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Home , Aung San Suu Kyi, Mairead Maguire

Nonviolent Sanctions News from the Albert Einstein Institution Vol. IV, No. 3 Winter 1992/93 Nobel Laureates AEI Launches Encyclopedia Project Urge Release of he Einstein Institution has Articles will be arranged alphabeti- begun work on An Encyclope- cally and will vary in length from 100 Suu Kyi T dia of Nonviolent Action to be to 5,000 words. The scope will be published in 1996. It will be a single interdisciplinary, with emphasis on ix winners met volume reference work for students, social scientific, strategic, and historical in February 18 to call for scholars, and the general reader with an approaches to nonviolent conflict. Its Sthe release of Suu Kyi, interest in nonviolent alternatives in total length is expected to be 500,000 the Burmese leader and fellow conflict. It will be the first standard words. Nobel laureate now in her fourth year of reference work on the subject. Students of international affairs, . The Encyclopedia is being edited by strategic studies, peace and conflict “Having been brutally denied her Christopher Kruegler, Roger Powers, studies, and social conflict in general rightful place to be an elected leader of her Doug Bond, Ronald M. McCarthy, and should find the Encyclopedia to be an people, remains William Vogele, and will be published indispensable tool. In addition, area courageously committed to the principles by Garland Publishing, Inc., of New experts from many fields will have an of freedom and democracy,” said Oscar York City. interest in the work, in that cases of Arias Sanchez, former president of Costa The editors define nonviolent action nonviolent action will be represented Rica. “She continues to inspire the people as a range of methods for actively from all parts of the world and from of Burma.” waging conflict without directly many historical periods, with a slight The Nobel laureates called on Burma’s threatening or inflicting physical harm bias toward the twentieth century. State Law and Order Restoration Council, on human beings. Entries will therefore Inquiries should be directed to: Dr. the that seized power in include persons, events, ideas, institu- William Vogele, The Albert Einstein 1988, to free Aung San Suu Kyi. tions, groups, and topics related to the Institution, 1430 Massachusetts Avenue, The other Nobel laureates who came to appearance of these methods. Cambridge, MA 02138. Thailand are the Dalai Lama, Archbishop , and Betty Williams of the Peace People 1993-94 Einstein Fellowships Awarded movement in , and he Einstein Institution board of Brian S. Mandell, associate professor at Adolfo Perez Esquivel, the Argentine directors, at its March 4 meeting, the Norman Paterson School of Interna- human rights leader. They were joined by T awarded Einstein fellowships for tional Affairs, Carleton University (Ottawa) representatives of two Nobel Peace Prize- 1993-94 to threescholars conducting and visiting scholar at the Center for winning organizations, Amnesty Interna- promising research on nonviolent struggle. International Affairs, Harvard University. tional and the American Friends Service The three were chosen as Einstein Institu- Dr. Mandell is restating the “nonviolent Committee. Mother Theresa and Mikhail tion Fellows from among thirty-seven sanctions paradigm” in a way that allows Gorbachev, Nobel winners unable to come applicants, based on their research proposals systematic comparison with other theories to Bangkok, indicated their support. and recommendations. They are: of conflict responses, including strategic The campaign to release Suu Kyi marks Patrick G. Coy, a doctoral student in the studies, , and peace a break from the southeast Asian policy of Program on the Analysis and Resolution of studies. This will allow assessment of the “constructive engagement’’ with Burma. Conflicts at Syracuse University. He is explanatory power of each model and will The meeting in Bangkok occurred despite doing dissertation research on Peace be the basis for a university-level course on Chinese objections to the Dalai Lama Brigades International (PBI) and its practice the findings. being allowed into Thailand and objec- of accompanying nonviolent activists to Sam Marullo, assistant professor of tions from the Thai military. General protect them from violence. His work sociology at Georgetown University. Dr. Vimol Wongwanich, the Thai army addresses questions about the dynamics of Marullo is completing a work on the rise commander, said such events should be third-party interventions and their strategies and decline of 1980s peace activism, held in the US, not Thailand. “It’s like and will include direct observation