Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42620-6 — Ruling the World Alan Lester , Kate Boehme , Peter Mitchell Index More Information

Index

A Thousand and One Nights, 162 Antigua, 40, 67, 69, 116, 251 Abdülmecid, Sultan, 239, 243 Anti-Slavery Society, 31, 305, 306 Abdur Rahman, 333 propaganda, 43 Aborigines Committee (Select Committee apartheid, 204, 318, 319, 339 on Aborigines (British Aps, Captain, 251 Settlements).), 109–25, 128–9, 138, Ardoch Massacre (1865), 295 141, 180, 184, 185 Arrow incident (1856), 209–15, 270 Aborigines Protection Society, 99, 122, Arrowsmith, John, 196 142, 278, 306 Arthur, George, 56, 57, 93–7, 100–1, 103, Adam, William, 46 104, 108, 185, 303 Addington, Henry, 206 Ashanti Kingdom, 57 Aden, 237, 310 Ashanti War (1873–74), 306–7, 325 Afghanistan, 161–7, 264, 314–16, 326, Atalanta (steamship), 15, 172 337, 339 Auckland, George Eden, Baron, 157–68, First Afghan War (1839-42), 161–7, 171, 172, 173, 175, 178, 179, 221 172, 232 background and early career, 157 places in and adjacent to management of Agra famine (1837-8), Balkh, 329 157–61 Bolan Pass, 165, 328 management of First Afghan War (1839- Gandamak, 166 42), 161–7, 172 Kabul, 162–6, 181, 232, 314–15, Australia 328–9, 333 Aboriginal Australians, 1, 28, 42, 75, Kandahar, 165, 329 79–80, 81, 108, 125–42, 196, 204 Khurd Kabul Pass, 166 ‘Stolen Generations’, 137, 270 Khyber Pass, 315, 328 ‘Yellow Jimmy’, 293 Second Afghan War (1878-80), 320, Aboriginal Tasmanians, 26, 132 327–9 genocide of, 94–6, 128–9 African Committee, 56–7 criminal punishment of, 294–5 Afrikaners, 51, 77, 108–11, 123–4, 192, Daungwurrung, 133 299–302, 317–19, 320, 329–32 Dja dja wurrung, 136–7 Ajayi (Samuel Ajayi Crowther), 54–5, 115 Kamilaraay, 127 Akbar Khan, 165–6, 181 Kullila, 295 Albemarle, Augustus Fredreick Keppel, massacres and settler conﬂict, ﬁfth Earl, 101 125–39, 295 Aleppo, 244 Nyoongar, 75 amaXhosa War (1834–35), 125 Wathawurrung, 134–6 Andaman Islands, 255 Wirrayaraay, 130 Anderson, George, See Myall Creek Wurundjeri, 133 massacre Yamatji, 196 Anderson, Henry, 241 effects of 1857 Uprising on, 255 Angas, George Fife, 26 emancipism, 139, 140, 141 Anti-Corn Law League, 206 exclusivism, 139, 140

390

Index 391

places in and adjacent to Bell, John, 161 Flinders Island, 95 Bentham, Jeremy, 24, 75, 205, 280, 337 Geelong, 127, 134, 135 Bentinck, William, 162, 165, 169, 171 Hawkesbury River, 131 Berbice, 255, See British Guiana Kimberley, 195, 319 Berenice (steamship), 15, 172, 173 Melbourne, 79, 126, 127, 132, 133, Beresford Hope, Alexander, 265 135, 136, 255 Berlin, Congress of, 313, 314, 315 Mount Franklin/Lalgambook, 136 Bermuda, 40, 104 New South Wales, 1, 26, 51, 59, 79, Bigge, John Thomas, 28 80, 106, 108, 125–32, 139, 141, biography and personality, 20–2 142, 215, 224, 255, 256, 293, Bismarck, Otto Eduard von, 312, 315 294, 295 Black, Jeremy, 7–8, 275 1819 commission of enquiry, 28 Blackstone, William, 113 Norfolk Island, 127 Blood River, battle of, 108, 300 Parker’s Plains/Neereman, 136 Blue Books, 28 Perth, 81, 196 Board of Control, 14, 16–17, 18, 19, 23, Port Phillip, 79, 127, 129, 130, 132, 45–6, 145, 148, 149–51, 155, 156, 134, 135, 138, 198 161, 166, 171, 173, 176, 180, 184, Queensland, 80, 255, 295, 296, 298 185, 221, 226, 228, 236–9, 248, South Australia, 1, 24, 26, 75, 87, 108, 250, 261, 263, 287 199–200, 201, 230, 277, 294 response to Indian Uprising (1857), declaration of sovereignty, 24 240–3 South Australian Association, 141 Board of Ordnance, 264, 265 Swan River, 75 Board of Trade, 23, 144–8, 157, 184, 215, Swan River Colony, 75, 196 223, 296 Sydney, 125, 127 Bogle, Paul, 276–7 Tasmania, 26, 56, 94–6, 127, 128–9 Bolivar, Simon, 92 Hobart, 59 Bonaparte, Napoléon Eugène Louis Jean Launceston, 59 Joseph, Prince Imperial, 325 Oyster Bay, 95 Bond Head, Francis, 88, 93, 94, 97, Townsville, 296 98–100, 101 Victoria, 59, 132–7, 224 Bosnia, 312 Western Australia, 26, 108, 128, 142, Bourke, Richard, 50–1, 77, 79–81, 85, 113, 154, 195, 196, 221, 294 125–8, 134, 139, 140 Wilberforce, 131 Bovine pleuropneumonia, 193 Yarra River, 133 Bowring, John, 189, 190, 204–15, 219, 247, Australian Patriotic Association, 103, 257, 269, 316 106, 140 Brendish, William, 235 Bright, John, 278 Badajoz, battle of, 111, 125, 195 British Gold Coast, 306 Baghdad, 244 British Guiana, 80, 116, 250 Bahadur Shah, Emperor, 228, 235, 255 Upata, 255, 256 Bahamas, 67 British Honduras, 26, 56, 93, 95, 304 value of slaves in, 39 value of slaves in, 39 Balkans, 312, 314 British Museum, 200, 288 Ballantyne, Tony, 5 British West Africa Protectorate, 321 Bangkok, 208 Broome, Frederick Napier, 323 Barbados, 38, 62, 67, 70, 256 Brougham, Henry, Baron Brougham and Barbados and Windward Islands, 67 Vaux, 104 Baring Brothers & Co., 39 Broughton, Archbishop William Grant, 138 Barkly, Henry, 302 Brownlee, Charles, 309 Beagle (ship), 195, 196, Brydon, William (surgeon), 166 Bedchamber Crisis, 63 Buchanan, Frances, 45, 47 Bedouin, 171 Buchanan, James, 91 Belgium, 1 Buckingham, James Silk, 150, 152

