. Allg. Scluveiz. Gesell., i [No. 2], p. 13. 1850. Hi/alina [pars]: Albers, Helicecn, p. GO. [Non Schumacher, 1817 ' (Marginellidoe) ; nee Studer, 1820 (= Fifrinn).] 1855. Aplostoma [pars]: Moquin-Tandon, Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 72. 1802. Zonitoides : Lehmann, Malak. Blatt., ix, p. 111. Section 1 : Zonitoides, s.s., as above. Section 2 : Pseudohyalina, Morse, 1864. Type, P. exigua (Stimpson), hereby selected. 1864; Pie idoliyilina: Morse, Jouin. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., i, pp. 5 and 15. 1879. Chanomphalus, Strebel, Beitr., Kennt. Fauna Mexik., L; & S. Conch. 5v, 18S0 [i.e. 1S79], p. 19. Hygromanes, Ferussac's third group, has had, like his first, to be redistributed. Beck, in 1837,i0 practically incorporated it bodily, with some species froni Heliomanes, in his Bradybama, including carthusiana and carthusianella, which formed the core of Risso's Theba (Leach SIS.). Seeing that Beck had already used Thcba, Leach, for the bulk of Heliomanes plus some Hygromanes,11 he cannot be held to have discriminated between the various forms classed together under Ferussac's Hygromanes. The group as constituted by Ferussac, contained twenty-eight species. Of these, eight are referable to Theba (Leach MS.) of Risso ; three are now placed in Eidota, Hartmann; one in Acanthimda, Beck ; one in Thersiles, Pfeiffer; while one, " albida ? Studer," remains indeterminate. The remaining fourteen form a concrete group that of late has been referred to Hygromia, Risso, 1826. Only two species were included by Risso under the name :— cinctella, Fer., and folliculata, Risso (= ciliata (Venetz), Studer, 1820), and Gray in 1847 ~' selected the former as the type. Hygromia as a generic name had, however, been already employed by Schrank in 1803 for Vermes,12 and is consequently not available. Recourse must therefore be had to Held's name Fruticicola, founded in 1837.13

10 Index Moll., p. 18. » Ib., p. 10. 11 Fauna Boica, iii, pt. ii, pp. ISO and 227-9. « Isis, xxx, lift. 12, col. 914. GUDE & WOODWARD : ON HEL1CELLA, F.£lU)SSAC. 179