of PBI’s changes in its goals and strategies, and the methods of training and action. (Continued on p. 8) (Continued on p. 8) News from the Albert Einstein Institution 1 a peaceful rally that had come to com- Resistance and memorate one of the men murdered two Serbians Talk weeks before. For ten minutes soldiers Repression in armed with machine guns fired into the crowd. Estimates of the number killed erbian groups are East Timor range from 100 to 273; many were injured considering civil disobedience to by Maggie Helwig and an unknown number have “disap- Sconfront political boss Slobodan peared.” According to witnesses in East Milosevic. n 1975 invaded the tiny Timor, soldiers continued to round up and At a press conference in Belgrade in neighboring country of East Timor execute witnesses of the massacre for the February, Vuk Draskovic, leader of the Iand since that time has waged a brutal next month. Serbian Revival Movement, hinted at campaign of genocide against the indig- After the massacre, a number of nonviolent civil disobedience while Depos enous Timorese people. At least 200,000 Timorese activists were arrested and Alliance spokesperson Vladeta Jankovic people—a third of the population—have charged with subversion or expressing talked about turning Depos into a civil died as a result of the occupation. hostility to the Indonesian government. resistance group. Depos, a coalition of In the first years after the invasion, the Eight days after the massacre, a group of opposition parties, has 50 out of 250 seats primary resistance was waged by the Timorese living in Indonesia held a rally in the Parliament. guerrilla soldiers of Falintil (associated asking for information on the Santa Cruz “We live in the hard times of totalitari- with the political party Fretilin). Recently, massacre. The organizers of this rally were anism,” said Vojislav Kostunica, leader of however, a new generation of Timorese also arrested and charged. the Democratic Party of Serbia. “Civil activists have come forward. They are the disobedience should be our way to try to children of the occupation, young men and save what is left of the civilian society, women who grew up in the midst of a A new generation and nothing else. It should incorporate campaign to destroy them as a people, different methods of collective and forbidden to speak any language but of Timorese activists individual acting, and above all show a Bahasa Indonesian, liable to arrest for clear spirit of resistance. That spirit should reading foreign newspapers or belonging . . . have chosen to be nourished at all levels where people to a church group. Many of these young resist the Indonesian feel threatened. Many different institu- people have chosen to resist the Indone- tions— the universities, the media and sian occupation with nonviolent action. occupation with democratic organizations in Serbia—are Their means are simple—they hold up seriously endangered by the powerful protest banners at public events; they call nonviolent action. authority of the republic.” [Vesna Peric Indonesian officials from public phones Zimonjic/IPS] and ask, “When are you going home?” Fifteen young activists are now in —Peace Media Service Also, at great personal risk, they make prison. All have proclaimed their commit- phone calls and smuggle documents to ment to and their desire to and other human find “a peaceful solution” to the situation Serb Women rights organizations. For such acts, they in East Timor. risk imprisonment, torture, and death. One of them is Francisco Miranda Protest War In 1991, when the visit of a delegation Branco, accused of helping to prepare omen’s peace groups in Serbia of Portuguese members of Parliament was banners for a protest demonstration and held a peaceful demonstration canceled, the Indonesian government sentenced to 15 years. At his trial, he Win the center of Belgrade announced the end of Operation Smile, the declared: “I uphold the principles of March 8 “to show our opposition to the hearts-and-minds campaign they had been nonviolence and peace . . . I take sides regime, and to all of the nationalist, pursuing to win over young people, and with no party, including Fretilin.” masculinist policies that have led to war.” entered into Operation Combat. From Carlos dos Santos Lemos was sentenced A statement from the organizers October 28 until November 11, 1991, to eight years for taking photographs of declared: “Although we have not yet raids were made on churches where the Santa Cruz demonstration. Filomeno directly experienced the destruction of war student activists had taken refuge, arrest- da Silva Ferreira was sentenced to five and rape as our sisters have in many parts ing some, killing