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Comboio-Via-Solo INFLUÊNCIA DAS CONDIÇÕES DE FUNDAÇÃO NO COMPORTAMENTO DINÂMICO DE VIAS-FÉRREAS DE ALTA VELOCIDADE Análise do caso de Ledsgard PHILIPPE DA ENCARNAÇÃO CONTENTE Dissertação submetida para satisfação parcial dos requisitos do grau de MESTRE EM ENGENHARIA CIVIL — ESPECIALIZAÇÃO EM GEOTECNIA Orientador: Professor Doutor Rui Artur Bártolo Calçada JULHO DE 2009 MESTRADO INTEGRADO EM ENGENHARIA CIVIL 2008/2009 DEPARTAMENTO DE ENGENHARIA CIVIL Tel. +351-22-508 1901 Fax +351-22-508 1446 [email protected] Editado por FACULDADE DE ENGENHARIA DA UNIVERSIDADE DO PORTO Rua Dr. Roberto Frias 4200-465 PORTO Portugal Tel. +351-22-508 1400 Fax +351-22-508 1440 [email protected] http://www.fe.up.pt Reproduções parciais deste documento serão autorizadas na condição que seja mencionado o Autor e feita referência a Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia Civil - 2008/2009 - Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal, 2008. As opiniões e informações incluídas neste documento representam unicamente o ponto de vista do respectivo Autor, não podendo o Editor aceitar qualquer responsabilidade legal ou outra em relação a erros ou omissões que possam existir. Este documento foi produzido a partir de versão electrónica fornecida pelo respectivo Autor. Ao Bruno Aleixo Todo o nosso conhecimento se inicia com sentimentos Leonardo da Vinci Influência das condições de fundação no comportamento dinâmico de vias-férreas de Alta Velocidade AGRADECIMENTOS Este trabalho nunca estaria concluído sem prestar os meus mais sinceros agradecimentos a várias pessoas que directa ou indirectamente contribuíram para a sua realização. Ao Professor Rui Artur Bártolo Calçada, orientador da presente dissertação, pelo interessante tema proposto e pela sua capacidade de transmissão de conhecimentos. Ao Engenheiro Pedro Miguel Barbosa Alves Costa quero agradecer toda a disponibilidade e paciência revelada ao longo do período de elaboração desta tese. O incansável apoio e dedicação, que desempenharam um importante papel, à atenção dispensada e à revisão do trabalho com todas as sugestões e indicações para a sua melhoria. À secção de Geotecnia da Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto por toda a aprendizagem e formação prestada, que muito contribuiu para o desenvolvimento do presente trabalho. Ao Departamento de Engenharia Civil do Instituto Politécnico de Tomar, pela formação académica adquirida, em particular à Professora Ana Paula Gerardo Machado, por incutir o gosto pela área da geotecnia e por toda a bibliografia fornecida durante a pesquisa realizada. Ao grande amigo Bruno Aleixo, verdadeira fonte de inspiração, que contribuiu através da sua notável capacidade de incentivo, partilha de experiências de vida e por todos os conselhos transmitidos. Ao meu amigo Ricardo Coutinho pela sua constante ajuda ao longo da realização deste trabalho. Aos meus amigos e aos meus colegas por toda a amizade e apoio, estando sempre presentes ao longo da vida, tanto nos bons como nos maus momentos. E por último, quero agradecer aos meus pais, ao meu irmão e à Inês por todo o apoio e incentivo ao longo deste último semestre. i Influência das condições de fundação no comportamento dinâmico de vias-férreas de Alta Velocidade RESUMO A Alta Velocidade é um tema que tem despertado o interesse de grande parte da sociedade. As inúmeras vantagens que proporciona fazem com que as entidades governamentais apostem neste sector de transportes, solidificando a rede transeuropeia e consequentemente a própria rede mundial. Portugal dispõe actualmente de um projecto que permite a integração do país, num futuro próximo, nessa rede europeia. O rápido desenvolvimento das redes de Alta Velocidade é acompanhado por um novo tipo de problemas que está relacionado com o comportamento dinâmico do sistema comboio-via-solo. Esta problemática agrava-se quando as linhas de Alta Velocidade atravessam cenários geotécnicos menos favoráveis como é o caso das zonas aluvionares. A experiência adquirida em alguns países mostra que é no atravessamento destas zonas que os fenómenos de amplificação dinâmica tomam maior significado, podendo comprometer a operacionalidade da via. O presente trabalho tem como objectivo investigar a influência das características do solo de fundação, do tipo de comboio e da velocidade na resposta dinâmica do sistema via-comboio, tendo em vista a identificação de necessidades de melhoramento das condições de fundação da via. Nos últimos anos, muitos autores tem recorrido a soluções numéricas, analíticas e semi-analíticas para prever os efeitos dinâmicos que resultam da passagem de comboios nos referidos ambientes geotécnicos desfavoráveis. Os modelos numéricos e semi-analíticos, apoiados em metodologias computacionais, têm sido dos mais utilizados, obtendo-se