392 Index

Bulgaria, 312, 313 Kingston, 224 Buller, Charles, 13, 20, 102–3, 104–7, 108, Manatoulin Island, 97, 99 140–2, 144, 180, 185 Montreal, 89, 91, 224 Responsible Government for Navy Island, 91–2 Colonies, 107 New Brunswick, 84, 260, 297 Bulwer Lytton, Edward, 283 Niagara Falls, 92 Bulwer, Edward Robert, 284, 324 Nova Scotia, 47, 84, 104, 224, Bulwer, Henry, 320–1 260, 297 Bunting, Jabez, 133 Ontario, 27 Burdett-Coutts, Angela, Baroness, 246 Prince Edward Island, 84 Burma, 170, 255, 284 Quebec, 27, 84, 85, 86, 100, 224 Burnes, Alexander, 161–6 Saint-Charles, 89 travels into Bokhara, 162 Toronto, 87, 88, 91, 93, 224 Burton, Justice William, 131 Upper Canada rebellion (1837-8), Burton, Richard, 239, 240 83–96, 142 Buxton, Charles Fowell, 278 Canning, Lord Charles, 18, 189, 220, 223, Buxton, Priscilla, 118 231, 232, 240, 247, 253, 255, 257, Buxton, Sarah Maria, 113 262–3, 281 Buxton, Thomas Fowell, 38, 39, 46, 66, 96, Cape Colony, 1, 24, 38, 39, 41, 43, 49–51, 99, 108, 122, 126, 137, 185, 198, 53, 77–8, 79, 108–25, 137, 142, 145, 215, 278, 305 189, 190–5, 200, 203, 204, 256, Byron, Lord, 19, 62, 72, 92, 184 269, 293, 301–2, 308–11, 317–32, 336 Cain, Peter J., and A. G. Hopkins, 4, 6 Eighth Frontier War (1850-52), 192, 194 Cambridge, University of, 285 Seventh Frontier War (1847), 191, 192 Campbell, Patrick, 171–3, 223 slavery in, 51 Canada, 1, 7, 27, 32, 72, 77, 84–107, 124, Carlyle, Thomas, 76, 102, 200, 205, 125, 126, 128, 132, 141, 224, 251, 216–17, 218, 277, 278–9, 299 257, 260, 270, 292, 298, 299, 304 Occasional Discourse on the Negro Canada Land Company, 72 Question, 216 confederation, 297 Carnarvon, Henry Howard Molyneux, earl Department for Native Affairs, 96 of, 297–8, 311, 312, 313, 317, 319, First Nations peoples, 26, 84, 126, 327, 338 293, 297 Caroline (ship), 92 Ashinaabeg, 97, 98 Carr, William, 154 Cheyenne, 326 Case, Rev. William, 98 Iroquois, 97 Caspian Sea, 162 Lakota, 293 Castlereagh, Viscount Stewart Robert, 54 Mississauga, 97 Cathcart, George, 192, 194 Ojibwa, 97, 98 Catholic Emancipation Act (1829), 38 Sioux, 293 Cavagnari, Pierre Louis Napoleon, 328–9 governance in 1838, 85 Cetshwayo, 320–3, 326, 327, 329–32 in 1830s, 27 Ceylon, 9, 10, 35, 72, 73, 79, 81–2, 145, Lower Canada, 125 146, 184, 219, 250, 253–4, 257, Lower Canada rebellion (1837-8), 258, 259, 323 83–96, 142, 146 Kandy, 48–9, 73, 254 Saint-Charles, battle of, 89, 91 slavery in, 29, 38, 40, 48–9, 53 Saint-Denis, battle of, 89 Chamberlain, Neville Bowles, 315–16, Saint-Eustache, battle of, 90, 91 328 places in and adjacent to characteristics of slave ownership, 36 Bois Blanc Island, 92 Chartism, 22 Credit River Community, 98, Chelmsford, Frederic Augustus 100, 122 Thesiger, second Baron, 322–3, Fort Malden, 92 325–6, 328, 331 Halifax, Nova Scotia, 104 China, 4, 5, 36, 46, 149, 158, 173