others. At the Santa Cruz years for translating Portuguese newspa- of Croatia and throughout Bosnia- Cemetery in Dili on November 12, per stories about East Timor. Herzegovina, we are conscious that we hundreds of Indonesian troops surrounded Others have been jailed for sending may become the next victims.” Maggie Helwig is on the staff of ACT for “secret” military papers abroad, including Balloons were released with their Disarmament in Toronto, Canada. She edits a report of an interview of the governor of messages “as the voices of women are not The ACTivist, and participates in the East East Timor for Portuguese radio. Four are heard over the media and as our country is Timor Alert Network. (Distributed by Peace imprisoned for “expressing hostility”; under embargo.” Media Service) (Continued on p. 8) —Peace Media Service

2 Nonviolent Sanctions 14th Century Chinese Story Teaches Noncooperation

Chinese story written in the 1 fourteenth century provides a Monkey Master A simple, yet vivid, illustration of the nature and power of noncooperation. In the feudal state of Chu2 an old man survived by keeping monkeys in The story of the monkey master, originally titled "Rule by Tricks," comes his service. from the book Yu-li-zi, by Liu Ji. The people of Chu called him ju gong (monkey master). Liu Ji (1311-1375) was an important Each morning, the old man would assemble the monkeys in his courtyard, scholar, statesman, astrologer, and and order the eldest one to lead the others to the mountains to gather military strategist. fruits from bushes and trees. The text (right) was translated into English by Sidney Tai, supervisor of the It was the rule that each monkey had to give one tenth of his collection Rare Books Room at Harvard-Yenching to the old man. Library, Harvard University. It has since Those who failed to do so would be ruthlessly flogged. been translated into Burmese for use by All the monkeys suffered bitterly, but dared not complain. the prodemocracy movement in Burma. One day, a small monkey asked the other monkeys: “Did the old man plant all the fruit trees and bushes?” AEI Receives The others said: “No, they grew naturally.” The small monkey further asked: “Can’t we take the fruits without the Recycling Award old man’s permission?” he Albert Einstein Institution was The others replied: “Yes, we all can.” one of twenty-four Cambridge The small monkey continued: “Then, why should we depend on the old Torganizations honored on Earth Day, man; why must we all serve him?” April 22, for excellence in reuse, recycling, and waste reduction. Jane Gharibian, AEI Before the small monkey was able to finish his statement, all the administrative coordinator, who set up the monkeys suddenly became enlightened and awakened. Institution's recycling program and who On the same night, watching that the old man had fallen asleep, the continues to be the driving force behind it, monkeys tore down all of the stockade in which they received the award on the Institution's were confined, and destroyed the stockade entirely. behalf at a ceremony at Cambridge City Hall. They also took the fruits the old man had in storage, brought all with The Institution began its environmental them to the woods, and never returned. effort as a result of an energy audit in 1989. The old man finally died of starvation. After implementing the recommended Yu-li-zi3 says: “Some men in the world rule their people by tricks and not enery-saving changes, the Institution by righteous principles. Aren’t they just like the monkey master? embarked on an extensive recycling program that currently includes office They are not aware of their muddle-headedness. As soon as their paper, newspaper, magazines, catalogs, junk people become enlightened, their tricks no longer work.” mail, cardboard boxes, and bottles and cans. The program diverts over 60% of the Written by Liu Ji (1311-1375) materials in the Institution's waste stream. Translated by Sidney Tai. AEI has further reduced its waste by All rights reserved. extensive reuse practices such as using scrap paper that has printing on one side for first drafts and scratch pads, reusing envelopes for in-house mailing, employing 1 This topic is given only for expediency. The original version is “Rule by Tricks.” routing slips instead of multiple copies of This essay will appear again in the essay series. memos, and reusing packaging materials. 2 The name of a feudal state which existed from B.C. 740 to 223. It covered today’s The Institution purchases recycled products Hubei and Hunan provinces. for many of its office supplies and has all 3 Yu-li-zi is the pseudonym of Liu Ji (1311-1375), the author of this essay. publications printed on recycled stock.

