UNIT V Chapter 12

Trends in Economic Zoology

Chapter Outline

12.1 Scope of Zoology 12.8 Animal Husbandry 12.2 Vermiculture and management 12.3 Sericulture 12.4 Apiculture 12.5 Lac culture Give a man a fi sh and you feed him for a day; 12.6 Aquaponics teach a man to fi sh and you feed him for a lifetime. 12.7 Aquaculture

LearningLearning Objectives: Objectives: focus on the early developmental stages • Creating awareness on self of animal life. Zoology as a career as a employment opportunities in number of specializations and students are various fields presented with a plethora of career options • Understands the economic once they chose to be associated with this importance of earthworm, field. This field is concerned with the honeybee, lac insect, silk worm, preservation and management of animal fish, cattle and birds kingdom and a career in it would mean • Knows the techniques and tools that you are a part of that responsibility. required for various culture methods A zoologist shall get avenues across the • Learns to manage the culture practices world. Channels like National Geographic, Animal Planet, and Discovery Channel are in constant need of Zoologists for research Zoology is a branch of science which deals and documentaries. Zoologists are also with the study of animals. For someone hired for zoos, wildlife services, botanical who is interested in pursuing a career in gardens, conservation organizations, Zoology, there are several specializations national parks, nature reserves, that the students can venture into. universities, laboratories, aquariums, There are physiologists, who study the animal clinics, fisheries and aquaculture, metabolic processes of animals; there are museums, research, pharmaceutical taxonomists who deal with the naming companies, veterinary hospitals, etc. and the classification of animal species; If you want to be an entrepreneur you embryologist whose job is to study and have to learn the methods of culturing farm animals and their importance, since expand a vermicomposting operation or farm animals possess great economic sold to customers. Vermicompost is the value. Since prehistoric time human primary goal of vermiculture. Technically, beings taken maximum advantage from the worm castings are pure worm waste animals by keeping them under their and are fine and nutrient rich organic control through domestication. The soil amendment. Vermicompost on the economic success of the industries, based other hand, is comprised of the castings, on animals and their products, depends bits of bedding and other organic matter. on the proper production, management Essentially, though the terms are used and development of the next generation interchangeably, they are both worm of farm animals. manure and are valuable for improving soil health. Applications of earthworm 12.1 Scope of Zoology in technology of composting and bioremediation of soils and other activities Studying Zoology can provide self is called Vermitech (Sultan Ismail, 1992). employment opportunities and you can become an entrepreneur. Economic The disposal of solid wastes (bio- Zoology is a branch of science that degradable and non- biodegradable) deals with economically useful animals. remains a serious challenge in most of the It involves the study of application of countries. Earthworms play a vital role animals for human welfare. The need in maintaining soil fertility; hence these of Zoology is not just to improve our worms are called as “farmer’s friends”. economic condition but also to provide These are also called as “biological food security and provide employment indicators of soil fertility”. The reason opportunities. Based on the economic is that they support bacteria, fungi, importance, animals can be categorized protozoans and a host of other organisms as: which are essential for sustaining a healthy soil. The breakdown of organic 1. Animals for food and food products matter by the activity of the earthworms 2. Economically beneficial animals and its elimination from its body is called 3. Animals of aesthetic importance vermicast. It is a finely divided granular 4. Animals for scientific research. material and is noted for its porosity, aeration, drainage and moisture holding 12.2 Vermiculture capacity and serves as rich organic manure. Vermiculture is the process of using Earthworms are divided into two earthworms to decompose organic food major groups. The first group, the humus waste, into a nutrient-rich material formers, dwell on the surface and feed on capable of supplying necessary nutrients organic matter. They are generally darker which helps to sustain plant growth. The in colour. These worms are used for aim is to continually increase the number vermicomposting. The second group, the of worms to have a sustainable harvest. humus feeders, are burrowing worms that The excess worms can either be used to are useful in making the soil porous, and

117 118 mixing and distributing humus through Earthworms collected from native out the soil. There are different endemic soil prefer a layer of local soil in their (native) species of earthworms cultured compost beds. If local soil earthworms in India for vermicomposting such as are used, add a layer of native loamy Periyonyx excavatus, Lampito mauritii, soil for about 15 cm on top of the gravel Octochaetona serrata. Some earthworm sand layer and introduce earthworms species have been introduced from other into it. For exotic species such as Eisenia countries and called as exotic species Eg. fetida and Eudrilus eugeniae, the layer of Eisenia fetida, Eudrilus eugeniae. soil is not needed. The unit can now be loaded with digested biomass or animal Vermicomposting dung such as cow dung that has lost its heat. The number of earthworms to be Vermicompost is the compost produced introduced in an unit depends on the size by the action of earthworms in association of the vermibed prepared. Earthworms with all other organisms in the compost such as Periyonyx. excavatus, Eisenia unit. Vermicompost bed may be selected fetida or Eudrilus eugeniae are introduced on upland or an elevated level as it prevents on the top. Jute bags or cardboards the stagnation of water. You may construct or broad leaves are used to cover the a cement pit of 3x2x1m size (LxWxD) over unit. As worms require moisture, water ground surface using bricks. The size of pit management is most important for the may vary as per availability of raw materials. survival of the earthworms. Too little Cement pot or well rings are practically or too much of water is not good for good. Provision should be made for excess the worms. water to drain. The vermibed should not be exposed to direct sunlight and hence shade Earthworms release their castings on may be provided (Figure. 12.1). The first the surface. One can start harvesting this layer of vermibed contains gravel at about from the surface on noticing the castings 5 cm in height, followed by coarse sand to on the surface. It may take several days a thickness of 3.5 cm, which will facilitate for the entire biomass to be composted the drainage of excess water. depending on the amount of biomass.

3 meter

1 meter 2 meter

Figure 12.1 Vermiculture unit and Earthworms 119 When all the compost is harvested, and by use of screens or gratings at the earthworms can be handpicked by bottom and top of the beds. creating small conical heaps of harvested compost and leaving in sunlight for a few Advantages of Using Vermicompost hours. The earthworms then move down People are aware about benefits of and settle at the bottom of the heap as organic inputs in farming. Vermicompost a cluster. Earthworms from the lower is excellent organic manure for layers of the compost can be recovered sustainable agro-practices. So, marketing and the worms can be transferred to new vermicompost is now a potential and composting units. flourishing industry. Retail marketing Vermiwash is a liquid collected after of vermicompost in urban areas is most the passage of water through a column promising. Vermicompost is neatly of vermibed. It is useful as a foliar spray packed in designed and printed packets to enhance plant growth and yield. It is for sale. People of different age groups obtained from the burrows or drilospheres are involved in the production and formed by earthworms. Nutrients, plant selling of vermicompost. Marketing growth promoter substances and some of vermicompost can provide a useful microorganisms are present in supplementary income. vermiwash. i. Vermicompost is rich in essential plant Earthworm Pests and Diseases nutrients. Earthworms are subjected to attack by ii. It improves soil structure texture, a variety of pests. Most outbreaks are aeration, and water holding capacity the result of poor bed management. and prevents soil erosion Earthworm enemies include ants, iii. Vermicompost is a rich in nutrients springtails, centipedes, slugs, mites, and an eco-friendly amendment to soil certain beetle larvae, birds, rats, snakes, for farming and terrace gardening. mice, toads, and other insects or animals iv. It enhances seed germination and which feed on worms. The earthworm has ensures good plant growth a number of internal parasites including numerous protozoa, some nematodes, and the larvae of certain flies. Larger 12. 3 Sericulture predators can be excluded from worm Silk is Nature’s gift to mankind and beds by proper construction of the bins, a commercial fiber of animal origin other than wool. Being eco-friendly, biodegradable and self-sustaining My vermicompost manufacturing unit material; silk has assumed special is plagued by a number of red ants. relevance in present age. Sericulture is Are there any bio-friendly measures to an agro –based industry, the term which tackle the menace as I do not want to denotes commercial production of silk use any chemicals? through silkworm rearing. Historical evidence reveals that sericulture was

120 practiced in China long back and they Production of silk from the silk worm, preserved the secret for more than by rearing practices on a commercial 3000 years and maintained monopoly scale is called sericulture. It is an agro- in silk trade with the rest of the world. based industry comprising three main According to Western historians, components: i) cultivation of food mulberry cultivation spread to India plants for the silkworms, ii) rearing of about 140BC from China through Tibet. silkworms, and iii) reeling and spinning The fabulous silk from China and India of silk. The first two are agricultural and were carried to European countries. the last one is an industrial component. The 7000 mile lengthy road, historically Only few species of silkworms are used in called the “Silk road” passing through the sericulture industry (Table 12. 1 and Baghdad, Tashkent, Damascus and Figure 12. 2). Istanbul was used for silk transport. Life cycle of Bombyx mori Today more than 29 countries in the world are practicing sericulture and The adult of Bombyx mori is about 2.5 cm producing different kinds of silk. India in length and pale creamy white in colour. stands second in silk production next to Due to heavy body and feeble wings, flight China. is not possible by the female moth. This moth is unisexual in nature and does not

Mulberry Eri

Muga Tassar

Figure 12.2 Different types of silkworms 121 Table 12.1 Different types of Silkworm Species of Silk Producing States Preferred Food Type Of Silk silkmoth (Leaves) Bombyx mori Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Mulberry Mulberry Silk Tamil Nadu Antheraea Assam, Meghalaya. Nagaland, Champa Muga Silk assamensis Arunachala Pradesh and Manipur Antheraea West Bengal, Bihar and Jharkand Arjun Tassar Silk mylitta Attacus ricini Assam, Meghalaya. Nagaland, Castor Eri Silk Arunachala Pradesh and Manipur

feed during its very short life period of (Figure12.3). It takes about 21 to 25 days 2-3 days. Just after emergence, male moth after hatching. The fully grown caterpillar copulates with female for about 2-3 hours is 7.5 cm in length. It develops salivary and if not separated, they may die after few glands, stops feeding and undergoes hours of copulating with female. Just after pupation. The caterpillars stop feeding copulation, female starts egg laying which and move towards the corner among the is completed in1-24 hours. A single female leaves and secretes a sticky fluid through moth lays 400 to 500 eggs depending upon their silk gland. The secreted fluid the climatic conditions. Two types of eggs comes out through spinneret (a narrow are generally found namely diapause type pore situated on the hypopharynx) and and non-diapause type. The diapause takes the form of long fine thread of silk type is laid by silkworms inhabiting the which hardens on exposure to air and is temperate regions, whereas silkworms wrapped around the body of caterpillar in belonging to subtropical regions like the forms of a covering called as cocoon. India lay non-diapause type of eggs. It is the white coloured bed of the pupa The eggs after ten days of incubation whose outer threads are irregular while hatch into larva called as caterpillar. The the inner threads are regular. The length newly hatched caterpillar is about 3 mm of continuous thread secreted by a in length and is pale, yellowish-white caterpillar for the formation of cocoon is in colour. The caterpillars are provided about 1000-1200 metres which requires with well developed mandibulate type of 3 days to complete. The pupal period mouth-parts adapted to feed easily on the lasts for 10 to 12 days and the pupae cut mulberry leaves. through the cocoon and emerge into After 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th moultings adult moth. caterpillars get transformed into 2nd, On the basis of the moults which they 3rd, 4th and 5th instars respectively undergo during their larval life, B. mori

122 Figure 12. 3 Life cycle of Bombyx mori is divided into three races – tri-moulters, India has the distinction of producing tetra-moulters and penta-moulters. all the four types of silk i.e. (a) Mulberry Based on voltinism (the number of broods silk (91.7%); (b) Tasar silk (1.4%); raised per year), three kinds of races (c) Eri silk (6.4%); and (d) Muga silk are recognized in mulberry silkworm – (0.5%) which are produced by different univoltines (one brood only), bivoltines species of silkworms. Name the species (two broods only) and multivoltines that produces large amount and least (more than two broods). amount of silk in India.

