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A Century of Parks Canada, 1911-2011 University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository University of Calgary Press University of Calgary Press Open Access Books 2011 A century of Parks Canada, 1911-2011 University of Calgary Press A century of Parks Canada, 1911-2011 [electronic resource] / edited by Claire Elizabeth Campbell. Canadian History and Environment Series, No. 1, University of Calgary Press, Calgary, Alberta, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1880/48466 book http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives 3.0 Unported Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca University of Calgary Press www.uofcpress.com A CENTURY OF PARKS CANADA 1911-2011 A CENTURY of Edited by Claire Elizabeth Campbell Parks ISBN 978-1-55238-557-9 Canada 1911–2011 THIS BOOK IS AN OPEN ACCESS E-BOOK. It is an electronic version of a book that can be purchased in physical form through any bookseller or on-line retailer, or from our distributors. Please support this open access publication by requesting that your university purchase a print copy of this book, or by purchasing a copy yourself. If you have any questions, please contact us at edited by claire elizabeth campbell [email protected] Cover Art: The artwork on the cover of this book is not open access and falls under traditional copyright provisions; it cannot be reproduced in any way without written permission of the artists and their agents. The cover can be displayed as a complete cover image for the purposes of publicizing this work, but the artwork cannot be extracted from the context of the cover of this specific work without breaching the artist’s copyright. COPYRIGHT NOTICE: This open-access work is published under a Creative Commons licence. This means that you are free to copy, distribute, display or perform the work as long as you clearly attribute the work to its authors and publisher, that you do not use this work for any commercial gain in any form, and that you in no way alter, transform, or build on the work outside of its use in normal academic scholarship without our express permission. If you want to reuse or distribute the work, you must inform its new audience of the licence terms of this work. For more information, see details of the Creative Commons licence at: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ UNDER THE CREATIVE UNDER THE CREATIVE COMMONS LICENCE YOU COMMONS LICENCE YOU MAY: MAY NOT: • read and store this document • gain financially from the work in any way; free of charge; • sell the work or seek monies in relation to the distribution • distribute it for personal use of the work; free of charge; • use the work in any commercial activity of any kind; • print sections of the work for • profit a third party indirectly via use or distribution of the work; personal use; • distribute in or through a commercial body (with the exception • read or perform parts of the of academic usage within educational institutions such as work in a context where no schools and universities); financial transactions take • reproduce, distribute, or store the cover image outside of its place. function as a cover of this work; • alter or build on the work outside of normal academic scholarship. Acknowledgement: We acknowledge the wording around open access used by Australian publisher, re.press, and thank them for giving us permission to adapt their wording to our policy http://www.re-press.org/content/view/17/33/ 1 Index A Abbey, Edward, 71 objected to tourist orientation of Abbot Pass Refuge Cabin, 355 national parks, 283 Aboriginal challenges to modernism, 10, reinstating in parks, 341, 347–48, 355, 13–14, 254–63, 294 378 Aboriginal Forum, 335, 348, 356 ‘special privileges’ for, 289 Aboriginal handicrafts and artefacts, 197, stakeholders in national park 203n51, 305 territories, 181 Aboriginal knowledge of place, 237, 254 vote, 245 Aboriginal land claims. See land claims Aboriginal status as “citizens plus,” 260, Aboriginal people, 74n2, 237, 239, 260, 271n63 286, 293. See also First Nations Aboriginal subsistence lifeway. See people subsistence lifeway assimilating or enculturating, 293–94 Aboriginal title, 282, 284 challenged conventional thinking Acadians, 14, 207, 211, 339 about national parks, 10, 14, acceptance of lives after 197, 257, 294 Kouchibouguac, 223–24, 228 cultural attachment to Yukon North artistic representations, 207, 211–12, Slope, 277 227–28 doctrine of the vanishing Indian, 340 “authentic” residents idea, 216, 230n26 erasing native presence in parks and changes in Acadian society, 208 protected areas, 42, 260, 346 deportation, 217, 219, 223, 227 expulsion from national parks, 74n2, expropriation, 205, 208, 211–16 77n40, 169, 244, 274, 296n6, resilience, 227 361n20, 364n39 willingness to stand up for Acadian forced shifts in government policies interests, 211–12, 230n15 (See Aboriginal challenges to Acadie in twenty-first century, 229 modernism) L ‘Acadie l’Acadie?!? (1971), 230n15 introducing moral questions into Acadie nouvelle, 227 conservation debates, 277 Africville, 208 invisible to officials 100 years ago, 340 