News from the Albert Einstein Institution 3 testing, and refinement of a theory-driven given the nascent level of development in PNS Update framework that would enable us to com- the field of research into nonviolent direct by Doug Bond plete such an ambitious survey. The first action. Useful also is the collaboration t the Program on Nonviolent stage of the survey spans the twelve months that is spawned by the regular visits of Sanctions in Harvard University’s of 1990. We will use a system of on-line seminar speakers and participants. ACenter for International Affairs, data retrieval developed at the University of Individually and collectively, current we’re focusing our research this year on the Kansas to screen the vast number of wire, affiliates of the Program are engaged in linkage of theory and data. We have begun newspaper, and other reports (, a collaborative research projects with to implement our ideas into a two-track, news wire service, alone carried more than scholars at Catholic, Georgetown, and interactive effort to extend, refine, 50,000 reports for the year) for accounts of Notre Dame Universities as well as the operationalize, and test theory against actual direct action, both violent and nonviolent, University of Colorado at Boulder. The data on nonviolent direct action. For across the globe. collaborative projects include a study of purposes of clarity, theory and data develop- These two projects bespeak of the US organizations in the ment are outlined separately below, but in complexity and scope of the Program’s 1980s and the development of a research practice the efforts are interactive, inter- research into nonviolent direct action, exchange to support joint studies of twined, and inseparable.] research that is difficult to conduct without nonviolent direct action. With respect to theory development, we broad interaction with other scholars such as The Program on Nonviolent Sanctions are examining the theoretical framework of that stimulated and supported by our is funded by the Albert Einstein Institu- nonviolent sanctions in comparative nonviolent sanctions seminar series. This tion. perspective. Toward this end, we have focused interaction is especially useful invited eight scholars from around the world to describe and assess a case of direct action that took place in their respective cultural Germans Protest Neo-Nazism settings in the late 1980s. These studies will undreds of thousands of Ger- the theme “We Say No to Violence.” In a provide diverse perspectives on our direct mans took to the streets January sign of solidarity with the refugees over action framework. Against the backdrop of H 30 to mark the sixtieth anniver- 25,000 people created a line of light 15 their diverse cultures and in the unique sary of Hitler’s appointment as Reich kms long from the town square to a contexts of their respective cases, each Chancellor and to express abhorrence at refugee center attacked by neo-nazis six scholar is addressing three questions. First, the recent rise of neo-nazi and racist months ago. we ask them whether the terms and activity. Von Weizsacker said that while the concepts as developed in our approach The main demonstrations took place in lines of light were no substitute for make sense and are helpful in explaining the Berlin and in the northeastern city of politics, they were a positive expression of actions in their respective cases. Second, we Rostock, which has experienced some of concern and involvement. He made clear ask them whether the relations and interac- the worst outbursts of violence against that, unlike the Weimar Republic, Ger- tions hypothesized to be operative in the foreign refugees in the last year. Demon- mans these days are prepared to take an framework, particularly the devolution of strations also took place in Munich, active part in democracy and show a power, are evident in their cases. Third, we Hamburg and Frankfurt. readiness to defend it. ask each of the contributors to comment on Over 100,000 people formed a “line of He expressed the wish that trust in and make suggestions for our approach in light” in Berlin, marching with banners political parties will grow this year. terms of its explanatory power for their proclaiming “never again” on a frosty In Bonn, Chancellor specific cases. The final part of this project evening through the Brandenburg Gate, described Hitler’s rise to power as “a is to integrate the criticisms and suggestions location of a victory parade with torches catastrophe for Germany and European from each of the studies into a refined organized by the Nazi Storm Troopers 60 history.” He promised that the German framework for understanding nonviolent years earlier. This year’s procession went democrats will “sharply resist those who direct action. on from Brandenburg Gate to August- use violence and terror.” With respect to data development, a team Bebel Square where the Nazis used to hold Ignatz Bubis, the chairman of the of Program affiliates has recently launched book-burning sessions. Federation of Jewish Communities in a worldwide survey of direct action. The “Foreigners need friends” read the text Germany, said the protests gave a visible survey represents the culmination of a five- on one banner. Speakers at the rally called sign that most Germans reject neo-nazism. year effort to develop a protocol for upon the government to allow more “Such a majority did not exist 60 years monitoring and assessing the use and immigration and defend its minorities. ago,” he said. He said conditions are better dynamics of actual cases of nonviolent Secretary