Gray in 1847 had made this a synonym for Hygromia, and consequently cinctella, which is the first species cited by Held, remains the type of the genus. The genus, which is a large one, has been divided into subgenera on anatomical grounds by more than one writer, the latest of whom, Mr. Hugh Watson,14 has so ably summed up the work of his predecessors for the greater part of the genus that it only remains for us t'o make some necessary alterations in his nomenclature, to supply some names for sections left innominate by him, and to add those sections with which he did not deal, in order to arrive at a correct synonymy of the whole genus. Genus FRUTICICOLA, Held, 1837. Type, Helix cinctella, Draparnaud (selected by Gray, 1847 "). 1S21. Helicella [pars]: Ferussae, Tabl. syst. Limajons, Jan. ed., p. 41 (June ed., p. 37). ]S2G. Hygromia: Risso, Ilbt. Nat. Europ. merid., iv, p. GO. [Non SchranU. !803 (Vcrmes).] 1S37. Bradybama [pars]:' Beck, Index Moll., p. 18. [ATo?i Braiyhccnus, Dejcan, 1829 (Coleopt.)] 1837. Fruliciccla : Held, Tsis, xxx, lift. 12, col. 914. Subgenus FKUTICICOLA, S.S. Section 1: Zenobiella, n.nov. Type, Helix siibrufescens, Miller. 1821. Zenobia: Gray, Lond. Med. Repos., xv, p. 239, for Helix corrugala [n.nud.=//eEr fusca, Mont., fide Gray, non II. fusca, Poiret] = subrujesccns, Miller. [Non Zmobia, Oken, 1815 (Lepidopt.).] Section 2 : Frulicicola, s.s. 1837. Frulicicola: Held, as above. 1902. Sciaphila: Westerlund, Rad Jugoslav. Akad., cli, p. 92. [Non Treitschkc, 1829 (Lepidopt.)]. Subgenus MOXACHELLA, n.nov. Type, Helix incarnala, Miiller. 1833. Monacha [pars]: Fitzinger, Beitr. Landesk. Oesterr., iii, p. 95.15 [Non Monachui, Kaup, 1829 (Aves).] " Subgenus CAPILLIFERA, Honigmann, 1906. Type, Helix hispida, Linne. 1840. Trkhia : Hartmann, Erd. & Sussw.-Gastcr., p. 41. [Non Tricliia, Haller, 176S (Mycetozoa) " ; n'ec Trichius, Fabricius, 1775 (Coleopt.).; nee Tricliia, Haan, 1841 (Crust.).18] 190G. CapiUifera : Honigmann, Abhandl. Mus. Magdeburg, i, p. 190. 11 Proe. Malac. Soc. Lond., xiii, 1919, p. 120-132. ' 15 Both Hartmann (Ind. gen. Malac, ii, July, 1847, p. 5) and Gray (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1847, Nov., p. 173) give Helix carlhusiana, JIuller, as the type, guided thereto evidently by Fitzinger's choice of the name Monacha; thus constituting Monacha a synonym of Thaba, Risso, 182G. 16 Pilsbry (Man. Conch., ser. II, vol. ix, p. 271) make3 Westerlund's Latonia a synonym, but puts all his species under Theba ! 17 Honigmann advances this as a case of pre-occupation because some authorities classed the Mycetozoa with the Animal Kingdom. '8 Fauna Japonica, v, p. 109. 180 PROCEEDINGS OF THE MALACOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Section 1: Capillifera, s.s., as above. Section 2 : Petasiella, n.nov." Type, Helix unidentala, Draparnaud (selected by Westerlund, 1902). 182G. TrocHscus [pars]: Held, Isis., xxx, lift. 12, col. 915. [Xon Heyden, 182G, (Arach.).] 1837. Petasia [pars]: Beck, Index Moll., p. 21. [Xon Stephens, 1828 (Lepidopt.).] 1838. Cirnuella [pars]: Schluter, Kurz. sj-st. Verzeichn., p. 6. 1847. Pelasina [pars]: Beck, Amtl. Ber. 24, Versamml, Deutsch. Naturf., p. 122. 1 1889. Perforalella, Schluter: Westerlund, Fauna Palaarct. Region, ii, p. 32. [Xon Schluter.] 20 ! Section 3: Ponentina, Hesse, Arch. f. Mollkundc, 1921, ! p. G2. ' Type, Helix subvirescens, Bellamy.21 I Section 4 : Perforatella, Schluter, 1838. [Non Westerlund, 1889, Pilsbry, 1895, et alii.] 1 Type, " P. bidenlata, m."[= bidens, Chemnitz]. 1820. Trochiscus [pars]: Held, Isis, xxx, lift. 12, col. 915. [Xon Hoyden, 1826 (Arach.).] 1838. Pcrforaiella : Schluter, Kurz. syst. Verzeichn., p. 4. 1855. Dibolhrion : Pfeifler, Malakozool. BUitt, ii, p. 128. Section 5 : Metafruiicicola, von Ihering, 1892. Type, Helix pellila, Ferussac (selected by Tryon, 1888 21). 1884. Pstwlocam-piilcca: Hesse, Jahrb. Deutseh. Malak. Gesell., xi, p. 237. [Xon PleifEcr, 1877.] '; 1889. Cressa : Westerlund, Fauna Palaarct. Region, ii, p. 4. [Xon , Bock, 1871.] 1892. Metafrutkicola : von Thering, Zeitsehr. f. Wisscnsch. Zool., liv, p. 452 [buried in text]. i . 1902. Melafru'.kola [err. typ.]: Westerlund, Rad Jugoslav. Akad., 1 cli, p. 92.

