The Daily Life in the Coptic Monasteries (Analitical Study)
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دراسات في آثار الوطن العربي41 THE DAILY LIFE IN THE COPTIC MONASTERIES (ANALITICAL STUDY) SHERIN SADEK EL GENDI1 ABSTRACT: During the less complex and less sophisticated ages, man was in closer contact with God and a sort of fellow-feeling bound them. Nowadays, if we go to visit the Coptic monasteries, we can live a different and a very interesting experience. Several are the visitors of the Coptic monasteries in Egypt and abroad. Sometimes, visitors want to spend several days in these spiritual places to enjoy the monks’ life and to follow their system. Why these monasteries attract the visitors? Is it only to worship? How is the daily life inside these religious foundations? How are living the monks together? What are their different activities? I would like to focus my on the details of the daily life of these monks. I’ll start my study by describing the scientific meaning of the words monastery, monk and nun. Then, I’ll speak about the main reasons that caused the appearance of the Coptic monasticism. I’ll deal also with the various categories of the monks who lived inside the Coptic monasteries, their grades, their clothes and their different activities. 1 Associate Professor of Coptic and Islamic art and archeology in the faculty of arts/Ain Shams University. Cairo (EGYPT). 274 دراسات في آثار الوطن العربي41 الحيـــاة اليوميــــة فى اﻷديــرة القبطيــــة د./ شــــيرين صادق الجنــدى ملخص: منذ بدء الخليقة، وجدت عﻻقة حميمة دائمة بين اﻹنسان وخالقه. وقد أخذت هذه العﻻقة أشكاﻻً متعددة بسبب اختﻻف المعتقدات الدينية. وعند زيارة اﻷديرة القبطية، يعيش الزائرون تجربة متميزة وفريدة. ويتوافد الزائرون من مصر وخارجها على اﻷديرة القبطية لقضاء بعض اﻷوقات فى هذا المنشآت الدينية والتى شيدت منذ القدم فى الصحارى المصرية. ولكن ما الذى يجذب هؤﻻء الزائرون لهذا اﻷديرة البعيدة ؟ هل السبب فقط هو العبادات ؟ وكيف تكون الحياة اليومية داخل هذه اﻷبنية ؟ وكيف يتعايش الرهبان متعددى الجنسيات معاً ؟ وما هى أنشطتهم اليومية المختلفة ؟ لذا حرصت الباحثة على اﻹجابة على كل هذه التساؤﻻت من خﻻل توضيح المقصود بببعض المصطلحات مثل الدير والراهب والمكرسات إلى جانب دراسة اﻷسباب التى أدت إلى ظهور حركة الرهبنة القبطية. كما تتناولت هذه الدراسة أنواع الرهبان الذين عاشوا داخل اﻷديرة القبطية ودرجاتهم الكهنوتية ومﻻبسهم وأنشطتهم اليومية المختلفة. أستاذ مساعد اﻵثار والفنون القبطية واﻹسﻻمية بكلية اﻵداب – جامعة عين شمس 275 دراسات في آثار الوطن العربي41 During the less complex and less sophisticated ages, man was in closer contact with God and a sort of fellow-feeling bound them. Nowadays, if anyone goes to visit the Coptic monasteries, he can live a different and a very interesting experience. Several are the visitors of the Coptic monasteries in Egypt and abroad. Sometimes, visitors want to spend several days in these spiritual places to enjoy the monks’ life and to follow their system. Why these monasteries built away within the deserts attract the visitors? Is it only to worship? Why do men join the monastic movement? How is the daily life inside these religious foundations? How are living the monks together? What are their different activities? In this paper, I would like to focus my attention on the details of the daily life of these monks. On the following notes, I’ll start my study by describing the main reasons of the appearance of the monastic movement in Egypt, the meaning of the words monk, nun and monastery. Then, I’ll speak about the main aspects of the Coptic monastic life. I’ll deal also with the various categories of the monks who lived inside the Coptic monasteries, their grades, their clothes and their activities. This will be the second part of my study as the first one was a paper that I wrote about the Coptic monasteries3 and that was presented in the conference of the Papyrology Center in Ain Shams University in March 2012. 1- Coptic monasticism and its different forms in Egypt According to G. GABRA, Coptic monasticism found its origin in the Bible as follow: “Prepare the way of the Lord, make his paths straight”4, “Living on the margins of society and calling on society to repent”5, “To which he would often return to pray in solitude”6 and “If you want to be perfect, go sell all your possessions and give 3 SHERIN SADEK EL GENDI, L’architecture des monastères coptes autrefois et aujourd’hui (Étude comparative), “The Third International Congress, The Mutual Influence Between the Ancient Civilizations”, BullACPSI, I, Cairo, 2012, pp. 59-73. 4 Is. 40: 3-5; G. GABRA, Coptic Monasteries. Egypt’s Monastic Art and Architecture, with a Historical Overview by T. VIVIAN, Cairo-New York, 2002, p. 20. 