General of the Jewish Commu- in Germany than in several other Euro- direct action around the world. The need for nity Andreas Nachama reminded protest- pean countries because extreme right-wing the survey was first articulated at an ers that Jews in Germany are again afraid groups total only five to six percent of the October 1987 conference on nonviolent for their lives. German population, while in France, struggle, and since September 1988 the President Richard von Weizsacker Austria and Italy they are 14 to 15 percent. research team at the Program has been attended the rally in Rostock which had —Peace Media Service engaged in the design, development, pilot- 4 Nonviolent Sanctions Nonviolent Sanctions in the News ews about nonviolent action may WARSAW, Dec. 17 — In the largest KIEV, Ukraine, Dec. 26 (Reuters) — be overshadowed by all the war industrial action since the fall of Commu- Thousands of workers in the Ukrainian Nand violence that has dominated nism in Poland in 1989, hundreds of capital protested sharp price increases that the headlines in recent months, but it thousands of coal miners have gone on took effect today as a result of deep cuts in hasn’t gone away. People around the strike to protest low wages and a Govern- state subsidies. (NYT) world continue to use nonviolent action as ment reorganization that would eliminate a means of engaging in all sorts of 180,000 jobs in 10 years. (NYT) BANGKOK, Dec. 26 (AFP) — conflicts. The following are some of the Burma’s jungle-based dissident govern- stories we found in the news this winter. BERLIN, Dec. 20 (AP) — More than a ment has called for a nationwide campaign half million people took to the streets in of noncooperation with the country’s PARIS, Dec. 1 — With France busily cities across Germany today, just hours ruling junta to begin on New Year’s Day. trying to win allies in its fight against a after arsonists threw firebombs at a The National Coalition Government of United States-European Community farm refugee shelter in the Baltic coastal city of the Union of Burma (NCGUB) issued the trade agreement, tens of thousands of Greifswald. (NYT) call in a statement released yesterday as farmers from across Western Europe filled Rangoon was making final preparations the streets of the French border city of SEATTLE, Dec. 22 — With its billion- for a crucial constitutional convention due Strasbourg today to protest the pact. (New dollar tourism industry threatened by a to begin January 9. (Bangkok Post) York Times) boycott, the State of Alaska today can- , Dec. 30 — Riding a tide , Dec. 5 — A of Hindu nationalism, ’s Hindu United Nations committee has unani- People around the fundamentalist opposition party has mously voted to rebuke , decided to instigate months of nationwide formerly Burma, over the refusal of its world continue to use strikes, demonstrations and political military rulers to surrender power to a disruption in an effort to paralyze the democratically elected Parliament. (NYT) nonviolent action as a Government and force elections. (NYT)

BERLIN, Dec. 8 — More than 300,000 means of engaging PORT-AU-PRINCE, Haiti, Jan. 18 Germans marched peacefully through in conflict. (Reuters) — Haitians boycotted parlia- Munich today in one of the country’s mentary elections today that the military- largest demonstrations against intolerance, backed Government held in defiance of anti-Semitism and rightist violence. celed a plan to shoot hundreds of wolves international diplomats who are trying to The march began at disk with a 10- from the air next year. (NYT) broker a settlement to the country’s minute chorus of bells pealing from all the political crisis. (NYT) city’s major churches. After that, marchers FRANKFURT, Dec. 23 (Reuters) — bearing candles or lanterns walked silently More than 100,000 people gathered in the PORT-AU-PRINCE, Haiti, Jan. 21 (AP) through the historic city center for half an streets of Frankfurt yesterday to protest — Members of an infantry unit tried to hour, forming a line that stretched nearly the recent wave of neo-Nazi violence in mutiny at a base outside the capital nine miles. When the silent vigil ended, Germany. Holding candles high, Germans yesterday, but loyal soldiers quickly they broke into songs and greetings. of all ages joined foreigners in a peaceful crushed the revolt, an army official (NYT) protest around Frankfurt’s city center to reported, (Boston Globe) show their disgust at the attacks by FRANKFURT, Dec. 14 (AP) — More extremists. (NYT) LOMÉ, Togo, Jan 26 (AP) — The than 400,000 people demonstrated police fired on campaigners for democracy yesterday in Frankfurt and Hamburg, BERLIN, Dec. 25 (AP) — About here on Monday, killing at least 20 people, Germany, to protest violence by radical 200,000 people carrying candles and European diplomats said today. (NYT) rightists. In Frankfurt, more than 150,000 torches lined the streets of Berlin today in people attended a free open-air concert a Christmas protest against racism and BERLIN, Jan. 30 — Hundreds of that featured 28 rock groups. (NYT) right-wing extremism. (NYT) thousands of Germans turned out for candlelight vigils and other antiracist TOKYO, Dec. 16 — Thousands of , Dec. 26 (Reuters) — A observances today on the 60th anniversary farmers rallied here today to protest recent human rights group said today that China of the day Hitler became Chancellor. hints by the Government that Japan would had sentenced 10 Tibetans, mostly monks (NYT) lift its ban on rice imports in order to and nuns, to prison terms of as long as prevent blocking negotiations for a new nine years for taking part in independence NEW YORK, Jan. 31 — As Pentagon global trading treaty. (NYT) protests this year. (NYT) (Continued on next page)