j Subgenus CILTELLA, Mousson, 1872. I j Type, Helix ciliala, Venetz. 1838. Cernuefla [pars] : Schluter, Kurz. syst. Verzeichn., p. G. 1872. Cilidla: Jlousson, Neue Denkschr. Alls. Sehweiz. Gesell., xxv, No. 1, 1872 (1873), p. GO. 19 Petasia, Beck, was proposed to take the place of Conulus, Fitzinger, 1833, nom. pre-occ, and like it contained species both of trochiform zonitoids and trochiform helieoids. Gray, 1847,' selected as tj-pe of Pelasia Beck's first species Helix trochiformis, Montagu = Julia, Miiller. At the same time he named Helix fulva, Muller, as the type of Conulus. Petasia being preoccupied was changed to Petasina, which takes of course the same tj'pe. Hence Pelasina displaces Euconulus, Reinhardt, 1883, and a new name is requisite for the group under consideration. 10 Pilsbry (Man. Conch., ser. n, vol. ix, p. 277) followed Westerlund in this error, 21 Kennard & Woodward, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., xiii, 1919, p. 133. 23 Man. Conch., ser, n, vol. iv, p. 09. GUDE & WOODWARD : ON HELICELLA, F^IVUSSAC. 181

1889. Lepinola: Westerlund, Fauna Palaarct. Region, ii, pp. 2 and 10. [Non Lepinotus, Ileydcn, 1850 (Neuropt.)."] What then becomes of Ferussac's fourth group, Heliomanes, to which the name Ilelicella has lately and wrongfully become attached ? Out of the thirty species, eight have been removed to genera in quite other families, viz. to Eupanjpha—variegala, Chemn., pisana, Miiller, siibdcntata, Fer., -pianola, Chemn.; to Cepolis—carnicolor, Fer. [= rarians, Menke]; to Trochomorpha—exclusa, Fer., Irochi- formis, Fer. While the identity of elfordia, Fer., has not been established. The remaining twenty-one (referred by Beck u to the subgenus Theba, which, ai already noted, had been established by Itisso for the cartusiana group), will come under the generic name of Helicopsis, proposed by FitzingerM in 1833 for the Helix striata of Miiller. Pilsbry,26 among the many slips inevitable in pioneer work such, as his, converted the Helicopis of Fabricius, 1807," into Helicopsis, and hence set Fitzinger's name aside as pre-occupied, but the two names are quite distinct, and differ etymologically, so that Fitzinger's name must be accepted, although it unfortunately excludes the better-known and widely used Xerophila of Held, 1837, which would otherwise have replaced the misapplied Helicella of Pilsbry. Of the several subgenera into which Helicopsis has been divided, only five are represented among the species enumerated by Ferussac, namely: Cernuella, Schliiter (plim Heliomanes, auctt. non Ferussac ); Xerophila, Held ; Helicopsis, s.s.; Jacosta, Gray ; and Xeroclivia, Monterosato (olim Trochula, Schliiter, 1838, non Trochulus, Humphrey, 1797). In view, however, of the numerous changes in the nomenclature of the subgenera of Helicopsis that have become necessary, it may be of service if the whole of them be restated here as it seems to us they should stand :—

Genus HELICOPSIS, Fitzinger, 1833. Genotype, Helix striata, Miiller. 1821. Helicella [pars]: Ferussac, Tabl. syst. Limaeons, Jan. cd., p. 41 (June ed., p. 37). 1833. Helicopsis: Fitzinger, Beitr. Landesk. Ocsterr., iii, p. 101. [Non Beck, 1837.] 1837. Xerophila [pars] : Held, Isis, xxx, hit. 12, col. 913.

23 Entom. Zeitsehr. Stettin, xi, p. 84. 21 Index Moll., 1837, pp. 11-14. 25 Beitr. Landesk. Oeslerr., iii, p. 101. 10 Man. Conch., ser. u, vol. ix, p. 253. 27 Illiger's Mag. f. Insektenk., vi, p. 285. 182 PROCEEDINGS OF THE JIALACOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Subgenus XEROCRASSA, Monterosato, 1892.2'1 Type, Helix seetzeni, Koch. 1892. Xerocrassa: Monterosato, Atti R. Accad. Palermo, ser. in, vol. ii [Classe Sci., No. 2], p. 23.

Subgenus CERXUELLA, Scliliiter, 1838.M Type, Helix rariabilis, Draparnaud (= virgata, Da Costa). 1838. Cernuella : Schluter, Kurz. syst. Verzeichn., p. 6. I84?'l Heliomane-i: Brown,30 Illust. Conch. Gt. Brit., ed. 2, p. 49. Se t I i-No>l Ncwman> JIarch, 1840 (Coleopt.).] 185G. IMiomane [err. typ. ?]: Moquin-Tandon. Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 259. 1892. Xeroampnlla : Monterosato, Atti R. Accad. Palermo, ser. in, vol. ii [Classe Sci., No. 2,] p. 22 (with the further sectional names : Xerofutca (p. 22) ; Xerolauta, Xerolincla, Xerolccla, Xerovaria (p. 23) ; Xerambigua, Xerolutea, Xeromagna, Xeropxcla, Xerobulla (p. 24) ; Xeromunda, Xerocauta, Xerovera, and Xerolissa (p. 25)).