123 Cultivation of food plants for the baskets for keeping leaves, gunny bags, silkworms rotary or bamboo mountages and drier are The first component, is to grow the food needed for effective rearing of silkworms. plants for the silkworms. Mulberry leaves The steps involved in rearing process of are widely used as food for silkworm silkworm are disinfection of rearing house, Bombyx mori and the cultivation of incubation of eggs, brushing, young larval mulberry is called as Moriculture. rearing and late age larval rearing. Presently improved mulberry varieties The selected healthy silk moths are like Victory1, S36, G2 and G4 which can allowed to mate for 4 hours. Female moth is withstand various agro - climatic and then kept in a dark plastic bed, it lays about soil conditions are used for planting. 400 eggs in 24 hours; the female is taken out, The favourable season for cultivating crushed and examined for any disease, only of the mulberry plants is June, July, certified disease-free eggs are reared for November and December. The mulberry industrial purpose. The eggs are incubated in crop production technology includes an incubator. The small larvae (caterpillars) land preparation, preparation of cutting, hatch between 7-10 days. These larvae are planting techniques, maintenance of kept in trays inside a rearing house at a mulberry nursery, disease and pest temperature of about 20°C - 25°C. These are management and uprooting for raising first fed on chopped mulberry leaves. After new mulberry gardens. Mulberry is also 4-5 days fresh leaves are provided. As the being grown as tree plant at an height of larvae grow, they are transferred to fresh 123-152 cm with 20 x 20 cm or 25 x 25 leaves on clean trays, when fully grown they cm spacing to harvest better silkworm spin cocoons. Their maturity is achieved cocoon crops. in about 45 days. At this stage the salivary glands (silk glands) starts secreting silk to Rearing of silkworms spin cocoons. The second component is the rearing of silkworm. A typical rearing house (6m x Post cocoon processing 4m x 3.5m) is constructed on an elevated The method of obtaining silk thread place under shade to accommodate 100 from the cocoon is known as post cocoon dfls (disease free layings). Space of 1m processing. This includes stifling and should be provided surrounding the reeling. rearing house. Sufficient windows and The process of killing the cocoons is ventilators should be provided for free called stifling. The process of removing circulation of air inside the rearing house. the threads from the killed cocoon is called The windows and ventilators should be reeling. For reeling silk the cocoons are covered with nylon net to restrict the entry gathered about 8 -10 days after spinning of uzi flies and other insects. Apart from had begun. The cocoons are first treated the specified area of the rearing house; the by steam or dry heat to kill the insect following appliances such as hygrometer, inside. This is necessary to prevent the power sprayers, rearing stands, foam pads, destruction of the continuous fibre by the wax coated paraffin papers, nylon nets, emergence of the moth. The cocoons are 124 then soaked in hot water (95° -97°C) for to manufacture clothes like Teri-Silk, 10-15 minutes to soften the gum that binds Cot-Silk etc. Silk is dyed and printed the silk threads together. This process is to prepare ornamented fabrics. They called cooking. The “cooked” cocoons are generally made from Eri-silk or are kept in hot water and the loose ends spun silk. of the thread are caught by hand. Threads 2. Silk is used in industries and for from several cocoons are wound together military purposes. on spinning wheels (Charakhas) to form 3. It is used in the manufacture of fishing the reels of raw silk. Only about one- fibers, parachutes, cartridge bags, half of the silk of each cocoon is reelable, insulation coils for telephone, wireless the remainder is used as a silk waste receivers, tyres of racing cars, filter and formed into spun silk. Raw silk thus fibres, in medical dressings and as obtained is processed through several suture materials. treatments to bring about the luster on the thread. Diseases and Pests of Silkworm: The profitable silk industry is threatened by New silkworm diet various diseases caused by the virus, fungal, produces coloured bacterial and protozoan infections but also silk. The Institute of by insect predators, birds and other higher Materials Research animals. Ants, crows, kites, rats, feed upon and Engineering (IMRE) in Singapore silk worms thereby causing a great loss to has developed a way to replace the silk industry. Pebrine, is a dangerous disease traditional dying process necessary to to in silkworms and the causative organism make coloured silk. A simple dietary is Nosema bombycis , a protozoan. This change (feeding a diet of mulberries silkworm disease is transmitted through treated with fluorescent dye) for the the egg of the mother silkworm and also silkworm larva and they are able to through ingestion of contaminated food. produce silk in a variety of colors. Flacherie generally occurs in the mature The colour directly integrated into the larvae and is caused mainly by bacteria fibers. like Streptococcus and Staphylococcus. Grasserie is a most dominant and serious viral disease. It is caused by Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus (BmNPV) a Baculovirus, which belongs to sub group ‘A’ of the Baculoviridae. Among the fungal diseases, white muscardine is common. This disease is caused by fungusBeauveria Uses of Silk bassiana. 1. Silk fibers are utilized in preparing silk clothes. Silk fibers are now combined with other natural or synthetic fibers

125 12.4 Apiculture area are attracted to the pheromone and mating takes place. During mating, the Ever since the beginning of civilization, drone releases large number of sperms man has been trying to make use of for sufficient fertilization. In a life span of organisms around him for various two to four years, a queen bee lays about purposes and to rear them for increasing 15 lakh eggs. When the queen bee loses their number. One of the finest discoveries its capacity to lay eggs, another worker is our knowledge regarding the bee starts feeding on the Royal Jelly and procurement of honey collected by honey develops into a new queen. bees. Care and management of honey bees Among the honey bees, workers on a commercial scale for the production are sterile females and smallest but of honey is called Apiculture or Bee yet function as the main spring of the Keeping. The word ‘apiculture’ comes complicated machinery in the colony. from the Latin word ’apis’ meaning bee. Worker bee lives in a chamber called Bees are reared in apiaries that are areas ‘Worker Cell’ and it takes about 21 days where a lot of bee hives can be placed. to develop from the egg to adult and its There are five well recognized types of bees lifespan is about six weeks. Each worker in the world. They are Apis dorsata (Rock has to perform different types of work in bee), Apis florea (Little bee), Apis indica her life time. During the first half of her (Indian bee), Apis mellifera (European life, she becomes a nurse bee attending to bee) and Apis adamsoni (African bee). indoor duties such as secretion of royal Social organization of honey bees jelly, prepares bee-bread to feed the larvae, In honey bees, a highly organized division feeds the queen, takes care of the queen of labour is found. A well developed honey bee colony consists of the Queen, Drones and Workers (Figure 12.4). All the three types depend on each other for their existence. There is normally one queen, 10,000 to 30,000 workers and few hundred drones (male bees) in a colony. Queen bee is a functional female bee present in each hive and feeds on Royal Jelly. Its sole function is to lay eggs throughout its life span. The virgin queen bee mates only once in her life. Honey bee uses its long-tube like During the breeding season in winter, tongue to extract sugary liquid called a unique flight takes place by the queen nectar from the flowers. The nectar is bee followed by several drones. This flight stored in the stomach and the enzyme is called “nuptial flight”. The queen bee invertase transforms it into honey. This produces a hormonal chemical substance increases the storage life of honey and called pheromone. The drones in the also contributes to its medicinal value.

126 Queen Worker Drone Queen bee - Lateral view Figure 12.4 Social organization of honey bees and drones, secretes bees wax, builds trees (Figure.12.4). The young stages of combs, cleans and fans the bee hive. honey bees accommodate the lower and Then she becomes a soldier and guards central cells of the hive called the brood the bee hive. In the second half her life cells. In Apis dorsata, the brood cells are lasting for three weeks, she searches and of similar in size and shape but in other gathers the pollen, nectar, propolis and species, brood cells are of three types water. viz., queen cell for queens, worker cell The drone is the functional male for workers and drone cells for drones member of the colony which develops from (Figure.12.5). The cells are intended for an unfertilized egg. It lives in a chamber storage of honey and pollen in the upper called drone cell. Drones totally depend on portion of the comb whereas the lower workers for honey. The sole duty of the drone portions are for brood rearing. is to fertilize the virgin queen hence called Methods of Bee keeping “King of the colony”. During swarming (the The main objective is to get more and process of leaving the colony by the queen more quality honey. There are two with a large group of worker bees to form a methods used by apiculturists. They new colony) the drones follows the queen, copulates and dies after copulation. Bees teach us a Structure of a Bee Hive lesson to work with The house of honey bee is termed as cooperation. Imagine bee hive or comb. The hive consists of the hardwork of hexagonal cells made up of wax secreted the bees! A single honey bee travels by the abdomen of worker bees arranged about double the distance of the in opposite rows on a common base. circumference of the earth’s globe for These hives are found hanging vertically preparing 453.5ml of honey. from the rocks, building or branches of 127 Pollen cells Honey cells

Brood cells Drone cells

Queen cells

Figure 12.5 Structure of a hive showing various cells

are indigenous method and the modern workers can easily pass. The frame is method. In indigenous method, the composed of wax sheet which is held in honey extracted from the comb contains vertical position up by a couple of wires. wax. To overcome the drawbacks of the Every sheet of wax is known as Comb indigenous method, the modern method Foundation. The comb foundation helps has been developed to improve the texture in obtaining a regular strong worker brood of hives. In India, there are two types of cell comb which can be used repeatedly. beehives in practice namely, Langstroth 4) Super is also a chamber without cover and Newton. The Langstroth bee hive is and base. It is provided with many frames made up of wood and consists of six parts containing comb foundation to provide (Figure 12.6) 1) Stand is the basal part of additional space for expansion of the hive. the hive on which the hive is constructed. 5) Inner cover is a wooden piece used for The stands are adjusted to make a slope covering the super with many holes for for rain water to drain 2) Bottom board proper ventilation. 6) Top cover is meant is situated above the stand and forms the for protecting the colonies from rains. It proper base for the hive. It has two gates, is covered with a sheet which is plain and one gate functions as an entrance while the sloping. other acts as an exit. 3) Brood chamber Besides the above primary is the most important part of the hive. It equipments, other accessory equipments is provided with 5 to 10 frames arranged are used in beekeeping Queen Excluder one above the other through which the is utilized to prevent the entry of queen 128 Top cover bees. Feeder is a basin with sugar syrup covered by grass to feed the bees during

Inner cover drought season. The grass prevents the Frames bees from sinking into the syrup. Honey Extractor is a stainless-steel device Super which spins the combs rapidly to extract honey. Hive Entrance Guard is a device similar to queen excluder in front of the Brood chamber hive entrance which prevents the escape of queen during warming season. Bottom board Products of bee keeping and their Stand economic importance

Alighting The chief products of bee keeping industry board are honey and bee wax. Honey is the healthier substitute for Figure 12.6 - Langstroth bee hive sugar. The major constituents of honey are: levulose, dextrose, maltose, other bee from the brood chamber into the sugars, enzymes, pigments, ash and water. super chamber. Comb foundation is a It is an aromatic sweet material derived sheet of bee wax, on both sides of which from nectar of plants. It is a natural food, the exact shape of different cells of the the smell and taste depends upon the comb is made in advance. Bee gloves are pollen taken by the honey bee. It is used used by bee keepers for protecting their as an antiseptic, laxative and as a sedative. hands while inspecting the hives. Bee It is generally used in Ayurvedic and veil is a device made of fine nettings to Unani systems of medicine. It is also used protect the bee-keeper from bee sting. in the preparation of cakes, breads and Smoker is used to scare the bees during biscuits hive maintenance and honey collection Bee wax is secreted by the abdomen of by releasing smoke. Hive Tool is a flat, the worker bees at the age of two weeks. narrow and long piece of iron which The wax is masticated and mixed with helps in scraping excess propolis or wax the secretions of the cephalic glands to from hive parts. Uncapping knife is a convert it into a plastic resinous substance. long knife which helps in removing the The resinous chemical substance present cap from the combs as a first step in in the wax is called propolis which is honey extraction. Bee brush is a large derived from pollen grains. The pure wax brush often employed to brush off bees is white in colour and the yellow colour from honey combs particularly at the is due to the presence of carotenoid time of extraction. Queen introducing pigments. It is used for making candles, cage is a pipe made of wire nets used for water proofing materials, polishes for keeping the queen for about 24 hours for floors, furniture, appliances, leather and acquaintance with the hive and worker taps. It is also used for the production of 129 comb foundation sheets in bee keeping plant. The female lac insect is responsible and used in pharmaceutical industries. for large scale production of lac, which is larger than the male lac insect. 12.5 Lac Culture After copulation, the male insect dies. The culture of lac insect using techniques The female develops very rapidly after for the procurement of lac on large fertilization and lays about 200 to 500 scale is known as Lac culture. Lac is eggs (Figure. 12. 7). Eggs hatch into larvae produced by the lac insect Tachardia after six weeks. The mass emergence of lacca previously known as Laccifer lacca. larvae from the egg in search of a host It is a minute, resinous crawling scale plant is called ‘swarming’. After settling insect which inserts its probosics into on the host, the larvae start feeding the plant tissues and sucks juice, grows continuously and the secretion of lac and secretes lac from the hind end of the also starts simultaneously. Gradually the body as a protective covering for its body. larvae become fully covered by lac. Then Moreover the insect is a parasite on host the larvae moult in their respective cells plants i.e., Karanagalli (Acacia catechu), (chamber). The shapes of the cells are Karuvelai (Acacia nilotica) and Kumbadiri different for male and female insects, (Schleichera oleosa). The quality of lac males are elongated whereas and the depends upon the quality of the host female are oval. Some insects are natural