News from the Albert Einstein Institution 5 NV Sanctions in the News Government today prohibited a demon- ers and ends other human rights abuses. stration by the country’s main militant (NYT) (Continued from previous page) Hindu opposition party that leaders of the officials reviewed the practical aspects of party said would have brought 1.5 million BERLIN, Feb. 28 (AP) — Charlotte dealing with homosexuals in the armed Hindu campaigners to New Delhi. They refused to fade away when the Nazis forces, protests against the ban continued. said they would go ahead with the protest seized her Jewish husband. Blinded by Demonstrators in Manhattan yesterday anyway. rage, emboldened by love, she stood in the marched from Greenwich Village up the The demonstration, planned for Feb. 25, street and stared down the guns until he Avenue of the Americas toward the is the latest in a series of efforts by Hindu came home. recruiting station in Times Square. (NYT) fundamentalists to drive the governing Fifty years later, she and hundreds of Congress Party from power and create a other such women are finally being NEW YORK, Feb. 1 (Reuters) — Hindu state in India. (NYT) honored as the rarest sort of Germans: Nearly 300 Haitians stranded at the US People who publicly defied this century’s Naval base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, WASHINGTON, Feb. 16 (AP) — Rev. most evil regime, and won. most of them infected with the virus that Jesse Jackson threatened yesterday to This Sunday marks the anniversary of causes AIDS, have started a hunger strike organize a hunger strike in the United the heart-stopping stand made by the and intend to fast until they are admitted States unless the Clinton administration “Rose Street Women,” distraught wives to the United States, their leader and a allows HIV-infected Haitians into this who gathered on a Berlin street on Feb. lawyer for them said yesterday. (BG) country. Jackson, who began a personal 28, 1943, and successfully blocked the hunger strike Sunday, emerged from a deportation—and likely deaths—of their WASHINGTON, Feb. 2 — Faced with meeting with Chief of Staff Jewish husbands. (BG) a threat to its members’ high-wage jobs in Thomas McLarty saying he supported a layoff-ridden economy, the United Mine Clinton’s Haitian policy, but he wants Workers Union appeared prepared today action within a week. (BG) INFACT Ends for a long strike against the nation’s largest coal producer, the Peabody BANGKOK, Feb. 18 (AP) — The GE Boycott Holdings Company of St. Louis, a leader of a group of eight Nobel Peace INFACT, the international corporate subsidiary of a large British company. Prize laureates urged the international accountability group that waged a seven- (NYT) community yesterday to join in demanding year boycott of the General Electric Co., the release of Burma’s main opposition has declared victory. On April 2, GE JOHANNESBURG, Feb. 3 (AP) — Cab leader. closed the sale of its Aerospace Division drivers, complaining that the traffic police The Nobel laureates came to Thailand to Martin Marietta, effectively removing harass them, blocked intersections in — they were denied entry to neighboring GE from the nuclear weapons industry. Johannesburg for a second day. A civilian Burma — to focus world attention on INFACT responded by calling off the GE pleaded with advancing troops not to use Burma’s human rights violations and call Boycott. their guns and tear gas to quell the for the release of Aung San Suu Kyi and “GE has reacted to the concerns of demonstrators. In the clash, one person 1,500 other political prisoners. Suu Kyi millions of people,” said INFACT was left dead and three hurt. (NYT) was awarded the 1991 Nobel Peace Prize. Executive director Elaine Lamy. “They (BG) have decided that nuclear weapons is not a CHARLESTON, W.Va., Feb. 4 (AP) — good business to be in, and they have A strike against the nation’s No. 1 coal BANGKOK, Feb. 19 — A group of opted out.” producer idled mines in Appalachia and Nobel Peace Prize winners called today An estimated four million consumers the Midwest for a second day yesterday. . . for Myanmar, formerly known as Burma, participated in the GE Boycott, and 500 . to be suspended from the United Nations organizations internationally endorsed the The United Mine Workers went on and placed under a complete arms campaign. strike on Monday against two Peabody embargo until it releases political prison- Holding subsidiaries in a dispute over job security. The UMW said 7,500 miners SUBSCRIBE TODAY! walked out in five states, including Pennsylvania. Peabody Holding said the If you are not already a contributor to the Albert Einstein Institution or a newsletter strike was limited to 5,000 workers in four subscriber, we invite you to become one. The Einstein Institution depends, in part, states and that it forced the shutdown of on contributions from concerned individuals to sustain its work. Regular contributors 22 mines in West Virginia, Kentucky, receive Nonviolent Sanctions: News from the Albert Einstein Institution, published Indiana, and Illinois. (Christian Science quarterly. Others who wish to receive the newsletter are invited to subscribe. Monitor) Subscription rates are $5 per year in the U.S., $8 per year outside the U.S. To subscribe, please send your name and address and a check or money order to: The NEW DELHI, Feb. 11 — The Indian Albert Einstein Institution, 1430 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138.