Index 393

First Opium War (1839–42), 9, 62, 168, Cotton, 29, 36, 148–50, 158, 176, 180, 173–82, 184, 207, 208, 213, 337 207, 223, 282, 284, 296, 338 opium trade, 173–81 Cranbrook, Gathorne Gathorne-Hardy, places in earl of, 324 Beijing, 177, 248 Creighton, Ogden, 91 Canton, 73, 149, 173, 176–82, 206, Crete, 312 207–8, 209–15, 218, 219, 247, Crimean War (1853–6), 194, 199, 205, 269, 321 214, 215, 230, 239, 244, 245, 263, Fuzhou, 182, 209 264, 311–12, 313 Kowloon, 248 Cruikshank, George, 218 Pearl River, 212 Cuba, 276 Shanghai, 182, 208, 209 Cyprus, 313 Yangtze River, 182, 208, 248 Qing Empire, 11, 62, 176, 186, 208, 248, D’Urban, Benjamin, 300 263, 336 Dalhousie, James Andrew Broun-Ramsay, Second Opium War (1856–60), 9, first Marquess, 223–4, 226–30, 232, 204–15, 337 235, 263, 271, 304, 338 treaty ports, 182, 207, 209 Dangar, Henry. See Myall Creek massacre cholera, 224, 276 Daoguang, Emperor of China, 178, Church Missionary Society, 76, 121 180, 182 Churchill, Randolph, 317 Darwin, Charles, 105, 195, 200, 278 Churchill, Winston, 7 Darwin, John, 5, 6, 7 Clapham Sect, 21, 23, 118, 119, 146, 156 Darwinism, 218 Clarendon, George Villiers, Earl of, 189, Daughtrey, John, 65 204–7, 208, 211–12, 215, 219, 240, Davis, Thomas, 98 241, 243–4, 263, 264, 269 de Rothschild, Lionel, 290 Cobbett, William, 45, 47 Demerara, 38, 85, 255, See British Guiana Cobden, Richard, 141, 214–15, 218 Derby, Lord, 214, 261, 265, 283, 313 Cockburn, Francis, 67 Dickens, Charles, 103, 246, 278 Colenso, Frances, 332 Dilke, Charles Wentworth, 296–7, 298, 337 Collier, Bishop, 252 Disraeli, Benjamin, 283, 290, 292, 307, Collins, Wilkie, 246 310, 311, 312–16, 317, 327–8, 332, Colonial Commissioners, 28–30, 78 333–5, 336, 339 Colonial Office, 1–2, 6–7, 14–18, 20–6 doctrine of lapse, 263, 304 ‘sighing room’, 103, 115 Dodd, Charles, 235 communications technologies, 225–6, Donkin, Rufane, 118, 119 288–90, 310, 314 Dost Mohammad, 161–6, 333 criticism, 105–6, 142 Douglass, Frederick, 217–18 directions for abolition of slavery, 42 Doyle, John (known as H. B.), 23 Downing Street premises, 12–13, 18 Dredge, James, 129, 131, 132, 133, King Charles Street premises, 264–6, 185, 198 286–7 Drought, 124, 132, 276, 282, 308, 312 leaks, 63, 89 D’Urban, Benjamin, 77, 116–18, 122, modernisation post Northcote-Trevelyan 124, 139 Report, 287–92 Durham, John Lambton, Earl of, 101–7, number of officers, 290 108, 141, 142, 144, 185, 205 Constantinople, 225, 239, 243, 244, 311, Dutch colonialism, 292 313, 314 Dutch East India Company, 48, 49–50, convict labour, 35, 42, 50, 53, 56, 58–9, 51 126, 184 Dutch Gold Coast, 306 Coots, Piet, 203 Dutt, Romesh Chunder, 282 Corn Laws, 73, 144–8, 336 Anti-Corn Law League, 148 East India Company, 5, 6, 13–23, 27–8, 29, Cornwallis, Charles, first Marquess, 31–2, 36, 38, 75, 88, 102, 144, 148, 45 150, 152, 153–7, 168, 170, 173,