Fertilization

Egg Laying

Adult male End of Egg Laying Complete (Yellow dots indicate metamorphosis shrinking of female)

Adult female LIFE CYCLE OF LAC INSECT Incomplete metamorphosis Males comes out Hatching from anal operculum (Orange spots indicate eggs are about to hatch)

Larvae (also called as crawlers) Pupa Larvae setting on host

Figure 12. 7 – Life cycle of lac insect 130 predators of lac insects. The caterpillars b. It is used in preparations of shoe and of these parasites feed upon lac insects leather polishes and as a protective showing hyper-parasitism. coating of wood. c. It is used in laminating paper board, Hyperparasitism - A photographs, engraved materials and condition in which plastic moulded articles. a secondary parasite d. Used as a filling material for gold develops within ornaments a previously existing parasite or a hyperparasite is the parasite whose 12.6 Aquaponics host is also a parasite. Aquaponics is a technique which is a Lac cultivation is a complicated combination of aquaculture (growing process, so the cultivators should know fish) and hydroponics (growing plants in well about the inoculation, swarming non-soil media and nutrient-laden water). period and harvesting of lac. The process Aquaponics may also prevent toxic water of introducing lac insect on the host plant runoff. It also maintains ecosystem balance is called inoculation. Before inoculation, by recycling the waste and excretory pruning of the host plant is done. The products produced by the fish. In India, twigs having brood lac, i.e., lac insect aquaponics was started in 2013. Some about 20 cm in length are attached to fresh primary methods of aquaponic gardening host plants. The lac insect then repeats that are in use nowadays are as follows: (i) its life cycle. The collection of lac from Deep water culture is otherwise known as the host plant is known as harvesting. raft based method. In this method a raft Harvesting may be done before swarming floats in water. Plants are kept in the holes of (immature) or after swarming (mature). raft and the roots float in water. This method Immature harvesting produces ‘Ari lac’ is applicable for larger commercial scale whereas mature harvesting produces the system. By this method fast growing plants mature lac. Lac cut from the host plant are cultivated. (ii) Media based method is called ‘Stick lac’. The lac present on involves growing plants in inert planting the twig is scraped and collected. After media like clay pellets or shales. This method grinding, the unnecessary materials like is applicable for home and hobby scale dusts and fine particles are removed. system. Larger number of fruiting plants, The resultant lac is called ‘seed lac’. The leafy green plants, herbs and other varieties seed lac is sun dried and then melted to of plants can be cultivated (Figure 12. 8) produce ‘shellac’. (iii) Nutrient Film technique involves the passage of nutrient rich water through a Economic importance of Lac narrow trough or PVC pipe. Plants are kept a. Lac is largely used as a sealing wax in the holes of the pipe to allow the roots to and adhesive for optical instruments. be in free contact with in the water stream. It is used in electric industry, as it is a (iv) Aqua vertica is otherwise known as good insulator. vertical aquaponics. Plants are stacked on

131 the top of each other in tower systems. Water Waste uptake by plants and bacteria flows in through the top of the tower. This Clean water method is suitable for growing leafy greens,

a. Growing fish or other aquatic Gravel animals and plants together in an integrated system. The fish wastes Waste water provides nutrients for the plants Pump and the plants filter the water. Additionally bacteria break down by-products such as ammonia. Figure12. 8 Aquaponics – Media based method b. Growing plants in a nutrient solution instead of soil. Fish kept in the water strawberries and other crops that do not provide the required nutrients. need supporting solid substratum to grow. Write the appropriate scientific Advantages of Aquaponic gardening terms for above (a) and (b) and Water conservation: No need of water differentiate between them.. discharge and recharge as the water is maintained by recycling process.

132 Soil: Bottom soil may be loaded with They are (a) Freshwater aquaculture (b) freshwater. Microbes in water can convert Brackish water aquaculture (c) Marine the waste materials into usable forms like water aquaculture. Culturing of fishes is ammonia into nitrates which are used called fish culture or pisciculture. Inland by the plants. Thus the soil fertility is water bodies include freshwater bodies maintained like rivers, canals, streams, lakes, flood Pesticides: In this system use of plain wetlands, reservoirs, ponds, tanks pesticides is avoided and hence it is eco- and other derelict water bodies and ponds friendly. constructed for fresh water aquaculture. Weeds: Since the plants are cultured The pH of the freshwater should be in confined conditions, growth of weeds around neutral and salinity below 5 ppt is completely absent. The utilization of (parts per thousand). nutrient by plants is high in this method Brackish water fishes spend most of Artificial food for fishes: In this its life in river mouths (estuaries) back system plant waste and decays are utilized waters, mangrove swamps and coastal by fishes as food. So, the need for the use lagoons. Estuarine fish are more common of supplementary feed can be minimized. in Bengal and Kerala. Culturing of animals in the water having salinity range Fertilizer usage: Artificial or chemical 0.5 2 30 ppt are called as brackish water fertilizers is not required for this system culture. Fishes cultured in brackish water since the plants in the aquaponics utilize are Milk fish (Chanos Chanos), Sea bass the nutrients from the fish wastes dissolved (‘Koduva’), Grey mullet (‘Madavai’), Pearl in water spots (‘Kari’meen) etc, Cultivable fishes like tilapia, trout, Marine Fisheries deal with fishing koi, gold fish, bass etc., are cultured operations along seacoasts. The Indian in aquaponics. Common cultivable subcontinent approximately has a 5600 plants like tomato, pepper, lettuce, kms long coastline. About 80% of India’s cucumber, and rose are co-cultivated in marine fish are supplied by the west this method. coast and the remaining 20% by the 12.7 Aquaculture east coast. The premier varieties are mackerels, sardines, sharks, and catfish. Aquaculture has been practiced in varying Marine edible fishes of Tamilnadu coast forms for centuries dating to the time include both cartilaginous and bony of the Phoenicians. India offers a huge fishes. Culturing of animals in the water potential for aquaculture development. salinity ranges from 30 - 35% is called Fish culture received notable attention Mariculture. Some fishes like Chanos in Tamil Nadu in 1911. Aquaculture is sp, Mugil cephalus are cultured here. a branch of science that deals with the Culturing of animals in the salinity farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, ranges from 36 - 40% is called Metahaline molluscs, crustaceans and aquatic plants. culture. Eg, Brine shrimp (Artemia On the basis of source, aquaculture salina). Artemia is commonly known as can be classified into three categories. the brine shrimp. It is a crustacean and 133 lives in high saline waters because of its b. Salt water fishes acclimatized for fresh high osmoregulatory capacity. water (Chanos, Mullet). c. Exotic fishes or imported from other 12.7.1 Fish culture counties (Common carps) Characteristics of cultivable fishes Among these, major carps have proved to The special characteristic features of be best suited for culture in India, because cultivable fishes are: the carps i. Fishes should have high growth rate in 1. Feed on zooplanktons and short period for culture. phytoplanktons, decaying weeds, debris and other aquatic plants. ii. They should accept supplementary diet. 2. They can survive in turbid water with iii. They should be hardy enough to resist slightly higher temperature some common diseases and infection of parasites. 3. Can tolerate O2 variations in water. iv. Fishes proposed for polyculture 4. Can be transported from one place to should be able to live together without other easily. interfering or attacking other fishes. 5. They are highly nutritive and palatable. v. They should have high conversion External factors affecting fish culture efficiency so that they can effectively The factors that affect fish culture are utilize the food. temperature, light rain, water, flood, water Types of cultivable fish current, turbidity of water, pH hardness, Cultivable fish are of 3 types(Figure 12. 9). salinity and dissolved O2. Light and temperature also play an important role a. Indigenous or native fresh water fishes in fish breeding. (Major carps, Catla, Labeo, Clarias)

Catla

Mullet Common carps

Figure 12. 9 Different types of freshwater cultivable fishes 134 Management of fish farm artificial mechanical process and the eggs To culture fish, one should have an idea are fertilized. For artificial fertilization about different stages of fish culture such the belly of mature female fish is held as topographic situation, quality, source, upward. Stripping is done with the thumb physical, chemical and biological factors of the right hand from the anterior to of water. Breeding, hatching, nursing, posterior direction for the ejection of eggs rearing and stocking fishes in ponds has due to force. In this way eggs are collected to be managed properly. Keeping in view separately. Further, the male fish is caught the various stages of fishes, the following with its belly downwards. The milt of fish different types of ponds have been is striped and collected separately, and recommended to manage them. then the eggs are fertilized. Induced breeding is also done by Breeding pond hypophysation (removal of pituitary The first step in fish culture is the breeding of gland). The gonadotropin hormone fishes, therefore, for proper breeding special (FSH and LH) secreted by the pituitary types of ponds are prepared called breeding gland influences the maturation of ponds. These ponds are prepared near the gonads and spawning in fishes. Pituitary rivers or other natural water resources. gland is removed from a healthy mature Types of breeding fish. Pituitary extract is prepared by homogenising in 0.3% saline or glycerine Depending on the mode of breeding, they and centrifuged for 15 minutes at are divided into 8000rpm. The supernatant is injected 1. Natural breeding (Bund breeding) intramuscularly at the base of the caudal These are special types of ponds where fin or intra-peritonealy at the base of natural riverine conditions or any natural pectoral fin. Male and female fishes start water resources are managed for breeding to spawn (release of gametes) and eggs are of culturable fishes. There bundhs are fertilized. The fertilized eggs are removed constructed in large low-lying areas that from the spawning place and kept into can accommodate large quantity of rain hatching hapas. water. The shallow area of such bundhs is used as spawning ground. Fish seed 2. Induced breeding Fish seed is collected from breeding ponds. The spawn collecting net is commonly The fish seed is commonly collected from called Benchijal (Shooting net) and breeding grounds but does not guarantee transferred to the hatching pits that all fish seeds belong to the same species. Hence advanced techniques Hatching pit have been developed to improve the The fertilized eggs are kept in hatching quality of fish seed by artificial method pits. The hatching pits should be nearer to of fertilization and induced breeding. the breeding grounds, should be smaller Artificial fertilization involves removal of in size with good quality water. There are ova and sperm from female and male by two types of hatching pits, hatcheries are