5 Lk. 3:3; G. GABRA, Monasteries, p. 20. 6 Lk. 4:42; G. GABRA, Monasteries, p. 20. 276 دراسات في آثار الوطن العربي41 to the poor, and come follow me, and you will have treasure in heaven”7. To live the world and to be only with God means to be alone with the Alone. This was the main idea of the monastic life which appeared in Egypt in the third century AD. as a result of the cruel persecutions that took place during the roman period. It is to be known that Egypt offered the monastic life to the entire world. Monasticism appeared at first in Egypt and later it was known abroad. G. GABRA added also that: “The first known monk, however (that is, the first ascetic known as a monachos), was not a solitary but, rather, was a village monk, one of the apotaktikoi or “renunciants”… A papyrus dated to 324 CE cites a monachos named Isaac, along with a deacon named Antonius”8. The same author added that the monastic life erased in Egypt, Syria and Palestine by the virgins, the widows and the village ascetics9. The Egyptian monasticism consists of three different types: The first one is the complete solitariness in which man lives alone for the rest of his life in a natural cave totally cut into the desert. The famous outstanding between men was Saint Paul the first Hermit and the originator of the asceticism who spent about ninety years in the desert away from people during the third century AD. According to the Coptic Orthodox Tradition, a crow used to bring to him half bread every day. There was also a palm tree near the entrance of his cell. A short time before his death, Saint Anthony the Great visited him. In this day, the crow brought complete bread for the two Saints. After the death of Saint Paul the Hermit, Saint Anthony the Great buried his body after digging his grave10 helped by two tigers which appeared to him miraculously in the same place over which was built later his monastery in the Red Sea. The 7 Mt. 19: 21; G. GABRA, Monasteries, p. 20. 8 G. GABRA, Monasteries, p. 21. 9 G. GABRA, Monasteries, pp. 21-22. 10 G. GABRA, Monasteries, pp. 87-94. 277 دراسات في آثار الوطن العربي41 biography of Saint Paul the Hermit was written by Saint Jerome during the fourth century AD. One cannot neglect to mention the name of Saint Mary the Errant or the Repentant which is the feminine image of the solitary life. Being with a wonderful beauty, she spent the first half of her life in sin. After visiting the Resurrection Church in Jerusalem, she decided to withdraw into the Jordan desert being twenty nine years old to live in a complete solitariness for about forty five years. Saint Zosima who was an abbot in one of the monasteries of the eastern desert met her suddenly. She asked him to bring her the Holy Communion the following year. When he returned back to see her, a year later, she was died after leaving a slip of paper beside her body with the following words: “Return unto the earth what belongs to the earth, and pray for me”11. Because she was wandering throughout the desert without living in a cave, she was called the Errant. The second type of the monasticism is the semi-solitary life founded by Saint Anthony the Great by the end of the third and the beginning of the fourth century AD12. Being a member of a rich family originated from the village of Qimn al-Arus in Bani Swaif, Saint Anthony the Great is the real founder of the anchorite life. Being twenty years old, his parents passed away leaving to him a young sister. One day, he went to audit the mass in the church and he heard the biblical text mentioned before13. Then he distributed all his fortune to the poor and he left his sister with several religious women. He lived in a small cell in the desert and when a big number of disciples became to live around him, he decided to go 11 F. NAU, “Histoire des solitaires égyptiens”, ROC, XIII, Paris (1908), pp. 57-60; IRIS HABIB ELMASRY, Introduction to the Coptic Church, 1977, pp. 22-26; E. WIPSZYCKA, “Les clercs dans les communautés monastiques d’Égypte”, JJP, XXVI, Oxford (1994), pp. 135-166; R. S. BAGNALL, Egypt in Late Antiquity, Princeton, 1996, pp. 293-303; J. E. GOEHRING, “Monasticism in Byzantine Egypt: Continuity and Memory”, in: (Ed.) R. S. BAGNALL, Egypt in the Byzantine World 300-700, Cambridge, 2010, pp. 390-405. 12 OTTO F. A. MEINARDUS, Monks and Monasteries of the Egyptian Deserts, Reviewed ed., Cairo-New York, 2002, pp. 1-4. 13 Mt. 19:21, p. 1 in this article. 278 دراسات في آثار الوطن العربي41 into the oriental desert near al-Qalala plateau and he lived within a small cell totally cut into the rock in the Rea Sea.