394 Index

177, 179, 181, 183–6, 263, 289, Suez (isthmus), 169–73, 236, 303 309, 314, 315, 345 Suez (port), 169–73, 223, 224, 225, Abolition of Slavery Act (1833), 40 236, 237, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, administrative structure, 18 245, 246 Agra Famine (1837–8), 157–61, 201 El Niño, 158 annexation, 226–30 Eliot, Thomas, 78 charter renewal (1813), 148, 149, 156 Elizabeth (trading brig) incident, 120–1 charter renewal (1833), 31, 45, 148, Elliot, Charles, 178–9 186, 262 Elliot, Thomas, 6–7, 9, 79–81, 85, 184, 261 committees and departments Elphinstone, John, 156, 157, 257 Marine Department, 172, 181 Elphinstone, Mountstuart, 156, 165 Political and Secret Committee, 19, Enterprise (steamship), 170 162, 168, 172, 236–43, 244, 261 Equiano, Olaudah, 65 communications technologies, 224 Essequibo, 255, See British Guiana court system, 156 Eton College, 102, 288, 295, 297, 298, dissolution, 261–2 317, 338 East India Stock Redemption Act Evangelical Magazine, 120 (1873), 262 Evelyn, Joseph, 69 doctrine of lapse, 226–30 Exeter, 205, 206 East India House (Leadenhall Street), Exeter Hall lobby, 66, 98, 217, 278 13–14, 266 Eyre, Edward John, 277–80 First Afghan War (1839–42), 161–7 Haileybury College, 16, 156, 190, 221, Factory Act (1833), 31 229, 231, 303 Fairﬁeld, Edward, 326–7 Indian Navy, 171, 181 Famine Indian Uprising (1857–8), 285 Agra Famine (1837–8), 157–61, 178, indirect rule, 28, 155 201, 230 opium trade, 158, 173–81 Chalisa Famine (1783), 160 organisation to 1838, 16–17 Indian Great Famine (1877–8), 282–5, presidency system, 16–17, 153, 155, 156, 316, 337 168, 250, 258 Irish Famine (1845–9), 22, 201, 205, rent extraction, 27 216, 282, 299, 336 rent farming, 230–1, 282 Ferguson, Niall, 7–8, 10, 339 revenue policy, 230–1 Fieldhouse, David, 5 slavery and coerced labour, 43–8, 80, Fiji, 82, 338 81, 307 Fitzgerald, John Patrick, 200 structure of trade to 1838, 150 Fleming, John Henry. See Myall Creek taxation, 261–2, 270 massacre ties to slave owners, 27 Flood, Rev. Richard, 100 trade with China, 149 Foreign Ofﬁce, 1, 6, 28, 57, 144, 161, 168, East India Company Committees and 189, 205, 214, 223, 304–6, 311 Departments assistance in response to Indian Uprising Political and Secret Committee, 236–9 (1857), 236–45, 248, 252, 263 Eastern And South African Telegraph communications technologies, 16, 225, Company, 310 226, 236, 288–90 Eastern Question, the, 311–16, 334 Downing Street premises, 14, 264 Eastern triangular trade, 175 King Charles Street premises, 264–6, Eden, Emily, 157, 164 286–7 Egypt, 339 Forster, W. E., 277 places in Fort William College, 155, 162 Alexandria, 170–3, 223–5, 236, Forward Policy, 315, 328, 334, 335 237–40, 242, 248 Foster, John. See Myall Creek massacre Cairo, 173, 223, 236, 239, 242, 243, France, 6, 11, 21, 28, 30, 50, 51, 92, 94, 244, 245 145, 146, 147, 205, 208, 219, 248, Cosseir/Al-Qusayr, 172, 237 252, 283, 311, 312, 325, 328

Index 395

empire, 292, 305, 336 Gqoba, William Wellington, 201 revolution (1789–99), 27 Grand Trunk Railway (Canada), 224 Franklin, Benjamin, 145 Grant, Charles, 23 Franklin, John, 57, 59 Grant, James Augustus, 199 Fraser, J.G., 241, 242 Grant, Robert, 156, 157, 195 free trade, 4, 8, 11, 31, 143, 144–54, 183, Great Exhibition (1851), 296 186, 205–6, 216–17, 328, 336 Great Game, the, 156, 312 and liberal empire, 336–7 Great Trek, the, 77 effects on famine, 161, 283–5, 286 Greece, 92, 312 opium and China trade, 179–81 Green, John, 240–1, 243–4, 247 French Revolution, 145 Greville, Charles, 156, 218 Frere, Henry Bartle, 17, 302–33, 337, 338 Grey, Charles (commissioner), 84 career in India and Zanzibar, 302–8 Grey, Charles, second Earl, 30, 75, 101 in southern Africa, 308–11 Grey, George (1812–1898), 22, 189, 190, Froude, James Anthony, 299–303, 308, 312 198, 216, 219, 255, 257, 269, 277, Fyans, Foster, 127, 134 293, 365 biography and background, 195–7 Gandamak, Treaty of (1879), 328, 333 governor of Cape Colony, 200–4 Gandhi, Mohandas T. (Mahatma), 286 governor of New Zealand, 200 Gathorne Gathorne-Hardy, Earl of, 314–16 governor of South Australia, 199–200 Gawler, John, 202 Keppel affair, 199 General Service Enlistment Act (1856), 232 Report on the Best Means of Promoting German Legion (South Africa), 260 the Civilization of the Aboriginal Germany Inhabitants of Australia, 197 empire, 7, 206, 292, 336 Grey, George, second Baronet (1799– empire and imperialism, 11 1882), 22, 40, 41, 60, 61, 65, 67, 69, Gibraltar, 28 70, 78, 82, 83 Gilbert and Sullivan, 306 Grey, Henry, third Earl (Viscount Gilbert Scott, George, 265 Howick), 75 Gipps, George, 84, 86, 125–31, 135, Gurney, Anna, 113–15, 117–19, 122–3, 138–40 125, 128, 129, 131, 136, 137, 138, Gladstone, John, 80, 146, 149 142, 162, 215 Gladstone, William Ewart, 80, 180, 214, Gützlaff, Karl Friedrich, 209 215, 223, 295, 313, 331, 332, Guy, Samuel, 95 334, 339 Gwalior, battle of (1858), 230 Committee on Aborigines, 118–19 intervention in the Eastern Question, Haitian revolution (1791–1804), 6, 27, 312–13 37, 277 Midlothian campaign (1879–80), 334–5 Hall, Catherine, 2, 37 Glasgow, Scotland, 15, 172, 173, 265 Hanson, Augustus William, 115 Glenelg, Charles Grant, Lord, 17, 41, 43, Hart, James, 203 45–6, 55, 60, 61, 76–7, 78–82, 93, Hastings, Warrren, 174 99–102, 104, 106, 138–43, 144, Herbert, Robert George Wyndham, 294, 145, 146, 150–1, 155–7, 192, 295–7, 314 195, 226 Herbert, Sidney, 214 and Canada, 83–5, 88, 89, 103 Herzegovina, 312 and emancipation, 49–53, 61–71 Heyer, Georgette, 111 and Southern Africa, 115, 122–5 Heyrick, Elizabeth, 65 background and biography, 22–4 Hicks Beach, Michael, 311, 314, 319, 321, indigenous policy, 96, 109, 112, 129 322–3, 324, 326–7, 331 inﬂuence on imperial governance, as Colonial Secretary, 317 183–6 Higginson, James M., 251–3 Godlonton, Robert, 123–5, 140 Hindu Widows’ Remarriage Act Gorchakov, Aleksandr Mikhailovich, 264 (1856), 231 Gordon, George William, 277 Hintsa, 112, 115–17, 191, 193