6 Nonviolent Sanctions Publications from the Albert Einstein Institution Monograph Series Conference/Seminar Reports practitioners of nonviolent struggle from Chile, Italy, Mexico, Thailand, the Nether- Insurrectionary Civic Strikes in Latin Transforming Struggle: Strategy and the lands, and the United States discussed the America: 1931–1961, by Patricia Parkman. Global Experience of Nonviolent Direct current state of knowledge and practice of Monograph No. 1. “From 1931 to 1961 Action, edited and published by the Program nonviolent action and suggested future di- eleven Latin American presidents left of- on Nonviolent Sanctions, Center for Inter- rections for research and education in the fice in the wake of civic strikes,” writes national Affairs, Harvard University. A field. 48 pp. $5.00. Parkman. “In addition, at least four . . . comprehensive collection of reports of nine faced unsuccessful attempts to force them years of Nonviolent Sanctions Seminars, Other Publications out by the same means.” Dr. Parkman with supporting essays elaborating the stra- compares and contrasts these fifteen cases tegic approach, its implications and applica- Self-Reliant Defense Without Bankruptcy and includes a chronological summary of tions in struggles around the world. 141 pp. or War, by Gene Sharp. In this new booklet, each case as well as extensive notes. 55 pp. $10.00. Sharp discusses the potential of civilian- (ISBN 1-880813-00-9) $3.00. based defense for the Baltics, East Central Nonviolent Sanctions Seminar Synopses, Europe, and members of the Commonwealth Civilian-based Defense in a New Era, by Fall 1992. Synopses of seminars sponsored of Independent States. Cambridge, MA: Johan Jørgen Holst. Monograph No. 2. In by the Program on Nonviolent Sanctions at The Albert Einstein Institution, 1992. 72 pp. the wake of the peaceful revolutions of the Center for International Affairs, Harvard (ISBN 1-880813-05-X) $4.00. in 1989, Johan Holst out- University. 58 pp. $5.00. lines the key criteria and parameters of a Making the Abolition of War a Realistic future security order in Europe and explores Nonviolent Sanctions Seminar Synopses, Goal, by Gene Sharp. This popular essay, the potential of nonviolent civilian-based Spring 1992. 40 pp. $5.00. first published in 1980, provides a brief defense as a complement to traditional mili- introduction to civilian-based defense, a tary forms of defense. Mr. Holst is Defense Nonviolent Sanctions Seminar Synopses, policy in which civilians are prepared to use Minister of Norway and former Director of Fall 1991. 42 pp. $5.00. as a means of national the Norwegian Institute of International defense. Cambridge, MA: The Albert Affairs in Oslo. 22 pp. (ISBN 1-880813- Highlights from the National Conference Einstein Institution, 1980. Previously pub- 01-7) $2.00. on Nonviolent Sanctions in Conflict and lished by the World Policy Institute. 15 pp. Defense. A special double issue of Nonvio- (ISBN 1-880813-03-3) $2.00 The Role of Power in Nonviolent Struggle, lent Sanctions that includes excerpts of re- by Gene Sharp. Monograph No. 3. “Non- marks by 45 speakers at the February 1990 Nonviolent Sanctions: News from the Albert violent action . . . is capable of wielding conference held in Cambridge, Massachu- Einstein Institution. The Einstein great power even against ruthless rulers and setts. Featured are nonviolent struggles in Institution’s quarterly newsletter. 8 pp. military regimes,” writes Sharp, “because it Eastern Europe, the Middle East, South Af- (ISSN 1052-0384) Subscription rates: $5 attacks the most vulnerable characteristic of rica, Burma, China, the U.S., and the USSR. per year in the U.S., $8 per year outside the all hierarchical institutions and governments: 24 pp. $2.00. U.S. dependence on the governed.” Abstracted from Sharp’s classic three-volume work, Thinking About Nonviolent Struggle: The Albert Einstein Institution Biennial The Politics of Nonviolent Action, this mono- Trends, Research, and Analysis. Proceed- Report 1990–1992. 