Subgenus XEROPHILA, Held, 1837. Type, Helix itala, Linne (selected under the synonym of //. ericetorum, Mtiller, by Von Martens, in Albers "Heliceen", 1860). 1837. . Xerophila : Held, Isis, xxx, hft. 12, col. 013. 187G. Planatella: Clessin, Deutsch. Excur. Moll. Fauna, p. 143. 1879. Ptcudorerophila: Wcstcrlund, in Westerlund & Blanc, Aperc,u Faune Malac. Grece, p. 55. 1892. Xerolenla : Monterosato, Atti It. Accad. Palermo, ser. in, vol. ii [Classe sci., No. 2], p. 24 (with the further sectional names : Xcrolaxa, Xerofriga, Xerogi/ra, and Xerocincla).

Subgenus XEROCAMPYLJEA, Kobelt, 1871. Type, Helix zelebori, Pfeifler. 1871. Xero-Campylcca: Kobelt, Cat. Europ. Binneneonch., p. 15, foot-note.

13 The title-page of the volume bears date 1893, but on the back wrapper it is given as 1892. It was received at the Natural History- Museum, 15th January, 1893. 29 This genus of Schluter has been overlooked by all but three authorities. Hermannsen (Ind. Supp., 1852, p. 27) followed by Paetel (Fam.- und Gatt.- Namen Moll., j>. 39), who both put it under Ttba, Leach, without indicating any type for either. H. and A. Adams (Genera Moll., ii, 1855, p. 215), who cite it as a synonym for their " Genus Theba, Risso " and give as examples T. virgata, Da C, and T. pisana, Mull. No type having, therefore, been fixed we select Helix variabilis, Drap. = virgala. Da C, as the type and use Scaliiter'3 name for thi3 subgenus. 30 As already noted, neither Ferussac, 1821, nor Gray, April, 1840, employed thi3 name in either a generic or subgenerie sense. GUDE & WOODWARD : ON HELICELLA, FERUSSAC. 183

• Subgenus HEUCOPSIS, S.S. Type, Helix striata, Mtiller. 1833. Ilelkopsii : Fitzinger, Beitr. Landesk. Oesterr., iii, p. 101. 1871. Candidula : Kobelt, Cat. Europ. Einnenconch., p. 22. 1876. Striatinella : Clessin, Deutsch. Excur. Moll. Fauna, p. 149. 1870. Striatdla: Westerliind, Fauna Europ. Moll. Extramar., p. 105. [Non Brot, 1874, (Melaniidse).] 1892. Xeroclausa: Monterosato, Atti P.. Accad. Palermo, ser. HI, vol. ii [Classe Sei., No. 2], p. 22 (with the further sectional namea : Xerolena, Xerotringa, Xerovaga (p. 22); Xeroalbina, Xeromicra, and Xerotricha (p. 23)). Subgenus JIONII-EARIA, Mousson, 1872. Type, Helix phalerala, Webb k B. (selected by Pilsbry, 1895).' 1872. Monilearia: Mousson, Neue Denl;schr. Allg. Schweiz. Gesell., xxv [No. 1], p. 39. Subgenus JACOSTA, Gray, 1821. Type, Helix albella, Draparnaud = explanata, Miiller. 1821. Jacosla : Gray, Lond. Med. Repos., xv, p. 239. 1885. Numidia : Iss'el, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, ser. II, vol. ii, p. 8. 1892. Xerojalsa : Monterosato, Atti R. Accad. Palermo, ser. ill, vol. ii [Classe Sci., No. 2], p. 21 (with the further sectional names : Xero-iecla, Xeroplana (p. 21); Xeroamanda, Xerom:i'sta (p. 22); Xerocodia, Xeroplexa, and Xerotropis (p. 23).) 1893. Tropidocochlis [pars] : Locard, Eehange, ix, p. 97. Subgenus XEROLEUCA, Kobelt, 1877. Type, Helix turcica, Chemnitz. 1877. XeroUxica : Kobelt, Jahrb. Deutseh. Malak. Gesell., iv, p. 25 [in text]. Reprint, as supplement to his " Catalog ", p. 13. Subgenus OBELUS, Hartmann, 1812. Type, Helix Preauxii [i.e. despreauxii, Orb.]. 1842. Obelus : Hartmann, Erd.. &- Sussw.-Gastrop., p. 158. 1S92. Xcroptyca: Monterosato, Atti R. Accad. Palermo, ser. HI, vol. ii [Classs Sci., No. 2], p. 25. Subgenus XEROCLIVIA, Monterosato, 1892. Type, Helix elegans, Gmelin.31 1837. Turricula: Bed;, Index Moll., p. 10. [Non Hermann, 1783 (Gastr.); nee Schumacher, 1817 (Pleurotomida;).] 1838. Trochula; Schliiter, Kurz. syst. Verzeichn., p. 7. [Kon Trochuius, Humphrey,3* 1797 (= Monodonta) ; nee " Trochnlus, Christ.", Gray, 18t7 (Helix hispida, Linn.); ncc Trochnlus, Westcrlund, 188G (Pe.tasina fuh-a, Mull.).] al Trochoidea, Brown (lllust. Conch. Gt. Brit., 1827, pi. xli, f. 80, 81), has heen quoted for thi3 subgenus under the belief that the Trochus lerresiris of Pennant was the Helix elegans of Gmelin, whereas it was the Helix Juha of MOller without doubt. 32 Even if Humphrey's names in his " Museum Colonneanuiu" be set aside, the name Trochulus is so sure to have been quoted in some work that it i3 safer to suppress it. 184 PROCEEDINGS OF THE MALACOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