396 Index

historical perspectives on empire, 8 Ganges River, 157, 169, 171, 174, 229 Hobbs, William. See Myall Creek massacre Gwalior, 160, 230 Hobhouse, John Cam, 19–20, 46, 62, 88, Herat, 162, 163, 329 156–7, 159, 161–6, 168, 171, 172, Hooghly River, 224 180, 184, 221 Jaitpur, 228 Hobson, William, 197 Jalalabad, 166, 167 Hodgkin, Thomas, 99, 108, 118, 142 Jhansi, 228, 230 Hong Kong, 10, 177, 181, 189, 206–15, Karachi, 170 248, 257 Lahore, 161, 236 Horton, Robert William, 72 Lucknow, 228, 246, 263 Hudson’s Bay Company, 27, 99 Ludhiana, 163 Hugh Lindsay (steam ship), 171 Madras/Chennai, 15, 16, 76, 153, Hume, James Deacon, 147–8 162, 165, 172, 195, 224, 236, 253, Hume, Joseph, 88, 105, 147, 180 258, 262, 296, 324 Sketches of Canada and the United States Meerut, 234–6, 239, 253 (1833), 88 Mysore, 47, 154, 247 Huskisson, William, 144–7, 149, 157, Nagpur, 19, 228 169, 179 Narwar, 246 Huxley, Thomas Henry, 105, 278 North West territories, 221 North-Western Provinces, 157, 283 Ilbert Bill (1883), 286 Patna, 173–5 imperial confederationism, 297–8, 319, 337 Pegu, 228 indentured labour, 24, 35, 43, 48, 50–2, Peshawar, 162, 163, 164, 328 71–82, 149, 183, 184, 216, 248, Pune, 304 250–2, 253–5, 256, 271, 294, 301, Punjab, 111, 161, 163, 190, 192, 226, 324, 338 232, 236, 245, 280, 283, 304, 328 India Raniganj, 224 places in Sambalpur, 228 Allahabad, 171 Satara, 226, 304, 309 Ambala, 235 Seringapatam, 165 Assam, 169, 171 Simla, 162, 164 Awadh, 228–9, 246, 263, 328 Sind, 161, 190, 280, 304, 308 Baghpat, 228 Thane, 223 Baroda, 285–6 Udaipur, 228 Barrackpore, 233–4 Western Ghats, 224 Benares, 174 places in and adjacent to Bengal, 23, 46, 153, 156, 170, 173, Travancore, 46 174, 221, 224, 228, 232 presidency system, 15 Bengaluru/Bangalore, 247 Princely States, 28, 158, 162, 164, 171, Bihar, 173, 284 229, 230, 237, 263, 286, 301, Bijnor, 220 319, 328 Bombay/Mumbai, 15, 16, 149, 153, salt tax, 285–6 155, 156, 170, 173, 174, 179, 219, taxation, 286 223, 224, 225, 235, 236, 237, 241, India Ofﬁce, 6, 17, 284, 314–16, 324, 251, 257, 258, 302–4, 305, 308 328–9 Brahmaputra River, 169, 171 communications technologies, 281, Calcutta/Kolkata, 15, 16, 80, 102, 288–90 149, 153–5, 162, 164, 166, 168–70, Council of India, 262 172, 174, 176, 177, 179, 220, 224, integration with other ofﬁces, 287–92 232, 236, 240, 246, 257, 258, 279, King Charles Street premises, 264–6, 281, 283, 284, 314 286–7 Cawnpore/Khanpur, 159, 229, 246 Statistics and Commerce committee, 288 Delhi, 160, 161, 220, 228, 235–6, 245, under Louis Mallet, 287–8 246, 253, 292 Indian Army Doab, 157 Gurkhas, 245