Agreement-in-Principle. See Inuvialuit IUCN definition of wilderness (1987) Land Rights Settlement and, 338 Agreement-in-Principle (AIP) Agricultural Rehabilitation and Aseniwuche Winewak Nation, 356 Development Act (ARDA, 1966), Aspen, Colorado, 148 183 Astotin Lake, 69 Aishihik Champlain First Nations Athabasca Forest Reserve, 352, 354 annual camps and teaching TEK, 347 Athabasca Pass, 369n72 Aishihik First Nation, 263, 264n1 Athabasca River, 346, 356 Alaska Highway, 101n25, 243, 245, 256 Athabasca River valley survey, 317 Alberta, 68 Atikamac, Lake, 192 expanded highway system, 134 automobile campgrounds, 136, 274 Alberta Archaeological Society, 313 automobile culture, 31, 39, 41, 153 Alberta Heritage Act (1973), 311 dependence on industrial processes, 73 Alberta Historical Resources Act, 311 influence on animal-human Allmand, Warren, 286 relationships, 154 Alpine Club, 55, 67, 373 shaping of park design, 5–6 Aluminum Company of America, 246 automobile road films, 158 animal–human conflicts, 158, 164. See automobile tourism, 5, 13, 60, 62, 71, also bears 73n1, 134, 144, 375 mauling incidents, 160, 164, 168–69 local groups and, 59 antelope, 5 priority for federal government for archaeological research in the Rocky national parks (interwar years), Mountain parks, 303–25, 377 83 ability to look at changes over time, automobile tourism and bears, 154, 158, 322, 325 164–65, 172 basic culture history framework, treatment in Bears and Man (1978), 324–25 170–71 focus on placing people in a landscape, wilderness ideal, 155 304, 310 automobiles, 35, 41–43 funding for, 321 originally prohibited in parks, 31 Archaeological Society of Alberta, 308 Auyuittuq, 8, 235, 282 archaeological staff in the Calgary Away from it all (1961), 162 Regional Office of Parks Canada, 304, 314 B Archaeological Survey of Alberta, 311 back to nature movement, 4, 27, 72, 154 archaeology, 10 Baffin Island (Auyuittuq), 8, 235, 282 architecture, 135 Ballade de Jackie Vautour (Richard), 227 Arctic International Wildlife Range Society (AIWRS), 278 Banff Advisory Council, 137–40, 145 Arctic National Wildlife Range, 278 Banff Archaeological Resource Description and Analysis (ARDA), Arctic sovereignty, 10 315, 317–18 ARDAs (Archaeological Resource Banff hot springs, 3, 15n6, 375 Description and Analysis), 318 Banff National Park, 41, 334, 355, 381 Arsenault, Aurèle, 228 archaeological resource inventory, 310 asbestos mines, 246 420 A CENTURY OF PARKS CANADA automobile campgrounds, 136 environmental groups opposition to, bison reintroduction plan, 323 142 coyotes destroyed by park wardens, increasing winter use, 141 146–47 Banff School of Fine Arts, 140 cultural resource management (CRM) Banff Springs Hotel, 134, 136 position, 320 Banff townsite, 54, 62 development as year-round resort, 140 anger over Ottawa’s dispossession of local Aboriginal micromanagement, 29, 44 people, 274 archaeological sites near, 323 ecological integrity, 54, 149, 321 Banff businessmen, 136, 139 at epicentre of revolution in thinking Banff Chamber of Commerce, 137 about national parks (1960s), described as large convenience store, 133–34 138 first culture history sequence, 304 environmental awareness, 147 flagship of Canadian parks system, 3, in late precontact period, 307 184 municipal status, 137, 139, 145 highway overpasses for wildlife, 54 place of contact between BC Interior initially created to protect resources for Plateau and plains people, 305 commercial use, 181 private residences, 118 interpretive service, 146 properties owned through government local community cultural ties to, 135 leases, 136–37 management and management plans, reflects different eras of national 134, 141–42, 144–45, 149, park philosophy, 375 (See also 322–23 philosophy of parks) in national iconography, 3 sense of community, 135 occupation going back eight thousand Banff-Bow Valley study, 381 years, 311 The Banff-Jasper Highway (Williams), 46, over-development, 133, 375–76, 379 371 park overcrowding, 7 Banff-Windermere Highway, 41, 61, Trans-Canada Highway twinning, 304 83–84 vehicular traffic, 136, 144, 160 The Banff-Windermere Highway Banff National Park new management (Williams), 35 plan (1988) Banfield, A.W.F., 253 ecological principles directing, 149 Banks Island, 282 Banff Park Museum, 355 Bathurst, 222 Banff Park Museum National Historic “Bear Confrontation Conduct” Site, 305 deleted from Bears and Man (1978), Banff provisional master plan (1968), 144 169 ambitious program of new bears, 8 construction, 141 aggressing tourists, 158 automobile tourists favoured over “bear country,” 172 wilderness protection, 144 bear culls, 164, 169, 171 (See also criticism of, 144–45 predator control) Index 421 bear problem in U.S., 160 Berger, Thomas, Northern Frontier, bear studies, 165 Northern Homeland, 278, 281 bear-proof garbage disposal, 164 Berger wilderness park proposal, 278 begging along roadsides, 158 Best, Patricia, 170 campground and wilderness, 165, 171 Big Beach area, Prince Albert National grizzly bears, 97 Park habituated, 164–65, 168, 170 campers, 106 “keystone” species in road landscapes, summer cottage subdivision, 105 158, 172 Big Bend country, 80.
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