30 pp. Free graph summarizes the core concepts behind ings from a conference held in Rockport, the technique of nonviolent struggle. 19 pp. Massachusetts, in October 1987. An edited A Journalist’s Brief Glossary of Nonvio- (ISBN 1-880813-02-5) $2.00. and abridged transcript of the Rockport Con- lent Struggle. Includes 33 terms. (Pam- ference, at which twenty-three scholars and phlet) 75¢. in the East European and Soviet Revolutions, by Adam Roberts. Monograph No. 4. Adam Roberts examines Quantity Title Unit Price Total the dramatic role played by “people power” in the undermining of communist regimes in East Central Europe, the achievement of independence by the Baltic states, and the defeat of the August 1991 coup attempt in the Soviet Union. 43 pp. (ISBN 1-880813- 04-1) $3.00. Nonviolent Action in the Liberation of Latvia, by Olgerts Eglitis. Monograph No. 5. This just published monograph recounts Name Subtotal +$1.00 ea. how the people of Latvia used nonviolent Address postage+handling action (1987–1991) to throw off Soviet Total domination and regain independence. 72 City, State, Zip pp. (ISBN 1-880813-06-8) $4.00. The Albert Einstein Institution, 1430 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02138

News from the Albert Einstein Institution 7 1993–94 Einstein Fellowships applications of nonviolent action. It also Chuan Leekpai, the new civilian prime (Continued from p. 1) supports practitioners in the preparation of minister, allowed all the Nobel laureates accounts, documentation, and analysis of into the country. relative effectiveness of different actions their experiences in the use of nonviolent While in Bangkok, the Dalai Lama during the period of movement decline. struggle. avoided overt criticism of China or The study includes the debates on strategy The deadline for proposals is December Thailand, but implicitly reprimanded them and political process in local peace groups, 31. For more information, write to: Dr. for providing weapons to the Burmese their involvement in direct action, and the Ronald McCarthy, Fellows Program junta. He said an arms embargo would be effects of activism on individuals and on Director. a good idea. “In Thailand and every- policies. where,” he said. “the value of human Through the Fellows Program, the rights and of democracy is increasing.” Einstein Institution supports research, Nobel Lauriates —Peace Media Service writing, and systematic reflection on (Continued from p. 1) nonviolent action. Its primary goal is the inviting the battle into our house,” he said. Resistance and Repression advancement of knowledge about the The Thai army banned the screening of an strategic uses of nonviolent action in interview with the Dalai Lama on a TV in East Timor relation to problems of political violence. station it controls. (Continued from p. 2) The Fellows Program offers support to Previous Thai governments have bowed their sentences average eight years. scholars conducting research on the to Chinese pressure over the Dalai Lama, Fernando de Araujo is in prison in history, characteristics, and potential refusing him a visa in 1987 and 1990. But Jakarta for trying to contact Amnesty International. He asked the court, “Why is Nonviolent Sanctions (ISSN 1052-0384) is a quarterly publication of the Albert it that people like me, who are trying to Einstein Institution, 1430 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138. Phone: find a solution by peaceful means...are (617) 876-0311. The Albert Einstein Institution is a nonprofit organization subjected to all kinds of intimidation?” (A advancing the study and use of strategic nonviolent action in conflicts throughout list of the names and addresses of the the world. Independent and nonsectarian, it does not endorse political candidates prisoners is available from War Resisters and is not an advocate of any political organization. International, 55 Dawes Street, President: Christopher Kruegler Editor: Roger S. Powers SE17 1EL, England.)

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8 Nonviolent Sanctions