1850. Crenea [pars]: Albers, Heliceen, p. 77. [.Von Risso, 1826.] 1892. Xerodivia : Monterosato, Atti R. Accad. Palermo, ser. in, vol. ii [Classe Sci., No. 2], p. 25 (with the furtlier sectional names: Xeronexa and Xerocochha.] 1893. Tropidocochlis [pars] : Locard, Echange, ix, p. 97. The result of the foregoing investigations is to show that the species ranged by Ferussac under Helicella must be redistributed into the following families and genera :—

Family TESTACELLIDffi. Genus RHYTIDA, Albers. (Aplosldmw: Ilyalinm.) capillacea, Fer.

Family CIRCINARIIDffi. Genus CIRCINAKIA, Beck. (Aplostomce: Hyalina;.) planorboides, Rafinesq. [= concava, Say]. Genus ZOPHOS, Gude. (Ajilostomm: Ilyalinm.) concolor, Fer.

. Family ZONITID3E. Subfamily ZONITIN^. Genus MESOM^HIX, Rafmesque. (Aploslomw: Hyalince.) Iccvigala, Rafinesq. Genus ZONITES, Montfort. (Aplostomw: Yerticilli.) verticillus, Fer. algira, Linne. gemonense ? Fer. Genus VITREA, Fitzinger. (Aplostomw: Hyalince.) cryslallina, Miiller. hyalina ? Fer. [= diaphana, Stud.]. Genus HELICELLA, Ferussac. Subgenus Helicella, s.s. (Aploslomm: Hyalince.) qlaphyra. Say [= cellaria, Mull.]. cellaria, Miiller. glabra, Studer. nitens, Maton & R. [= ? alliaria, Miller]. GUDE & WOODWARD: ON HELICELLA, FERUSSAC. 185

Subgenus Retindla, Shuttleworth. (Aplostomw: Ihjalinw.) olivelorum, Gmelin. protensa, Fer. nilidula, Drap. nitidosa. Fer. [= radialnh, Alder]. vitrina, Fer. [= pura, Alder]. Genus PETASINA, Beck. (Aplostomw: Fascialw.) •fulva, Miiller.