135 Figure 12. 10 A fish pond-showing fish breeding hapas small sized pond in which unfertilized Stocking ponds eggs are transferred and hatching Stocking ponds should be devoid of weeds happens. Hatching hapas are rectangular and predatory fishes. Proper organic trough shaped tanks made up of mosquito manuring should be done to increase the net cloth supported by bamboo poles and production with cow dung and chemical fixed in the river (Figure 12.10). fertilizing should also be done. Nursery pond Harvesting The newly hatched fries are transported Harvesting is done to capture the fishes from the hatching happa to nursery ponds from the water. Well grown fishes are where they grow into fingerlings. taken out for marketing. Small sized fishes Rearing pond are again released into the stocking ponds for further growth. Different methods of Fingerlings are transferred to rearing fishing are carried out to harvest fishes. ponds that is long and narrow and allows These include Stranding, Angling, Traps, long distance swimming. The rearing Dipnets, Cast nets, Gill nets, Drag nets pond should be free from toxicants and and purse nets. The harvested fishes are predators. Antibiotics are used for washing preserved by refrigeration, Deep freezing, the fingerlings and then transferred to the freeze drying, sun drying, salting, smoking stocking ponds. and canning. 136 Composite fish farming such as calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, Few selected fishes belonging to different potassium, iron, manganese, iodine and species are stocked together in proper copper. Some of the fish by - products are; proportion in a pond. This mixed farming Fish oil is the most important fish is termed composite fish farming or by product. It is derived from fish liver polyculture. The advantages include, and from the fish body. Fish liver oil is 1. All available niches are fully utilized. derived from the liver which is rich in 2. Compatible species do not harm each vitamin A and D, whereas fish body oil other. has high content of iodine, not suitable for human consumption, but is used in 3. No competition among different the manufacture of laundry soaps, paints species is found. and cosmetics. 4. Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus Fish meal is prepared from fish waste mrigala (surface feeder) are the after extracting oil from the fish. The dried commonly used fish species for wastes are used to prepare food for pig, composite fish farming. poultry and cattle. The wastes obtained Exotic fishes during the preparation of fish meal are The fishes imported into a country for widely used as manure. fish culture are called exotic fishes and Isinglass is a high-grade collagen such fish culture is known as exotic fish produced from dried air bladder or swim culture. Examples of such exotic fishes bladder of certain fishes viz. catfish and introduced in India are Cyprinus carpio carps. The processed bladder which is and Oreochromis mossambicus. dissolved in hot water forms a gelatin having adhesive property. It is primarily Disease Management used for clarification of wine, beer and Diseases can be of viral or bacterial vinegar. origin. Regular monitoring of parameters like water quality, aeration, regular Why are fish so efficient at converting feeding, observation for mortality should feed to flesh? be checked. Parasitic infestations and microbial infections should be observed periodically. 12.7.2 Prawn Culture Economic importance of fish Most important aquatic crustacean is prawn, which is widely cultured prawn Fishes frrm a rich source of protein food flesh is palatable and rich in glycogen, and provide a good staple food to tide over protein with low fat content. the nutritional needs of man. Fish species such as sardines, mackerel, tuna, herrings Types of prawn fishery have high amino acids concentrations 1. Shallow water prawn fishery – located particularly histidine which is responsible on the west coast restricted to shallow for the meaty flavor of the flesh. It is rich waters. in fat such as omega 3 fatty acids. Minerals

137 2. Estuaries and back waters or saline lake should be prepared with proper aeration. prawn fishery - The area of production Temperature (240 C – 300 C) and pH (7-8) of prawns are the back waters seen should be maintained in the hatching along the Western coast, Ennur, tank. The eggs hatch into first and second Pulicat, Chilka lake and Estuaries of stage larva. Artificial feed is supplied. Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers. Young ones of 5cm length (60 days old) 3. Freshwater prawn fishery - Prawns can be reared in fresh or slightly brackish are caught from the rivers and lakes water ponds and rice fields. Harvesting of throughout India. prawns can be done twice in a year. 4. Marine prawn fishery – Most of the Culture of marine prawn marine prawns are caught along the Several factors that determine the success Indian coast belonging to the family of marine prawn culture includes selection Penaeidae. of site, water quality, soil quality and Species of prawn availability of seed. A number of species of prawn are distributed Preparation of farm in water resources such as Penaeus indicus, For the preparation of ponds for algal Penaeus monodon, Metapenaeus dobsoni growth and for the subsequent stocking of and Macrobrachium rosenbergii. prawns it is essential to drain off the water Culture of freshwater prawn and sundry the bottom followed by light Macrobrachium rosenbergii (Figure 12.11) tilling. Agricultural lime should be applied is commonly seen in rivers, fields and to absorb excess CO2 and to supply calcium low-saline estuaries. The prawn collected which is required for moulting. Fertilizers from ponds, river, and paddy fields are like rice, bran, poultry, and cattle dung are transferred to the tanks which are aerated. used to increase the fertility of the soil. For fertilization, one pair of prawn are kept Prawns are commonly caught in crafts and in a separate tank. After mating, the eggs gears using different types of nets such as are laid. Spawning tanks of different sizes cast nets, bag nets, drag nets, trawl nets

Figure 12. 11 Macrobrachium rosenbergii 138 and barrier nets. Preservation of prawns Freshwater bivalve Lamellidens is also is done by peeling and deveining or by used in artificial pearl culture. Mostly the cooking and peeling. pearl oysters inhabit the ridges of rocks or dead corals, forming extensive pearl 12.7.3 Pearl Culture banks. These pearl beds produce best quality of pearls. Pearl is a white, highly shining globular concretion found within the shell of Pearl Formation an Oyster. Pearl oysters are sedentary animals. In India it was cultured for the When a foreign particle accidently enters first time in 1973 at Thoothukudi. Pearl into the space between mantle and shell oysters are found along the coast of of the oyster, it adheres to the mantle. The Kanyakumari and in the Gulf of Kutch. mantle epithelium encloses it like a sac and High quality pearls are obtained from starts to secrete concentric layers of nacre pearl oysters of Genus Pinctada that can around it as a defensive mechanism. Nacre be cultured in the salinity range of 30 is secreted continuously by the epithelial ppt in racks, raft and long line methods. layer of the mantle and is deposited around the foreign particle and over a period time

Shell Prismatic Shell Molluscous (exterior) Layere (interior) Mantle part

Nacreous layer Pearl

Mantle Mantle Foreign body epithelium

Mother of pearl (nacre)Shell Layer of nacre Pearl

Figure 12. 12 Pearl and Pearl Formation 139 the formation of repeated layers of calcium a suitable nucleus inside the living tissue carbonate makes the hard and glossy pearl. of another oyster. Following steps are When the pearl enlarges the oyster dies. taken for the insertion of nucleus. The shell is then carefully opened and the a. Fitness of oyster for operation pearls are manually separated and graded (Figure 12. 12). The selected oysters for the insertion of nucleus should be healthy and strong Programming of Pearl Industry and enough to overcome the stress during Artificial Insertion of Nucleus operation This can be achieved by an artificial device b. Preparation of graft tissues to insert the nucleus as foreign particle in the shell of oyster has proved useful for the The piece of tissue which is inserted inside production of pearls in greater number. the mantle is called as ‘GRAFT’ tissue. The outer edges of these graft squares i. Collection of oysters must be known because nacre secreting Oysters are caught by special type of cages cells are found only on the outer surface (84 x 54 x 20 cm) by covering a heavy of the mantle so it is essential to keep the wire frame with two centimeter wire outer surface in contact with the inserted mesh. This cage is dipped into a sand- nucleus. cement mixture providing rough surface c. Preparation of nucleus to the cages to which free swimming spat get easily stuck up. These cages are Any small particle may function as suspended at a depth of 6 meters. From nucleus to initiate the pearl formation but July to November, where spats are easily it is reported that calcareous nucleus is the available. These collected oysters are now best because the deposition of nacre was transferred to rearing cages. found to be more on calcarious nucleus. ii. Rearing of oysters d. Insertion of nucleus The collected oysters are stocked and For the insertion of nucleus, oysters are reared in special type of cage called fixed in a desk clamp in the position of as rearing cage. These cages are well right valve facing upward. Mantle folds protected from enemies of oysters like are smoothly touched to expose the foot Octopus, Eel, Devil fishes etc. The and the main body mass, followed by an collected oysters are first cleaned and then incision into the epithelium of the foot placed into the culture cages for a period and a slender channel into the main mass of about 10 to 20 days to recover from one graft tissue which functions as a bed the strain due to excessive handling and for the nucleus. for the physiological adjustment to the e. Post operation care shallow water conditions. Nucleated oysters are placed into iii. Insertion of nucleus cages and suspended into sea water In this method, a piece of mantle of living and attached with floating rafts to a oyster is cut off and inserted together with depth of 2 to 3 metres for about 6 to 7

140 days to recover from the shocks due to 12.8 Animal Husbandry and operation. This period of 6 to 7 days is Management known as ‘Recovery period’. About 3000 to 3600 nucleated oysters are kept in Animal husbandry is the practice of different cages suspended in sea water at breeding and raising livestock cattles 2 to 3 meters depth for 3 to 6 years and like cows, buffaloes, and goats and birds undisturbed except at the time of clearing etc. that are useful to human beings. and inspection. Parameters such as adequate ventilation, temperature, sufficient light, water and iv. Harvesting of pearl proper housing accommodation should Pearls are harvested in the month of be taken into account to maintain dairy December to February which may slightly and poultry farms. Animals should vary according to climatic conditions. be cared and protected from diseases. After the completion of 3 years of the Records should be maintained after insertion of nucleus, pearl oysters are the regular visits by Veterinarian. harvested from the sea and the pearls are More over the selection of good breeds taken out from the shell. with high yielding potential combined and resistance to diseases is very v. Clearing of pearls important. After taking out the pearls from the oysters shell they are washed properly, cleared Animal Breeding with the soap solution. Human beings have been depending on animals and animal products for Composition of pearl food from very early times. Generally Pearl comprises of water, organic matter, high yielding animals produced by calcium carbonate and the residue. hybridization are reared in poultry and (1) Water: 2-4% (2) Organic matter: dairy farms. In earlier days, animals 3.5-5.9% were produced and selected based on (3) Calcium (4) Residue: 0.1-0.8% specific characters. With the gain in carbonate: 90% carbonate: 90% knowledge on the principles of heredity and genetics, human beings have been Quality of pearl successful in rearing animals with the The pearls obtained are of variable shapes superior qualities through hybridization and sizes. They may be white, or cream experiments. Complex issues are faced by red or pink red in colour. The spherical the animal breeder during hybridization pearls of rainbow colour are rarely found. experiments. Hence animals with The best quality of pearl is obtained from maximum desirable characters should be marine oysters. Pearl obtained from selected. freshwater bivalves are not as valuable as A group of animals related by descent those obtained from the marine oysters and with similar characters like general (Mishra, 1961). appearance, features, size etc., are said to belong to a breed. Why should we breed

141 animals? Through animal breeding, i. Out crossing: It is the breeding improved breeds of animals can be between unrelated animals of the same produced by improving their genotype breed but having no common ancestry. through selective breeding. The offspring of such a cross is called outcross. This method is suitable for Objectives of Animal breeding: breeding animals that are below average a. To improve growth rate in productivity. b. Enhancing the production of milk, ii. Cross breeding: Breeding between a meat. Egg etc., superior male of one breed with a superior c. Increasing the quality of the animal female of another breed. The cross bred products progeny has superior traits ( hybrid vigour d. Improved resistance to diseases or heterosis.) e. Increased reproductive rate iii. Interspecific hybridization: In this method of breeding mating is Methods of Animal breeding: between male and female of two different There are two methods of animal breeding, species. The progeny obtained from such namely inbreeding and outbreeding crosses are different from their parents, 1. Inbreeding: Breeding between animals and may possess the desirable traits of the of the same breed for 4-6 generations is parents. Have you heard about Mule? It was called inbreeding. Inbreeding increases produced by the process of interspecific homozygosity and exposes the harmful hybridization between a male donkey and recessive genes. Continuous inbreeding a female horse. reduces fertility and even productivity, Controlled breeding experiments resulting in “inbreeding depression”. This can be avoided by breeding selected Artificial insemination: animals of the breeding population and Artificial insemination is a technique in they should be mated with superior which the semen collected from the male animals of the same breed but unrelated is injected to the reproductive tract of the to the breeding population. It helps to selected female. Artificial insemination is restore fertility and yield. economical measure where fewer bulls are 2. Outbreeding: The breeding between required and maximum use can be made unrelated animals is called outbreeding. of the best sire. Individuals produced do not have common ancestors for 4-6 generations. Thawing means to melt or become Outbreeding helps to produce new and liquid. When the semen collected for favourable traits, to produce hybrids with artificial insemination is taken to far superior qualities and helps to create new off places/stored for a long time in breeds. New and favourable genes can frozen condition it should be brought be introduced into a population through to room temperature slowly before outbreeding. use. This process is called thawing.