geralmente resultados numéricos satisfatórios comparativamente aos experimentais. A FEUP também já apresenta alguma experiência nesta área, tendo desenvolvido de raiz algumas formulações para análise do comportamento dinâmico do sistema solo-via-comboio. Neste trabalho recorreu-se a uma dessas formulações para efectuar uma análise numérica no domínio da frequência, baseado no método dos elementos finitos transformados (TFEM). Esta metodologia foi aplicada ao caso de Ledsgard (Suécia), de modo a aferir a funcionalidade do programa, confrontando os dados numéricos com os dados experimentais para a passagem do comboio X2000. Posto isto, submeteu-se a mesma via à passagem de outros comboios europeus de Alta Velocidade para poder efectuar uma análise comparativa dos efeito dinâmicos que ocorrem ao nível da fundação da via. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Via-férrea, Alta Velocidade, Ledsgard, Dinâmica, Fundação de vias-férreas. iii Influência das condições de fundação no comportamento dinâmico de vias-férreas de Alta Velocidade ABSTRACT The High Speed is an issue that has attracted the interest of a large part of society. The numerous advantages it provides make it the government engage in the transport sector, solidified the network and the global network. Portugal has currently a project, which allows the future integration of the country in the European rail network. The rapid development of high-speed networks is accompanied by a new type of problem that is related to the dynamic behaviour of the train-track-soil system. The problem worsens when the high-speed lines crossing less favourable geotechnical scenarios such as alluvial areas. Experience in some countries shows that it is in the crossing of these areas, that the phenomena of dynamic amplification take greater significance, and may compromise the operation of the track. This study aims to investigate the influence of soil characteristics of foundation, the type of train speed and dynamic response of the track-train system in order to identify needs for improvement of the foundation of the track. In recent years, many authors have resorted to numerical solutions, analytical and semi-analytical to predict the dynamic effects resulting from the passage of trains in such environments geotechnical unfavourable. The numerical models and semi-analytical, supported by computational methods, have been the most used, obtaining numerical results generally satisfactory compared to experimental. The Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto (FEUP) also already has some experience in this area, having developed from scratch some formulations for analysis of the dynamic behaviour of the soil-track-train system. In this work appealed to one of these formulations to make a numerical analysis in the frequency, based on the transformed finite element method (TFEM). This methodology was applied to the famous case of Ledsgard (Sweden), to assess the functionality of the program, comparing the numerical and experimental data to the passage of the train X2000. Hereupon, submitted the same track by the passage of other European High-speed trains to carry out a comparative analysis of the dynamic effects that occur at the foundation of the track. KEYWORDS: Railway track, High-Speed, Dynamic, Ledsgard, Foundation of railway tracks. v Influência das condições de fundação no comportamento dinâmico de vias-férreas de Alta Velocidade ÍNDICE GERAL AGRADECIMENTOS ......................................................................................................................i RESUMO ...................................................................................................................................iii ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................v ÍNDICE GERAL .......................................................................................................................... vii ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS ...................................................................................................................ix ÍNDICE DE QUADROS ............................................................................................................... xiii SÍMBOLOS E ABREVIATURAS ....................................................................................................xv 1. INTRODUÇÃO ................................................................................................................... 1 2. DESCRIÇÃO GERAL DA EVOLUÇÃO DAS REDES FERROVIÁRIAS..................................................................................................................... 3 2.1 BREVE ENQUADRAMENTO HISTÓRICO DOS CAMINHOS-DE-FERRO..............................................
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