Subfamily ARIOPHANTING. Genus Zonitoides, Lehmann. {Aplostomce: Ihjalinw.) nitida, Miiller. .arborea, Say. Genus Ariophanta, Desmoulins. (Lomastoma;.) trifasciata, Chemnitz [= Iwvipes, var.]. (Aplostomw: Fasciatcc.) Candida, Gmelin ? [= ? lavipes, Miill.]. Iwvipes, Miiller. Subgenus Xeslina, Pfeiffer. (Aplostomw: Fasciatw.) Javacensis, Fer. commendabilis, Fer. [= ? bataviana, V. de B.]. exilis, Miiller. Subgenus Nilgiria, Godwin-Austen. (Ajjlostoma:: Fasciata.) Korekouke, Fer. [= maderaspalana, Gr.].

Subfamily BYAIWNJE. Genus Dyakia, Godwin-Austen. (Ajuhstomm: Fasciatw.) janns bifrons ? Chemn. [=janus].

Subfamily XESTINJl. Genus XESTA, Albers. (Aplostomw: Fasciatw.) nemorensis, Miiller. unizonalis, Lamk. [= monozonalis, Lamk.]. cilrina, Linne. 186 PROCEEDINGS OF THE MALACOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Subfamily HEMIPLECTINJE. Genus HEJIIPLECTA, Albers. (Lomastomce.) pernobilis, Fer. (Aploslomm: Fasciatce.) rapa, Miiller. clairvillia, Fer. [i.e. dairvillei.]. Genus EIIYSOTA, Albers. (Ajilostomcv: Fasciatce.) bupTithahnus, Fer. [= stolephora, Val.]. Family TROCHOMORPHID2E. Genus TROCHOMORPHA, Albers. (Heliomanes.) exclusa, Fer. trochiformis, Fer.

Family ENDODONTIDffi. Genus PUNCTUM, Horse. (Aplostomte: Verlicilli.) pygmcea, Drap. Genus PATULA, Held. (AplostomcB: Yerticilli.) alternate, Say. Genus HELICODISCUS, Morse. (Aplostomw: Verlicilli.) lineata, Say [= parallclus, Say]. Genus GONIODISCUS, Fitzinger (em.). (Aploslomw: Verlicilli.) rolundala, Miiller. ruderata, Studer. persjtectiva, Say. convexa, Fer. [=frivaldsJcyana, Rm.].

Family HELICID^E. Subfamily POLYGYRINsE. Genus POLYGYHA, Say. Subgenus Triodopsis, Eafinesque. (Lomastoma:.) richardi, Fer. [= profunda, Say]. Genus POLYGYRATIA, Gray. (Lomastomce.) • pohjgyrata, Born. GUDE & WOODWARD : ON BELICELLA, FAUUSSAC. 187

Genus SOLAEOPSIS, Beck. (Lomastomw.) jiellis serpentis, Chemnitz. Genus TRIGOXEPHRUS, Pilsbry. (Hygromanes.) ambiguosa, Fer. Subfamily ACAVINJJ. Genus AMPELITA, Beck. (Lomastomw.) - sepulcralis, Fer. Genus MACROCYCLIS, Beck. (Lomastomw.) laxala, Fer.

Subfamily CAMJENIN.-E. Genus CAMJEXA, Albers. (Lomastoma.) senegalensis, Chemnitz [= cicalricosa, Miiller]. (Ajilostomw: Fasciatce.) cicairicosa, Miiller. Genus OBBA, Beck. (Lomastomw.) collapsa, Perry [= planuhla, Lam.]. Genus PLAXISPIRA, Beck. (Lomasloma.) zonalis, Fer. exceptiuncula, Fer. zonaria, Miiller [i.e. Linn.]. : zodiaca, Fer. Subgenus Trachia, Albers. (LomastomcE.) proximo, Fer. fallaciosa, Fer. ruginosa, Fer. Genus CHLORITIS, Beclc. (Lomastomw.) unguicula, For. ungulina, Linne. circumdata, Fer. Genus TIIEP.SITES, Pfeiffer. Subgenus Badisles, (Hygromanes.) sutilosa, Fer. [= jervisensis, Q. & G.] 188 PROCEEDINGS OF THE MALACOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Subfamily HELICIN^E. Genus CEPOLJS, Montfort. Subgenus Hemitrochus, Swainson. (Heliomanes.) carnicdlor, Fer. [= varians, Mke.]. Genus EULOTA, Hartmann. Subgenus Eulota, s.s. (Hygromanes.) frulicum, Mttller. Subgenus EuloteUa (v. Mts.) Moellendorff. (Hygromanes.) similaris, Fer. Genus CATHAICA, MoellendorfT. Subgenus Eucathaica, Andreae. (Hygromanes.) fasciola, Drap. Genus HELICOFSIS, Fitzinger. Subgenus Cernuella, Sehlttter. (Heliomanes.) cespitum, Drap. variabilis, Drap. subrostrata, Fer. cretica, Fer. simuhta, Fer. maritima, Drap. Subgenus XerojjJiila, Held. (Heliomanes.) ericetorum, Miiller [= ilala, Linn.]. neglecta, Drap. Subgenus Helicopsis, s.s. (Heliomanes.) conspurcala, Drap. slriata, Drap. [= intersecta, Mich.]. candidula, Studer. graliosa, Studer [= candidula, var.]. Subgenus Jacosla, Gray. (Heliomanes.) groyana, Fer. [= corrugata, Gm.]. albella, Drap. [= explanata, Mull.]. Subgenus Xeroclivia, Monterosato. (Heliomanes.) pyramidata, Drap. crenulata, Olivier. clegans, Gmelin. elata, Faure-Biguet. conica, Drap. [= trochoides, var.]. GUDE & WOODWARD: ON HELICELLA, FERUSSAC. 189