142 Advantages of artificial insemination under three groups based on the purpose i. It increases the rate of conception they serve to man (Figure 12. 13). They are ii. It avoids genital diseases i. Dairy breeds or Milch breeds: They iii. Semen can be collected from injured are high milk yielders with extended bulls which have desirable traits. lactation. Eg., Sindhi, Gir, Sahiwal, iv. Superior animals located apart can be Jersy, Brown Swiss, Holstein cattle. bred successfully. ii. Draught purpose breeds: Bullocks Multiple ovulation embryo transfer are good for draught purpose. Eg. technology (MOET) Kangeyam, Malvi. It is another method of propagation iii. Dual Purpose breeds: Cows are meant of animals with desirable traits. for yielding more milk and bullocks This method is applied when the are used for better drought purpose. success rate of crossing is low even Eg. Ongole, Hariana. after artificial insemination. In this method Follicle stimulating hormone Vechur breed is the (FSH) is administered to cows for smallest breed of inducing follicular maturation and Cow as per World super ovulation. Instead of one egg Guinness Records. per cycle, 6-8 eggs can be produced by Average length: 124cms this technology. The eggs are carefully Average height: 87 cms recovered non-surgically from the Origin: Vechur village, Kottayam genetic mother and fertilized artificially. District of Kerala The embryos at 8-32 celled stages are It produces large amount of milk in recovered and transferred to a surrogate relation to the food consumption mother. For another round of ovulation, the same genetic mother is utilized. To meet the milk demand of the This technology can be applied to cattle, growing population, milk breeds are sheep and buffaloes. Advantage of this preferred by farmers in small scale technology is to produce high milk farms. Goats are also used all over India yielding females and high-quality meat for supplementing deficiencies in milk yielding bulls in a short time. production. Some of the breeds of cattle Breeds of Dairy animals that are good milkers are Jamunapari in Dairying is the production and marketing Ganga-Jamuna riverine tracts, Beetal in of milk and its products. Dairy operation Punjab, Bar–bari in Uttarpradesh. consists of proper maintenance of cattle, Common diseases of cattle: A healthy the collection and processing the milk animal eat, drinks and sleeps well regularly. and its by products. There are 26 well Healthy cattle appear bright, alert and defined breeds of cattle and 6 breeds of active in their movement with a shiny buffaloes in India. Cattles are classified coat. Cattle are affected by a large number

143 Gir Kangeyam

Ongole

Figure 12. 13 Different breeds of cattle of diseases. Cattle in ill health appear dull, restless and change posture frequently India is the largest producer of Milk, with drop in milk yield. The main diseases globally. of dairy cattle are rinderpest, foot and India has many popular indigenous mouth disease, cow pox, hemorrhagic breeds of cows and buffaloes. fever, anthrax. Prominent indigenous cow breeds in India - Gir, Red sindhi, Sahiwal, Hallikar, Uses of dairy products: Amritmahal, Khillari, Kangayam, Bargur, Milk products: Milk is produced by dairy Umblachery, Pulikulam, Alambadi, animals which is an emulsion of fat and Tharparkar, Haryana, Kankrej, Ongole, lactose. Milk also contains enzymes which Krishna valley and Deoni. are destroyed during pasteurization. Milk is a rich source of vitamin A, B2, B1, and deficient in Vitamin C. Due to its high condensed milk, curd, and milk powder nutrition value, it serves as a complete processed from milk make dairy, a highly food for infants. Dairy products such farming attraction. as yoghurt, cheese, butter, ice cream, Meat: Meat is rich in protein and also contains many minerals like iron, zinc,

144 vitamins and selenium. It also contains Chittagong: It is the breed chiefly vitamins needed for human diet. found in West Bengal. They are golden Land management: Grazing of or light yellow coloured. The beak is long livestock is sometimes used as a way to and yellow in colour. Ear lobes and wattles control weeds and undergrowth. are small and red in colour. They are good Manure: Manure can be spread on egg layers and are delicious. agriculture fields to increase crop yields. 2. Broiler type: These are well known for fast growth and soft quality meat. Poultry Farming White Plymouth rock: They have white plumage throughout the body. It The word poultry refers to the rearing is commonly used in broiler production. and propagation of avian species such This is an American breed. It is a fast as chicken, ducks, turkeys, geese, quail growing breed and well suitable for and guinea fowls. The most common growing intensively in confined farms. and commercially farmed birds are chicken and ducks. Poultry farming is 3. Dual purpose breeds: These are for essential for the purpose of meat, eggs both meat and egg production purpose. and feather production. Commercial Brahma: It is a breed popularly known poultry farming is also profitable. In this for its massive body having heavy bones, part we are discussing about an overview well feathered and proportionate body. of the chicken and duck breeds, farming Pea comb is one of the important breed practices and its advantages. characters. It has two common varieties Types of Chicken breeds: There are namely, Light Brahma and Dark Brahma. more than 100 breeds. The commonly 4. Game breeds: Since ancient times, farmed chicken breeds are categorized into special breed of roosters have been five based on the purpose for which it is used for the sport of cockfighting. farmed. They are egg layers, broiler type, Aseel: This breed is white or black in dual type, games and ornamental types colour. The hens are not good egg layers (Figure 12.14). but are good in incubation of eggs. It 1. Egg layers: These are farmed mainly is found in all states of India. Aseel is for the production of egg. noted for its pugnacity, high stamina, and Leghorn: This is the most popular majestic gait and dogged fighting qualities. commercial breed in India and originated Although poor in productivity, this breed from Italy. They are small, compact with is well-known for their meat qualities. a single comb and wattles with white, 5. Ornamental breeds: Ornamental brown or black colour. They mature early chicken are reared as pets in addition and begin to lay eggs at the age of 5 or to their use for egg production and 6 months. Hence these are preferred in meat. commercial farms. They can also thrive Silkie: It is a breed of chicken has well in dry areas. a typical fluffy plumage, which is said to feel like silk and satin. The breed has

145 Leghorn-Hen and Cock White plymouth rock Hen and Cock

Silkie

Light brahma Hen and cock Aseel - Hen and cock Figure 12. 14 Different types of chicken breeds

numerous additional special characters, Stages involved in rearing: such as black skin and bones, blue There are some steps involved in rearing earlobes, and five toes on each foot, while of chicken. the majority chickens only have four. 1. Selection of the best layer: An active They are exhibited in poultry shows, and intelligent looking bird, with a bright come out in various colours. Silkies are comb, not obese should be selected. well recognized for their calm, friendly 2. Selection of eggs for hatching: Eggs temperament. Silkie chicken is especially should be selected very carefully. Eggs simple to maintain as pets. should be fertile, medium sized, dark Types of Poultry farming: There brown shelled and freshly laid eggs are are different methods used to rear both preferred for rearing. Eggs should be broiler and layer chicken. The types of washed, cleaned and dried. poultry farming are Free range farming, 3. Incubation and hatching: The Organic method, Yarding method, Battery maintenance of newly laid eggs in cage method and Furnished cage method optimum condition till hatching is Among these, Battery cage method is called incubation. The fully developed widely used in large scale poultry farms. chick emerges out of egg after an The Free range, Organic and Yarding incubation period of 21 – 22 days. methods are eco-friendly and the eggs There are two types of incubation produced by such farming practices are namely natural incubation and preferred in the market. artificial incubation.In the natural incubation method, only a limited number of eggs can be incubated by

146 a mother hen. In artificial incubation, Benefits of Poultry farming: more number of eggs can be incubated The advantages of poultry farming are in a chamber (Incubator). • It does not require high capital for 3. Brooding construction and maintenance of the Caring and management of young chicks for 4 poultry farming. – 6 weeks immediately after hatching is called • It does not require a big space. brooding. It can also be categorized into two • It ensures high return of investment types namely natural and artificial brooding. within a very short period of time. 4. Housing of Poultry • It provides fresh and nutritious food and has a huge global demand. To protect the poultry from sun, rain and predators it is necessary to provide • It provides employment opportunities housing to poultry. Poultry house should for the people. be moisture- proof, rat proof and it should be easily cleanable and durable. Chickens communicate with more than 24 vocalizations, each with a 5 Poultry feeding: The diet of chicks distinct meaning, including warning should contain adequate amount of water, their friends about different types carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and of predators or letting their mothers minerals. know whether they’re comfortable Poultry products: The main products of poultry farming are eggs and meat. In India, Duck Farming the primary aim of poultry farming is to obtain eggs. The eggs and poultry meat are Duck is an aquatic bird and forms only 6% the richest sources of proteins and vitamins. of our country’s poultry population. There are about 20 breeds of ducks. The native one Poultry byproducts: includes Indian Runner and Syhlet meta. The The feathers of poultry birds are used for making exotic breeds include Muscori, Pekin, Aylesbury pillows and quilts. Droppings of poultry can be and Campbell. Domesticated ducks have been used as manure in fields. The droppings are rich derived from the wild duck named Mallard in nitrogen, potash and phosphates. (Anas boscas). Farming ducks is profitable as it A number of poultry byproducts like can be combined with aquafarming practices. blood-meal, feather meal, poultry by- Peculiarity of ducks: product meal and hatchery by-product meal The body is fully covered with oily feathers. are used as good sources of nutrients for They have a layer of fat under their skin which meat producing animals and poultry. These prevents it from getting wet. They lay eggs at byproducts supply proteins, fats, vitamins night or in the morning. The ducks feed on and good amount of minerals. rice bran, kitchen wastes, waste fish and snails. Poultry diseases: Ranikhet, Coccidiosis, Types of breeds: There are three types of and Fowl pox are some common poultry ducks depending on the purpose for which diseases. it is formed. They are meat productive duck

147 breeds, egg productive duck breeds, and conditions and are breed for feed efficiency, breeds for both meat and egg production. growth rate and resistance to diseases. Advantages of duck farming: Summary They can be reared in small backyards where water is available and needs less care and Economic Zoology involves the study of management as they are very hardy. They can application of animals for human welfare. adapt themselves to all types of environmental The need of Zoology is to improve our economic condition, to provide food security and employment opportunities. Based on Activity the economic importance, animals can be categorized as animals for food and food Students can construct their own products, economically beneficial animals, aquaponic system with materials Animals of aesthetic importance and Animals available in their laboratory. An old for scientific research. Vermiculture is the aquarium or any water tight container process of using earthworms to decompose can be converted into simple aquaponics organic food waste, into a nutrient-rich system material capable of supplying necessary nutrients to sustain plant growth. Sericulture Materials Required: is the production of silk from the silk worm. Aquarium tank/ any water tight It is an agro-based industry comprising three container, a floating Styrofoam platform main components. They are cultivation of food (thermocol), growing medium-coconut plants for the silkworms, rearing of silkworms fibre. An air pump and air stone, and reeling and spinning of silk. Care and nutrient solution ( vermiwash or can management of honey bees for the production buy commercially available nutrient of honey is called Apiculture. Lac is produced solution), plastic cups and seeds by the lac insect. Cut a floating thermocol platform to fit Aquaponics is a combined technique of the tank. Make holes on the platform aquaculture and hydroponics. It prevents toxic to insert plastic cups with the growing water runoff and also maintains ecosystem medium. Fill the aquarium tank with balance by recycling the waste and excretory water and nutrients. An air pump products produced by the fish. Aquaculture supplies air to the air stone that bubbles deals with the farming of aquatic organisms the nutrient solution and supplies such as fish, molluscs, crustaceans and aquatic oxygen to the roots. Place the floating plants. On the basis of water resources, platform on top of the nutrient solution aquaculture can be classified into Freshwater and place the plastic cups with plants aquaculture, brackish water aquaculture and into the holes in the platform Marine water aquaculture. It includes culture Now your simple hydroponics system of fishes, prawn, crab and oyster. is ready... to build a aquaponic system Animal husbandry is the practice of fishes can be introduced into the tank breeding and raising livestock cattles instead of nutrient solution. like cows, buffaloes, and goats and birds