Index 397

native soldiers, 231–4 Kingsley, Charles, 278 Sikh soldiers, 236, 245 Koh-i-noor diamond, 228 Indian National Congress, 282, 339 Kurds, 244 Indian Uprising (1857–8), 9, 158, 191, 220–48, 269, 270, 280, 281, 285, La Trobe, Charles, 133, 135, 138, 289, 323, 328, 337 Labouchere, Henry, 189, 198, 204–7, causes, 222–34 211, 214, 226, 250–4, 255, Cawnpore siege and massacre, 229–30 256, 258 effects globally, 254–61 management of famine in Ireland and effects in Mauritius and Indian Ocean, India, 201 250–4 Lagos, 54, 307 retributive violence, 245–7 Lamb, Charles, 18 troop supply and logistics, 236–48 Lanyon Ionian Islands, 28 William Owen, 318 Iran, 162 Lanyon, William Owen, 317 Ireland, 27, 42, 72, 84, 86, 195, 201, 205, Lawrence, John, 228 225, 292, 299, 317, 336 Lebanon, 311 Home Rule, 292 Leeds, 334 Irving & Co., 39 Leeward Islands, 62, 251 Isandhlwana, battle of (1879), 323–6, Levant, the, 244 333 Lewin, Maria, 213 Ismail (Khedive), 333, 334 Liberal Party, 292, 334, 335 Ismail Pasha (Khedive of Egypt), 333–4 Lighthouses and navigation, 10–11, 223 Lin Zexu, 178–9 Jamaica, 26, 37, 38, 40–1, 61–6, 69, 77, 78, Little Big Horn, battle (1876), 293 82, 93, 216, 254, 275–80, 317, 336 Livingstone, David, 269, 304–6, 338 Baptist War (1831–2), 40 London Missionary Society, 46, 51, 115, Jamaican Assembly, 63, 277 120, 123 Maroons, 41, 47, 277 in Eastern Cape, 109 Morant Bay Rebellion. See Morant Bay Long, Edward, 37 Rebellion Lorne, John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll, St Ann parish, 276 Marquess, 293 Jamaica Committee, 275–80 Lount, Samuel, 94 Japan, 208 Lowe, Robert, 215 Jardine, Matheson & Co., 177, 179 Loyalty Islands, 296 Jefferson, Thomas, 145 Lushington, James, 46, 148, 152, 158, 159, Jenkins, Richard, 19, 46, 148, 152, 154–6, 161, 162, 164, 165, 179, 180, 190, 158, 159, 161, 162, 190 221, 229 Jhansi, Rani Lakshmibai of, 230, 235 and steam power, 171–3 Johnson, Andrew, 113 biography and career, 19 Johnson, James Henry, 169–71 First Afghan War (1839–42), 162–5 Johnson, Priscilla, 113 management of Agra Famine (1837–8), 158–61 Kafﬁr Relief Committee, 202 management of East India Company, Kahkewaquonaby (Sacred Feathers, a.k.a. 154–6 Peter Jones), 97–100, 122 Lyall, Charles, 278 Keate, Robert W., 256 Lyndhurst, Lord, 214 Kennedy, Thomas, 209, 210 Lytton, Edward Robert Bulwer, ﬁrst Earl, Keppel, Henry, 199 198, 283–6, 292, 314, 315, 316, Khambula, battle of, 325 320, 327–9, 333, 335, 337, 339 Khan, Syed Ahmed, 220, 229, 231, 263, and Afghanistan, 316 285, 286 The Causes of the Indian Revolt, 220 Macaulay, Thomas Babington, 18, 23, Kilmeister, Charles. See Myall Creek 151–4, 157, 185, 186, 190, 198, massacre 220–3, 229, 243, 263, 279, 337

398 Index

Macaulay, Thomas Babington (cont.) Meredith, Owen. See Lytton, Edward Minute on Indian Education, 154, 157 Robert Bulwer, first Earl Macaulay, Zachary, 47, 54, 56, 151 Merivale, Herman, 17, 189, 200, 201, MacGregor, Evan John Murray, 40, 67–71 203–4, 216, 230, 250, 255, 262, MacGregor, John, 147 270, 288, 293, 295 Mackay, John, 80 and British Guiana, 255–6 Mackenzie, William Lyon, 89, 94, 105 background and personality, 197–8 Mackintosh, James, 179, 180 education in Mauritius, 252 Maclean, George, 58 Lectures on Colonisation, 203–4 Maclean, John, 202 management of Indian Uprising (1857-8), Macnaghten, William Hay, 162–5, 256–61 168, 329 policy on indigenous peoples, 198–9 Maconochie, Alexander, 57–8 Merriman, John X., 309 Madagascar, 51, 251 Merriman, Nathaniel, 194 Madeira, 28, 172, 310 Metcalfe, Thomas .Theophilus, 4th Madhava Rao, Tanjore, Raja, 285–6 Baronet., 160 Madhavarao, T., 286 Mhlakaza, 192, 194, 201, See Nongqawuse Mahmood, Syed, 285–6, 298, 337 Mill, James, 19, 153 Maine, Henry, 280, 281 Mill, John Stuart, 18, 19, 75, 76, 102, 141, Maitland, Peregrine, 124 162, 217, 231, 261, 275, 278, 337 Maiwand, battle of (1880), 329 Missionaries, 231, 270 Malay States, 290 Mlanjeni, 192, 194 Mallet, Louis, 287 Mocha, 171, 237 Malta, 18, 78, 82, 129, 134, 172, 224, 236, Molesworth, William, 58, 103, 141–2 314, 324 Molteno, John Charles, 302, 308–10, Malthus, Thomas, 71–3 318 Manchester, 145, 147, 180, 206, 207, Mongkut, King, 208 214, 223 Monsoon Mangles, Ross Donnelly, 221–2, 223, 229, and navigation, 168 237, 242–3 and railway construction, 224 Maqoma, 109–12, 113, 117, 119–20, 123, failure in 1837-8, 158 192–3, 194, 201, 202, 203, 309 Montefiore brothers, 150 Maratha Confederacy, 229 Montefiore, Jacob, 26 Maratha Empire, 155, 174, 228 Montefiore, Joseph Barrow, 120 Markham, Clements, 288 Montefiore, Jacob Levi, 26 Marsden, Samuel, 121 Montefiore, Moses, 39 Marseille, 225, 236 Montenegro, 313 Martineau, Harriet, 206 Morant Bay Rebellion (1865), 276–9, Marx, Karl, 180, 206, 246, 261 299, 317 Matthews, Peter, 94 Mosquito Coast, 93 Mauritius, 1, 15, 29, 35, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, Mpande (Zulu king), 320 46, 49, 51, 52, 53, 55, 59, 60, 62, 71, Mughal Empire, 152, 164, 222, 228, 232, 184, 196, 259, 294, 295, 297, 235, 255, 285 323, 338 continuity of governance in East India and judicial execution, 293–4 Company, 220 education, 250–3 famine policies, 160 emancipation in, 51–3 Municipal Corporations Act (1835), Flat Island, 251 31 Mahé, 251 Murray, George, 96, 101 slavery in, 51–3 Myall Creek massacre, 130–1, 133, 134, transition to free labour, 51–3, 64, 77–82 135, 138, 139–40 Mauritius Aid Society, 323 Mayo, J. R., 80 Nana Sahib, 229–30, 235 Melbourne, Lord, 20, 22, 23, 64, 102, 123, Nanking, treaty of (1842), 182, 207–9 156, 157, 166, 180 Naples, 334