Genus THEBA, Risso. (Hygromanes.) _ olivieri, Fer. obslrusa, Fer. [= obslructa]. Carthusianella, Drap. [ = carlusiana, Mull.]. Garlhusiana, Drap. [= canliana, Mont,]. berytensis, Fer.33 cantiana, Montagu. strigella, Drap. glabella, Drap. [==: cartusiana, var.].

Genus FRDTICICOLA, Held. Subgenus Fruticicola, s.s. {Hygromanes.) cinctella, Drap. limbata, Drap. Subgenus Monachella, Gude & Woodw. (Hygromanes.) incarnata, Miiller. sericea, Miiller [= incarnata, juv.]. Subgenus Capillifera, Honigmann. Section Capillifera, -s.s. (Hygromanes.) villosa, Drap. [i.e. Studer]. circin[n]ata, Studer [= montana, Studer]. plebeium, Drap. nifescens, Montagu [= striolata, C. Pfeifler]. hispida, Miiller [i.e. Linne]. calala, Studer. Section Ponentina, Hesse. (LomaslomcB.) martigena, Fer. [= revclata (Fer) Mich.]. (Hygromanes.) revelala, Fer. Subgenus Meiafruticicola, v. Ihering. (Lomastoma.) naxienlia, Fer. [= naxiana]. lecta, Fer. pellita, Fer. Subgenus Ciliella, Mousson. (Hygromanes.) ciliata, Venetz [i.e. Studer]. 33 Hesse (Arch. f. Mollkunde, 1921, p. 67) places thh in Meiafruticicola, s.s. 190 PROCEEDINGS OF THE MALACOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Genus HELICIGONA, Ferussac. Subgenus Chilostoma, Fitzinger. (Lomastomcc.) carascalensis, Fer." glacialis, Thomas. alpina, Faure-Biguet. cornea, Drap. cinjulata, Studer. zonala, Studer. pyrenaica, Drap. lefeburiana, For. Subgenus Kosicia, Brusina. (Lomastomcc.) intermedia, Fer. Subgenus Elona, H. & A. Adams. (Lomaslomat.) quimpcriana, Fer. Genus EUPARYPHA, Hartmann. (Aj>lostomw): Fascialw.) leucas, Linne. (Hiliomanes.) variegata, Chemn. [= pisana, Mull.]. pisana, Miiller. suMcnlata, Fer. planala, Chemn. Genus MURELLA, Pfeiffer. (Lomastomcc.) slrigala, Miiller. Family PUPILLID.33. Subfamily PTJPILLINJE. Genu3 PYRAMIDULA, Fitzinger. (AjUostomw: Verlicilli.) rupestris, Drap. Subfamily VALLONIIN&. Genus VALLONIA, Eisso. (Lomastomcc.) pulchella, Miiller. a) costata, Muller. Genus ACAXTHINULA, Beck. (Hygromanes.) aculeata, Muller. 31 Hesse vArth. f. Jlollkundc, 1921, p. 59) makes this the type of a new genus Pyrenaaria, which he places in Fruticicolina;.