148 etc. that are useful to human beings. d. Degradation of non biodegradable Dairying is the production and marketing solid waste of milk and its products. Dairy operation a. a and b is correct consists of proper maintenance of cattle, b. c and d is correct collection and processing the milk and c. b and d is not correct its byproducts. Poultry refers to the rearing and propagation of avian species d. a and c is not correct such as chicken, ducks, turkeys, geese, 2. Which one of the following is not an quail and guinea fowls. The commonly endemic species of earthworm? farmed chicken breeds are categorized into a. Perionyx five based on the purpose for which it is a. Lampito farmed. They are egg layers, broiler type, b. Eudrillus dual type, games and ornamental types. c. Octochaetona Glossary 3. Match the following Biological indicator – refers to 1. Bombyx mori - organisms, species or community whose a) Champa - I) Muga characteristics show the presence of 2. Antheraea assamensis - specific environmental conditions. b) Mulberry - II) Eri Endemism – is the ecological state of 3. Antheraea mylitta - a species being unique to a defined c) Arjun - III)Tassar geographic location, and not found elsewhere. 4. Attacus ricini - d) Castor - IV) Mulberry Drilosphere – is the part of the soil influenced by earthworm secretions, Select the correct one. burrowing and castings. A) 1 – b – IV B) 2 – a – I Brood – a family of birds produced at one C) 3 - c - III D) 4 - d - II hatching or birth. 4. Silk is obtained from …. Hapa – is a cage like, rectangular or square a. Laccifer lacca net impoundment placed in a pond for b. Nosema bombycis holding fish for various purposes. They c. Attacus ricini are made of fine mesh netting material. d. Attacus mylitta Evaluation 5. Assertion: Nuptial flight is a unique flight taken the queen bee followed 1. Which one of the following is not by several drones. related to vermiculture? Reason: The queen bee produces a a. Maintains soil fertility chemical substance called pheromone. b. Breakdown of inorganic matter The drones in that area are attracted c. Gives porosity, aeration and moister to the pheromone and then mating holding capacity takes place.

149 a. Assertion and reason is correct but b. capturing fishes from sea coast not related c. Raising and capturing fishes in fresh b. Assertion and reason is incorrect water but related d. oil extraction from fish c. Assertion and reason is correct but 12. Induced breeding technique is used in related a. Marine fishery d. Assertion and reason is incorrect b. Capture fishery but not related c. Culture fishery 6. Rearing of honey bee is called d. Inland fishery a. Sericulture b. Lac culture 13. Isinglass is used in c. Vermiculture d. Apiculture a. Preparation 7. Which of the statement regarding Lac b. Clearing of wines insect is TRUE? c. Distillation of wines a. A microscopic, resinous crawling scale insect d. Preservation of wines b. Inserts its proboscis into plant tissue 14. Animal husbandry is the science of suck juices and grows rearing, feeding and caring, breeding and disease control of animals. It c. Secretes lac from the hind end of ensures supply of proper nutrition body. to our growing population through d. The male lac insect is responsible activities like increased production for large scale production of lac. and improvement of animal products 8. Aquaponics is a technique which is like milk, eggs, meat, honey, etc. a. A combination of aquaculture and a. Poultry production depends upon fish culture the photoperiod.Discuss b. A combination of aquaculture and b. Polyculture of fishes is of great hydroponics importance. c. A combination of vermiculture and 15. Assertion: The best quality of pearl is hydroponics known as lingha pearl and obtained d. A combination of aquaculture and from marine oysters. prawn culture. Reason: Nacre is secreted continuously 9. Prawn belongs to the class by the epithelial layer of the mantle a. crustacea b. Annelida and deposited around the foreign c. Coelenterata d. Echinodermata particle 10. Pearl oyster belongs to the Class a. Assertion is true, Reason is false a. Gastropoda b. Cephalopoda b. Assertion and Reason are false c. Scaphapoda d. Pelecypoda c. Assertion is false But Reason is true 11. Inland fisheries are d. Assertion and Reason are true a. deep sea fishing 150 16. Choose the correctly matched pair 31. Discuss the various techniques 1. Egg layers – Brahma adopted in cattle breeding? 2. Broiler types - Leghorn 32. Mention the advantages of MOET. 3. Dual purpose – White Plymouth 33. Write the peculiar characters of duck. rock 4. Ornamental breeds – Silkie References 17. Write the advantages of 1. Shukla, G.S. and Upadhyay V.B vermicomposting. (1997) Economics Zoology, Rastogi 18. Name the three castes in a honey bee Publication, Meerut. colony 2. Shailendra Singh, (2008) Economic 19. Name the following Zoology, 1 st Edition, Campus books internationals, New Delhi. i. The largest bee in the colony 3. Sultan Ismail, S A 1992, The Earthworm ii. The kind of flight which the new Book Other India Press India. virgin queen takes along with the drones out of the hive 20. What are the main duties of a worker bee? 21. What happens to the drones after mating flight? 22. Give the economic importance of Silkworm 23. What are the Nutritive values of fishes? 24. Give the economic importance of prawn fishery 25. Give the economic importance of lac insect 26. List any three common uses of shellac. 27. Name any two trees on which lac insect grows. 28. What is seed lac? 29. Define cross breeding. 30. What are the advantages of artificial insemination?

151 QUESTIONS FOR NATIONAL LEVEL ENTRANCE EXAMS FOR HIGHER STUDIES COMPILED FROM PMT, AIPMT, NEET, AIIMS AND EXAMS OF SIMILAR KIND

CHAPTR 8 EXCRETION b. At the same level 1. Main function of uriniferous tubules c. Left kidney at a higher level (MP PMT 1990) than the right one a. Concentration of urine d. Right kidney at a higher level b. Passage of urine than the left one c. Reabsorption of useful substances 7. Which blood vessel takes blood away from glomerular filtrate from kidney? (DPMT 1996) d. Removal of urea and other waste a. Renal portal vein from blood b. Renal vein 2. The mechanism of urine formation in c. Afferent arteriole nephrone involves (CPMT 1992) d. Efferent arteriole a. Utrafiltration 8. Which hormone influences the activity b. Secretion of kidney? (BHU 1996) c. Reabsorption a. Vasopressin d. All of above b. Thyroxin 3. Which hormone induced the process c. Vasopressin and aldosterone of reabsorption from glomerulus? d. Gonadotrophin (JKCMME 92) a. Oxytosin 9. Excretory product of birds and reptiles is (CPMT 1998) b. Vasopressin a. Urea b. Uric acid c. Relaxin c. Ammonia d. Creatinin d. Calcitonin 10. Blood which leaves liver and passes 4. Glucose is reabsorbed from glomerular towards heart has higherconcentration filtrate through (CBSE 1993) of (BHU 1999) a. Active transport a. Bile b. Oxygen b. Passive transport c. RBCs d. Urea c. Osmosis 11. Urea is transformed through (AIIMS d. Diffusion 2000) a. RBCs b. WBCs 5. Part not belonging to uriniferous tubule is c. blood plasma d. All of above a. Glomerules 12. A person undergoing prolonged fasting b. Henle s loop his urine will be found to contain ’ abnormal quantities of (MP PMT 2005) c. Distal convoluted tubule a. Fats b. Amino acid d. Connecting tubule c. Glucose d. Ketones 6. The two kidneys lie (MP PMT 1995) 13. The net pressure gradient that cause the a. At the level of ovaries fluid to filter out the glomerulus into the capsule is (PMT 2005)

152 a. 50 mm hg b. 75 mm hg 19. Uricotelic mode of excreting c. 20 mm hg d. 30 mm hg nitrogenous waste is found in (AIIPMT 2011) 14. In ornithine cycle which of the a. Reptiles and birds following waste are removed from the blood? (PMT 2005) b. Birds and annelids

a. CO2 and urea c. Amphibians and reptiles b. Ammonia and urea d. Insects and amphibians

c. CO2 and ammonia 20. A fall in glomerular filtration rate d. Urea and urine (GFR) (AIPMT 2012) a. Juxtaglomerular cells to release 15. Angiotensinogen is a protein produced rennin and secreted by. (AIPMT 2006) a. Juxtaglomerular (JG) cells b.Adrenal cortex to release aldosterone b. Macula densa cells c. Adrenal medulla to release c. Endothelial cells of blood vessels adernaline d. Liver cells d.Posterior pituitary to release ADH 16. A person who is in a long hunger strike and is surviving only on water will have 21. Haemodialysis is also called as artificial (AIPMT 2007) (Har.PMT 2002, ) a. Less amino acids in his urine a. Liver b. Lung b. More glucose in his blood c. Heart d. Kidney c. Less urea in his urine 22. Which one is an accessory excretory organ? (CET 2002) d. More sodium in his urine a. Liver b. Stomach 17. Uric acid is the chief nitrogenous c. intestine d. Heart component of the excretory product of (AIIPMT 2009) 23. Part of nephron involved in active a. Earthworm b. Cockroach reabsorption of sodium is (JIPMER 2002/NEET 2016) c. Frog d. Man a. PCT 18. The principal nitrogenous excretory b. Ascending limb of Henle's loop compound in human is synthesized (AIIPMT 2010) c. Bowman’s capsule d. DCT a. in kidney but eliminated mostly 24. Haemodialysis helps the paitent having though liver (JIPMER 2004) b. in kidney as well as eliminated a. Goitre b. Anaemia by kidneys c. Uremia d. Diabetes c. in the liver but eliminated 25. Lungs expel (MH 2005)

mostly though kidneys a. CO2 b. H2O

d. In the liver and also eliminated c. CO2 and water d. CO 2 and mostly by the same bile water vapour

153 26. The glomeruli are continued to the c. Renin d. Urochrom (CPMT 88) 33. Which blood vessel carries least amount a. Medulla b. Calyces of urea? (HAR PMT 2005) c. Cortex d. Renal Pelvis a. Pulmonary vein 27. The kidney of adult mammals is b. renal artery (MP PMT 99) c. renal vein a. Opisthonephron d. Hepatic portal vein b. pronephros 34. Human urine is usually acidic because: c. Mesonephros (RE-AIPMT 2015) d. Metanephros a. hydrogen ions are activity 28. A kidney stone is secreted into the filtrate (CPMT 88,) b. the sodium transporter exchanges a. Blockage by fats one hydrogen ion for each b. Deposition of sand in kidney sodium ion, in peritubular capillaries c. A salt such as oxalate crystallised in pelvis c. excreted plasma proteins are acidic d. Blockage by proteins d. potassium and sodium exchange 29. Which of the following is both generates acidity osmoregulator as well as nitrogenous product (DPMT 07) 35. Grafted kidney may be rejected in a a. NH b. Urea patient due to (RE-AIPMT 2015) 3 a. Innate immune response c. Uric acid d. All of these b. Humoral immune response 30. Which of these is not a ketone body (CPMT 04) c. Cell-mediated immune response a. Acetoacetic acid d. Passive immune response b. Acetone 36. Human urine is usually acidic because: c. Succinic acid ( RE-AIPMT 2015) a. hydrogen ions are actively d. Betahydroxybutyric acid secreted into the filtrate. 31. Excretory organs of cockroach are b. the sodium transported exchanges a. Malpighian corpuscles one hydrogen ion for each sodium b. Malpighian tubules ion, in peritubuar capaillaries. c. Hepetic caecae c. excreted plasma proteins are acidic d. Green glands d. potassium and sodium exchange 32. Juxtaglomerular cells of renal cortex generates acidity. synthesize a hormone called: (BHU 2007) 37. In mammals, which blood vessel would a. ADH b. Oxytocin normally carry largest amount of urea?