Index 399

Napoleonic Wars, 11, 21, 24, 28, 38, 54, Nicholson, John, 245 62, 72, 93, 111, 125, 145, 158, 169, Nicolay, William, 15, 52, 64, 77 189, 190, 255, 336 Nightingale, Florence, 200, 214 National Colonisation Society, 75, 102 Nongqawuse, 191–5, 201, 308 Navigation Acts, 146 North West territories, 228 Nawab of Awadh, 160 Northcote Trevelyan Report, 287 Nemesis (steamship), 181–2 Northcote, Stafford, 287, New Caledonia, 296 Nqwiliso (Mpondo chief), 319 New Hebrides, 296 Nunn, Major. See Waterloo Creek massacre New Poor Law (1834), 31 New Zealand, 7, 26, 107, 183, 189, 198, opium, 12, 36, 73, 148, 149, 153, 158, 200–1, 257, 258, 260, 292, 296 173–82, 183, 186, 204–15, 219, colonisation of, 26 242, 247, 248, 269, 283 Mā ori, 76, 115, 121, 132, 185, 197, 198, Opium Wars. See China 201, 204, 269, 293 Orange Free State, 301, 317 individuals Orinoco River, 255–6 Tama-i-hara-nui, 121 Ottoman Empire, 11, 170, 239, 264, 292, Te Rangikā heke, Wiremu Maihi, 200 311–16, 334, 336, 337 Te Rauparaha, 121, 200 Outram, James, 228 Ngā i Tahu, 121 Oxford University, 198, 223, 288, 379 Ngā ti Toa, 121, 200 Maori-Pakeha relations, 120–1 Paciﬁc and Oriental Steam Packet New Zealand Association, 76, 141 Company (P&O), 242 New Zealand Company, 76, 107, 121 Paciﬁc Islanders, 132, 338 places in and adjacent to use as labour and ‘blackbirding’, 296 Akaroa, 121 Palmerston, Henry John Temple, third Bay of Islands, 121 Viscount, 157, 161, 162–4, 168, Kapiti, 121 178, 179, 204–8, 209, 216, 218–19, Wellington, 195 221, 248, 261, 262, 265, 311, 316 Waitangi, treaty of (1840), 200 Pande, Mangal, 234 Newcastle upon Tyne, 172 Papineau, Louis-Joseph, 85–7, 89, 91, newspapers and print media 94 Calcutta Journal, 150 Parker, 131 Calcutta Review, 285 Parker, Edward Stone, 129, 132, 134–8, Colonial Advocate,87 185, 198 Daily News, 218 Parker, Joseph, 137 Edinburgh Review, 116 Parkes, Henry, 204, 209–13, 215, 269 Geelong Advertiser, 140, 196 Peel, Robert, 64 Graham’s Town Journal, 123 Peel, Thomas, 75 Household Words, 246 Penang, 149, 255 Jamaica Standard,78 Perry, Erskine, 261 John Bull (journal), 116 Perry, Matthew, 208 London Gazette, 213 Peru, 288 Missionary Chronicle, 115 Philip, John, 51, 112–13, 116, 118, 119, Pall Mall Gazette, 278 123, 124, 137 Port Phillip Gazette, 135 Pilkington, J. W., 235 South Australian Register, 196 Poland, 92 Spectator, 75, 279 Warsaw, 264 Sydney Herald, 132, 139, 140, 196 Polynesian Labourers Act (1868), 296 Times, 23, 102, 104, 181, 212, 213, 218, Poor Law Act (1834), 73 248, 280, 282, 305 Pottinger, Henry, 62, 181, 182, 209 reporting on Indian Uprising (1857– Prichard, James Cowles, 98, 199 8), 241, 245–6 Prince Edward Island, 147 Westminster Review, 141 Pringle, Thomas, 118 Ngqika, 109 Prinsep, Charles, 81