154 (AIPMT/NEET 2016) 5. Total number of vertebrae in human a. Renal Vein skeleton. (JIMERT 2002) b. Dorsal Aorta a. 30 b. 32 c. Hepatic Vein c. 33 d. 35 d. Hepatic Portal Vein 6. Number of bones present in an arm is: (AFMC – 2004) 38. Which of the following statement is a. 30 b. 32 correct? (NEET 2017) a. The descending limb of loop of c. 35 d. 40 Henle is impermeable to water. 7. Ribs are attached to: (Wardha- 2001) b. The ascending limb of loop of a. Scapula b. Sternum Henle is permeable to water c. Clavicle d. Ilium c. The descending limb of loop of 8. In humans, coccyx is formed by the Henle is permeable to electrolytes. fusion of vertebrae d. The ascending limb of loop of a. 3 b. 4 Henle is impermeable to water c. 5 d. 6 9. What is formed by the bones of pectoral CHAPTER 9 girdle, pelvic girdle and limbs? LOCOMOTION AND MOVEMENT (CPMT- 1987) 1. Which is the longest bone of fore limb? a. Body skeleton (CPMT- 2002) b. External skeleton a. Humerus c. Axial skeleton b. Femur d. Appendiculr skeleton c .Carpals 10. Number of floating ribs in human body d. Fibula is: (JIPMER- 2000) 2. In which bone triangular acromion is a. 6 pairs b. 5 pairs present? (CPMT- 2002) c. 3 pairs d. 2 pairs a. Radias b. Scapula 11. Ankle joint is: (Pb.PMT- 1997) c. Femur d. Humerus a. Pivot joint 3. Humerus bone is found: (DPMT- 1985) b. Ball and socket joint a. Radius b.Ulna c. Hinge joint c. Arm d. Fore arm d. Gliding joint 4. Hinge joint occurs between: (CPC – 2003 ) 12. Sarcomere is distance between: a. Humerus and radio-ulna ( BHU-2001 , RPMT- 2002) a. Two I- bands b. Femur and pelvic girdle b. A and I bands c. Humerus and Pectoral girdle c. Two consecutive Z- lines d. Skull and atlas

155 d. Z and A bands b. Thorax 13. Which is the skull bone? c. Abdominal region Neck a. Atlas b. Femur d. Hip region c. Tibia d. Nasal 21. Ratio of which is more in red muscle? 14. How many bones are there in (JIPMER -2002) appendicular skeleton? (BV – 2003) a. Myoglobin b. Actin a. 80 b. 120 c. Myosin d. Albumin c. 126 d. 206 22. Friction is lessened in ball and socket 15. Where is hinge joint found? joint by (MPPMT -1990) (APMEE- 2002) a. Coelomic fluid a. Elbow and shoulders b. Synovial fluid b. Elbow and Knee c. Pericardial fluid d. Mucin c. Atlas and odontoid process 23. Each half of pelvic girdle is made of d. Knee and ankle (MPPMT -1998) 16. Number of ball and socket joints a. Ischium b. Ilium present in human body is: c. Pubis d. All the above a. 2 b. 4 24. Extremities of long bones possess c. 5 d. 8 cartilage 17. Synovial joints is: a. Calcified b. Fibrous a. Ball and socket joint c. Elastic d. Hyaline b. Pivot joint 25. Glenoid cavity is found in c. Hinge joint (A.M.U.–2000) a. Pelvic girdle b. Skull d. A11 the above c. Pectoral girdle d. Sternum 18. Give the number of Cranium bones? (JKCMEE – 2005) 26. An example of gliding joints is a. 8 b. 10 (MPPMT -1992) a. Humerus and glenoid cavity c. 14 d. 20 b. Femur and tibio-fibula 19. Cervical vertebrae are located in: (HPPMT – 2005) c. Occipital condyle and odontoid a. Thoracic region process b. Abdominal region d. Zygapophyses of adjacent vertebrae. c. Neck region 27. During muscle contraction d. Hip region a. Size of a-bands remains the same 20. Lumbar vertebrae are located in: b. Size of H-zone becomes smaller (HPPMT – 2005) c. Size of I-bands decreases a. region d. All the above

156 28. Substance that accumulates in a 36. The functional unit of contractile system fatigued muscle is (Har.PMT 2003) of a striated muscles is (C.M.E.E.-2004) a. Pyruvic acid b. Lactic acid a. Sarcomere b. Z-band c. CO2 d. ADP c. Cross bridge d. Myofibril 29. Lack of the relaxation between successive 37. Fibrous joints are present between stimuli in sustained muscle contraction (M.P.P.M.T. -2000) is known as (AIPMT /NEET 2016) a. Thumb and metatarsal a. Fatigue b. Tetanus b. Humerus and radio-ulna c. Tonus d. Spasm c. Bones of skull 30. Which ion is essential for muscle d. Glenoid cavity and pectoral girdle contraction? (Pb.PMT 2000) a. Na b. K 38. Joint of sternum and ribs is a. Cartilaginous c. Ca d. Cl2 b. Fibrous joint 31. Ends of long bones are covered by c. Angular joint (Bhi.P.M.T-2001) a. Ligaments b. Cartilage d. Hinge joint c. Muscles d. Blood cells 39. During vigorous exercise, glucose is converted into (C.P.M.T.- 2000) 32. Acromion process is part of (B.V. 2003) a. Glycogen b. pyruvic acid a. Vertebral column c. Starch d. Lactic acid b. Pelvic girdle 40. Synovial fluid is present in c. Femur (Har. P.M.T. – 2000) d. Pectoral girdle a. Spinal cavity 33. In mammals the lower jaw is made of b. Cranial cavity a. Maxilla b. Dentary c. Freely movable joints c. Mandible d. Ethmoid d. Fixed joints 34. Inter-articular disc occur in 41. Synovial fluid is secreted by (B.V.-2001) (B.H.U. -1997) a. Blood b. Cartilage a. Wall of heart c. Bone d. Synovial b. Wall of liver membrane c. Pubic symphysis 42. Iliac of pelvic girdle is articulated with d. In between two vertebrae sacrum for (B.H.U-2001) 35. Acetabulum is part of a. Bending b. Jumping (C.E.T. chd. 2000) c. Support d. Running a. Pelvic girdle 43. Anisotropic band are made up of b. Pectoral girdle (A.M.U.- 2001) c. Form arm a. Myosin filaments d. Upper arm b. Actin filaments

157 c. Elastin filaments 51. ATP-ase needed for muscle contraction d. Both A and B is present over a. Actin b. Troponin 44. Socket in pelvic girdle in which head of femur articulates is formed by fusion of c. Myosin d. Actin a. Ischium and pubis 52. Make correct pairs from the column -1 b. Ilium and pubis and column – II. (Odisha JEE – 2010) c. Ilium and ischium Column -I Column – II Types of synovial joint Bones involved d. Both a and b (P) Ball and socket (i) Carpal and metacarpal of thumb 45. The movable skull bone is (Q) Hinge (ii) Atlas and axis a. Maxilla b. Vomer (R) Pivot (iii) Frontal and parietal c. Mandible d. All the above (S) Saddle (iv) Knee 46. Gliding joint occur between (v) Humerus and pectoral girdle (B.V. – 2002) a. Prezygapophysis and a. ( P-ii) (Q-iv ) (R-ii)(S-v) postzygapophysis b. ( P-ii) (Q -iii) ( R- i) (S – v) b. Acetabulum and femur c. (P-iii)(Q-v) (R-iv)(S-ii) c. Pelvis girdle and femur d. (P-v ) (Q -iv) ( R- ii) (S – i) d. Humerus and radius. 53. Major protein in the thick filament of 47. Red muscle are rich in skeletal muscle fiber is (MP PMT 2011) (J.I.P.M.E.R.-2002) a. Tropomyosin b. Myosin a. Golgi bodies c. Actin d. Troponin b. Mitochondria 54. True joints are (Wardha 2005) c. Lysomomes a. Synchondroses b. Syndesmoses c. Synovial d. Ball and d. Ribosomes. socket 48. Joint between atlas and axis is 55. The pivot joint between atlas and axis is (A.F.M.C. – 2003) a type of (NEET-2016) a. Pivot b. Hinge a. cartilaginous joint c. Angular d. Saddle b.synovial joint 49. The longest bone amongst the following c.saddle joint is (B.V – 2003) a. Radius b. ulna d. fibrous joint c. Humerus d. Femur 56. Name the ion responsible for unmasking of active sites for cross- 50. Joint between metacarpals and bridge activity during muscle phalanges is (B.V – 2003) contraction (NEET-2016) a. Ball and socket b. Pivot a. sodium b.potassium c. Saddle d. Hinge c.calcium d.magnesium

158 57. Sliding filament theory can be best 61. Which of the following joints explained as (NEET 2015) would allow no movements? a. when myofilaments slide pass (AIPMT Retest 2015) each other actin filaments a. Fibrous joint shorten while myosin filaments b. cartilaginous joint do not shorten c. synovial joint b.actin and myosin filaments d. ball and socket joint shorten and slide pass each other 62. Which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system? c. actin and myosin filaments do (AIPMT Retest 2015) not shorten but rather slide pass a. Production of erythrocytes each other b. storage of minerals d. when myofilaments slide pass c. production of body heat each other myosin filaments d. locomotion shorten while actin filaments do not shorten Chapter 10 58. Osteoporosis is an age related disease Neural control and coordination of skeletal system, may occur due to 1. Given below is a table comparing (NEET 2016) the effects of sympathetic and a. decreased level of oestrogen parasympathetic nervous system for b. accumulation of uric acid leading four features (1-4) which one feature is to inflammation of joints correctly described? (A.I.I.M.S.2006) c. immune disorder affecting sympathetic parasympathetic neuromuscular junction leading a. Salivary inhibit secretion stimulate secretion to fatigue gland b. pupil of the dilate constricts eye d. high concentration of Ca++ eye and Na++ c. heart rate decreases increases d. intestinal stimulates inhibits peristalsis 59. Smooth muscles are (Re-NEET. 2016) a. involuntary, fusiform, 2. Cranial nerves supplying eyes muscles non-striated are: (Pb.P.M.T.1997) b. voluntary, multinucleated, a. 4, 5, 6 b. 3, 4, 5 cylindrical c. 4, 6, 7 d. 3,4,6 c. Involuntary, cylindrical, striated 3. A cranial nerve with maximum branches d. Voluntary, spindle shaped, in the body is (M.P.P.M.T.1997,A.P.M.E.E uninucleated, 1999) a. Auditory b. Trigeminal 60. Glenoid cavity articulates (AIPMT 2015) a. Scapula with acromion c. Vagus d. Facial b. clavicle with scapula 4. Bowman’s glands are located in c. humerus with scapula a. Olfactory epithelium of human d. clavicle with acromion nose

159 b. Female reproductive system of d. glandular epithelium cockroach 10. Space between piamater and arachnoid c. Anterior pituitary is (J.K.C.M.E.E 2003) d. Proximal end of uriniferous a. subdural b. supra archnoid tubules c. eqidural d. subarachnoid 5. Which of the following disorder is not 11. Which one is mixed nerve? hereditary (J.K.C.M.E.E 2005) a. oculomotor b. trochler a. sickle cell anaemia c. hypoglossal d. glossopharyngeal b. haemophilia 12. Visual area is located in c. colour blindness (A.I.E.E.E 2004) d. cataract a. occipital lobe b. parietal lobe c. frontal lobe d. temporal lobe 6. Glands responsible for secreting tears are: (H.P.P.M.T 2005) 13. In hypothalamus are located various a. glands of moll canters of (J.I.P.M.E.R 2004) a. circulation b. sleep b. lacrimal glands c. memory d. body temperature c. meibomian glands 14. Which option is correct for the few d. glands of zeis statements are given for the function 7. Which of the following cranial nerves are of cerebrum, which of few following mixed: (BHU 2007) option is shows all correct statements. a. glossopharyngeal b. trigeminal (i) to control the sensitivity, movement, c. vagus d. auditory memory, vocabulary etc. through the a. A,B and C are correct (ii) to control the vision and adaptation through the occipital and frontal lobes b. A andC are correct (iii) to control the contraction of voluntary c. A and B are correct muscles through the frontal lobe d. B and D are correct (iv) to control the temperature, taste, touch, pain etc, through the parietal lobe 8. To What the respiratory center of brain a. (i),(ii),(iii) b. (iii),(iv),(i) are sensitive? c. (i),(iii),(iv) d. (i),(ii) a. High CO2 Concentration in blood 15. column I lists the part of the human b. Blood supply to brain brain and column II lists the functions. Match the two columns and identify c. High O2 Concentration in blood the correct choice from those given. d. More blood supply to lungs (K.C.E.T 2005) 9. Nasal epithelium is formed of: column I column II (C.M.C 2003) a. cerebrum p. controls the a. columnar epithelium pituitary b. keratinised epithelium c. pseudostratified epithelium

160 b. cerebellum q. control 20. Nerve related to diaphragm is vision and (M.P.P.M.T 1999) hearing a. trigeminal b. vagus c. hypothalamus r. control the c. glossopharyngeal d. phrenic rate of heart 21. Node of ranvier is the place where beat (P.M.T 2002) d. midbrain s. seat of a. myelin sheath and neurilemma intelligence are discontinuous t. maintains body posture b. axlemma is absent a. (a=s);(b=t);(c=p);(d=q) c. axlemma is discontinuous b. (a=t);(b=s);(c=r);(d=q) d. myelin sheath is discontinuous c. (a=t);(b=r);(c=p);(d=q) 22. which of the following cranial nerve d. (a=t);(b=s);(c=q);(d=p) controls the movement of eye ball ? (B.H.U 2002) 16. In the resting state of the neural a. trocheclar membrane, diffusion due to concentration gradients, if allowed b. oculomotor would drive: c. abducen + a. Na out of the cell d. all of the given + b. K into the cell 23. Match the following human spinal c. Na+ into the cell nerves in column I with their respective d. K+ and Na+ out of the cell number in column II and choose the correct option 17. Injury vagus nerve in human is not column I column II likely to affect: a. gastrointestinal movements P. cervical nerves i. 5 pairs b. cardiac movement Q. thorocic nerve ii. 1 pair c. tongue movement R. lumbar nerve iii. 12 pair d. pancreatic movement S. coccygeal nerve iv. 8 pair 18. Which of the following is not strictly a. (P-iv),(Q-iii),(R-i),(S-ii) considered as a part of neuron? b. (P-iii), (Q-i), (R-ii), (S-iv) (C.P.M.T 1998) c. (P-iv),(Q-i),(R-ii),(S-iii) a. dendrites b. myelin sheath d. (P-ii), (Q-iv), (R-i), (S-iii) c. axon d. Nissle s bodies ’ 24. How many pairs of spinal nerve are 19. Centers for sense of smell are located found in human? (Guj C.E.T 2006) (M.P.P.M.T 1999) a. 33 b. 32 a. cerebellum b. midbrain c. 31 d. 30 c. olfactory lobes d. cerebrum 25. What is Nissl’s granule consist of ? a. DNA b. RNA

161 c. protein d. lipid CHAPTER 11 26. Which of the following is correct for Chemical coordination and motor nerve? (A.I.E.E.E 2004) intergration a. trochelar b. hypoglossal 1. Match the list-I with list-II c. oculomotor d. All the given list-I list-II 27. Four healthy people in their twenties p. Adenohypophysis i. Epinephrine got involved in injuries resulting in q. Adrenal medulla ii. Somatotropin damage and death of a few cells of the r. Parathyroid gland iii. Thymosin following . Which of the cells are least likely to be replaced by new cells ? s. Thymus gland iv. Calcitonin a. (p : iv), (q : iii), (r : ii), (s : i) a. liver cells b. osteocytes b. (p: iii), (q : i), (r : iv), (s : ii) c. neurons d. malpighian layer c. (p : i), (q: ii), (r : iii), (s : iv) of the skin d. (p : ii), (q : i), (r : iv), (s : iii) 28. One of the examples of the action of the autonomous nervous system is : 2. Which one of the following is not a a. peristalsis of the intestines second messenger in hormone action? (AIPMT 2006) b. knee-jerk response a. cGMP b. Calcium c. swallowing of food c. Sodium d. cAMP d. pupillary reflex 3. Match item in column-I with those given 29. In mammalian eye, the ‘fovea’ is the in column-II center of the visual field, where: column-I column-II (RE-AIPMT 2015) p. ADH a. Pituitary a. more roads than cones are found q. ACTH b. mineralocorticoid b. high density of cones occur but has no rods r. aldosterone c. diabetes mellitus

c. the optic nerve leaves the eye s. insulin d. diabetes inspidus d. only rods are present t. adrenaline e. vasodilator 30. Receptor site for neurotransmitters are a. (p – d) (q – a) (r – c) (s – b) (t – e) present on(NEET 2017) b. (p a) (q d) (r b) (s c) (t e) a. Pre-synaptic – – – – – c. (p d) (q a) (r b) (s c) (t e) b. Tips of axons – – – – – d. (p d) (q b) (r a) (s c) (t e) c. Post-synaptic membrane – – – – – 4. Which of the following indicates d. Membrane of synaptic vesicles correctly matched pairs for column-I and column- II column-I column-II p leydig cells (i) Tetany

162 q Hyperthyrodism (ii) GH 8. If Adenohypohysectomy is done in adult, then which of the followings is the r Adenohypophysis (iii) ACTH correct statement : (CPMT 1996) s Dwarfism (iv) Testosterone a. Gigantism a. (p – iv) (q – i) (r – iii) (s – ii) b. Acromegaly b. (p – i) (q – iv) (r – ii) (s – iii) c. B.M.R will be affected c. (p – i) (q – ii) (r – iii) (s – iv) d. It will affect growth of testis and ovary d. (p – iii) (q – i) (r – iv) (s – ii) 5. Mainly which of the following 9. The immediate cause of induction of hormones control menstrual cycle in ovulation in the human female is the human being (CET, 1997) large plasma surge of : a. FSH, LH, Estrogen a. LH b. Estrodiol b. oxytocin c. FSH d. Progesterone c. PTH 10. Glucagon and insulin are: (CMEET 1995) d. ACTH a. Secreted from same cell and are 6. On seeing a Tiger, the heart beat and same in function blood pressure increase due to release of b. Secreted from same cells but are hormone: (A.I.I.M.S 2000) opposite in function a. Corticoids b. Thyroxine c. Antagonistic secretion action and c. Adrenaline d.Parathormone similar function 7. Match the endocrine gland, given under  G6HFUHWHGIURPGL൵HUHQWFHOOV column-I with their respective position EXWDUHRSSRVLWHLQIXQFWLRQ in the body given under column-II 11. What is the function of enterogastrone? choose the answer which gives the a. It stimulates the secretion of correct combination of alphabets of two digestive juices in the stomach columns: (K.C.E.T.1998) b. It stimulates the flow of pancreatic column-I column-II juice (Endocrine glands) (Position in body) c. It regulates the flow of bile d. It a. pituitary gland p. Above kidney inhibits the secretion of gastric b. Thyroid gland q. Inside juice pancreas 12. Ca+ metabolism is regulated by : c. Adrenal gland r. On larynx (C.P.M.T 1997) a. ACTH b. Thyroxine d. Islets t. At the base of of langerhans brain c. Parathormone d. Epinephrine a. (a t) (b r) (c p) (d q) 13. Heavy jaws, long face, long extremities – – – – are caused by: b. (a s) (b t) (c p) (d q) – – – – a. under secretion of hormone of c. (a – p) (b – q) (c – r) (d – t) posterior lobe of pituitary d. (a – q) (b – s) (c – t) (d – p) 163 b. over secretion of hormone of c. Proteins only anterior lobe of pituitary after d. Biogenic amines only puberty 19. Which of the following hormones c. under secretion of hormone of is not a secretion product of human anterior lobe of pituitary placenta? d. over secretion of hormone of a. Progesterone b. HCG posterior lobe of pituitary c. Prolactin d. Estrogens 14. FSH and LH hormones together are 20. Feeling the tremors of an earthquake called: (MPPMT 1997) DVFDUHGUHVLGHQWRIVHYHQWKÀRRURID a.GTH multistoried building starts climbing b. Stress removing hormones down the stairs rapidly. Which c. Emergency hormones hormone initiated this action ? a. Gastrin b. Thyroxine d. Neurohormones c. Adrenaline d. Glucagon 'H¿FLHQF\RIFDOFLIHUROFDXVHV (MPPMT 1996) 21. Match list-I with list-II and select the a. Scurvy b. Leucopenia correct option. c. Rickets d. Leukaemia list-I list-II a) Adrenaline 1 Myxoedema 16. Which one of the following pairs b) Hyperparathyroidism 2 Accelerates heart beat correctly matches a hormone with c) Oxytocin 3 Salt – water balance GLVHDVHUHVXOWLQJIURPLWVGH¿FLHQF\" d) Hypothyroidism 4 Child birth (P.M.T 2003) e) Aldosterone 5 Demineralization a. Relaxin Gigantism – a. (a 5) (b 3) (c 2) (d 4) (e 1) b. Parathyroid hormone Tetany – – – – – – b. (a 2) (b 5) (c 4) (d 1) (e 3) c. Insulin Diabetes insipidus – – – – – – c. (a 5) (b 3) (c 4) (d 2) (e 1) d. Prolactin Cretinism – – – – – – d. (a 2) (b 3) (c 4) (d 5) (e 1) 17. Which one of the following pairs – – – – – correctly matches a hormone with a 22. Column-I lists the endocrine structure GLVHDVHUHVXOWLQJIURPLWVGH¿FLHQF\" and column-II lists the corresponding hormones match the two column. a. Luteinizing hormone – failure of ovulation Identify the correct option those given. (K.C.E.T 2006) b. Thyroxin – Titan column-I column-II c. Insulin – Diabetes insipidus a. Hypothalamus p. relaxin d. Parathyroid hormone – Diabetes b. anterior pituitary q. estrogen mellitus c. testis r. FSH and LH 18. Chemically the hormones are a. Steroids only d. ovary s. androgens b. Proteins, steroids and biogenic amines.

164 t. gonadotropin 27. GnRH, a hypothalamic hormone, releasing needed in reproduction, acts on: hormones ( NEET-2017) a. anterior pituitary gland and a. (a – r) (b – t) (c – s) (d – q) stimulates secretion of LH and FSH b. (a – t) (b – r) (c – s) (d – q) c. (a p) (b q) (c s) (d r) b. posterior pituitary gland and – – – – stimulates secretion of oxytocin d. (a – t) (b – r) (c – q) (d – s) and FSH 23. It is the parathyroid gland…. c. posterior pituitary gland and (A.M.U 2006) 2 stimulates secretion of LH and a. decreases blood ca+ level relaxin 2 b. Increases blood ca+ level d.anterior pituitary gland and c. promotes collagen synthesis by stimulates secretion of LH and osteoblasts oxytocin d. All of the given 28. Which one of the following hormones though synthesized elsewhere, is stored :KLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJLVQRWDH൵HFW of hypothyroidism? and released by the master gland? a. Mental stress b. edema (NEET-2015) c. Increases Ca+2 level in blood a. Melanocyte stimulating hormone d. to be lethargic b. Antidiuretic hormone 25. The amino acid Tryptophan is the c. Luteinizing hormone precursor for the synthesis of. d. Prolactin (AIPMT /NEET-2016) a. Melatonin and Serotonin 29. Which one of the following hormones is not involved in sugar metabolism? b. Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine (RE-AIPMT 2015) c. Estrogen and Progesterone a. Glucagon b. Cortisone d. Cortisol and Cortisone c. Aldosterone d. Insulin 26. Which of the following pairs of 30. Hypersecretion of Growth Hormone in hormones are not antagonistic (having adults does not cause further increase RSSRVLWHH൵HFWV WRHDFKRWKHU" in height, because: (NEET-2017) (AIPMT /NEET-2016) a. Epiphysis plates close after a.Parathormone – Calcitonin adolescence b. Insulin - Glucagon b. Bone lose their sensitivity to c. Aldosterone - Atrial Natriuretic Growth Hormone in adults Factor c. Muscle fibers do not grow in size d. Relaxin - Inhibin after birth

165 d. Growth Hormone becomes a. AV node receives signal from SA inactive in adults node b. AV valves c. Ventricular wall vibrate due to CHAPTER 12 gushing of blood from atria Basic Medical Instrument and d. Semilunar valves close down techniques after the blood flows into vessels 1. Doctors use stethoscope to hear the from Ventricles. sound; produced during each cardiac cycle. The second sound is heard when: (RE-AIPMT-2015)

166