400 Index

Prinsep, William, 154 Salisbury, Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Punch (magazine), 247, 278, 330 Marquess, 287, 315–16 Sandhurst (military academy), 195 Quakers, 122 Sandile, 202, 203 and slavery, 37 Sarhili, 191, 192, 194, 202, 259, 309–10 Railways, 230, 271, 285, 328, 329, 333, Sati, 153 338, 339 Sayajirao Gaekwar III, Maharaja of in Canada, 224 Baroda, 285 in India, 223–4 Scott, Celia, 132, 150 Ranavalona, Queen, 251 Scott, George Gilbert, 287 Rangoon, 170, 255 Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878-80), 316 Read, James, 113, 116 Second Opium War (1856-60), 219, 269, Reform Act (1832), 20, 30, 38, 101, 151, 270, 316 206, 336 Seeley, John Robert, 285, 298 Reform Act (1867), 279, 336 The Expansion of England, 298 Reform Club, 141 Sekhukhune (BaPedi king), 329, 331, Residential Schools (Canada), 270 Serbia, 313 Rhodes, Cecil, 301 Seringapatam, siege of (1799), 154 Ricardo, David, 113, 145, 146, Seychelles, 251 231 Seymour, Michael, Admiral, 211–12, 213 Rice, Thomas Spring, 39 Shah Shuja (Amir), 163 Rintoul, Robert, 75 Shaka, King, 300, 301 Rio de Janeiro, 199, Shepstone, Theophilus, 300, 301, 302, 308, Ripon regulations, 75 320, 321, 329, 332 Roberts, Frederick, 329 Sher Ali Khan (Amir), 315–16, 328–9, 333 Robinson and Gallagher, 4, 6, 290 Siam, 208, 209 Robinson, George Augustus, 95, 129, Sierra Leone, 1, 43, 47, 53–9, 62 131–4, 138, 139, 140, 185 slavery in, 53–6 Romania, 313 Sievwright, Charles Wightman, 129, 131–2, Rothschild, Nathaniel Mayer, 39 140, 185, 198 Roy, Ram Mohan, 46, 153, 154 Sihayo (Zulu chief), 320, 321 Royal Artillery, 325 Simla Declaration, 164 Royal Botanic Gardens, 288 Singapore, 10, 150, 213, 255 Royal Geographical Society, 19, 57, 195, Singh, Ranjit (Maharajah of the Punjab), 240, 288, 305 161–4, 226 Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, 325 Sitting Bull, 293 Royal Navy, 42, 54, 55, 57, 104, 169, 171, Slavery 173, 179, 181, 214, 251, 288, Abolition of Slavery Act (1833), 29, 31, 305, 313 38–40, 43–6, 49–53, 150, 184 Ruskin, John, 278 Atlantic trade circuit, 36 Russell, Lord John, 197, 213, 214, 246 British slave trade to 1807, 36 Russell, William Howard, 245 compensation, 26, 31, 39, 40, 48, 49, 51, Russia, 6, 156, 161–4, 194, 205, 219, 225, 52–3, 70, 118, 132, 150, 186, 230, 239, 264, 298, 304, 311–15, 290, 307 317, 329, 333, 336 dependent industries, 36 St Petersburg, 263 in Cape Colony, 51 Russo-Turkish War (1877-8), 314, in Ceylon, 38, 48–9, 73 334, 337 in East Africa, 305 in India, 38, 43–9 Sa’id Pasha, Muhammad, 239 in Indian Ocean, 44, 240, 251, 304 Sacred Feathers. See Kahkewaquonaby in Indian Ocean slave trade, 305 (Sacred Feathers, aka. Peter Jones) in Mauritius, 51–3 Sa’id Pasha, Muhammad, 1, 170, 223, 237, in Mosquito Coast, 93 241, 243–4, 245, 263 in Princely States, 45

Index 401

rebellions to 1830s, 38 British Kaffraria, 125, 192–3, the ‘middle passage’,36 200, 202–3, 255, 260, under East India Company administra- 322 tion, 43–8 Cape Town, 50, 111, 113, 139, 142, Sligo, Peter Howe Browne, Marquess, 170, 199, 203, 257, 259, 299, 302, 62–3, 69 308, 310, 329 Smallpox, 21, 23, 132, 136, Drakensberg, 324 276 Durban, 302, 310, 321 Smith, Adam, 43, 74 Eastern Cape Frontier, 109–25, 140, Smith, Charlotte Turner, 62 142, 203, 217, 293, 300, 308, Smith, Harry, 111–12, 116–17, 123, 125, 309, 318 142, 191–2 Eshowe, 325, 332 Smith, Lionel, 61–2, 64, 78 Fort Willshire (Eastern Cape), 116 Smith, Sydney, 102 Gcalekaland, 309, 322 Somerset, Charles Henry, Lord, Graaff-Reinet, 203 51 Grahamstown/ Makhanda, 109, 112, Southern Africa 123, 193, 194 indigenous peoples Griqualand East, 319, 322 Griqua, 317, 319, 337 Griqualand West, 301–2 Khoikhoi, 50, 113, 317 rebellion (1878), 317–19 Khoisan, 42, 50–1, 79, 108, 109–11, Johannesburg, 332 113–16, 120, 124, 142, 185, Kat River, 109, 111, 113, 120, 192, 293 142, 192 Kora, 319 Kat River Settlement, 111, 113, Mfengu, 204, 293, 308–9, 318 120, 124 Mpondo, 308, 319 Kei River, 112, 191, 192, 193, 202, Nguni, 318 308, 322, 324 Pedi, 318–19, 329, 331 Kimberley, 256, 301, 317, 318, 331 San, 50, 317, 319 King William’s Town/eQonse, 192, Sotho, 77, 318, 325, 332 200, 255, 259 Swazi, 318, 321, 329, 331 Limpopo River, 324 Thembu, 300 Lorenzo Marques (Maputo, Tswana, 77, 317–19, 337 Mozambique), 310 Xhosa, 1, 24, 50, 77, 108–20, Lulu Mountains, 331 123–5, 137, 142, 185, 189, Natal, 1, 80, 299–301, 302, 308, 310, 191–5, 200–4, 219, 259–60, 319–25, 327, 331–2, 338 269, 299–301, 308–10, 313, Pedi Kingdom, 302 319 Port Elizabeth, 200, 259 Gcaleka Xhosa, 112, 191, 194, Port St John, 319 202–3, 308, 309, 310, 313, 318, Queen Adelaide Province, 117, 118, 319 122, 123, 125, 139, 192 Rharabe Xhosa, 191–2, 202, 308, 309 Robben Island, 202 Zulu, 11, 77, 108, 299–302, 310, 313, Simon’s Bay, 260 316, 318–27, 328, 331, 334, Table Bay, 260 337, 386 Transkei, 203, 308, 309 Natalia, Republic of, 300 Transvaal, 310, 317, 318, 320, 326, places in 329, 331, 332 Alagoa Bay, 111 Tugela River, 320, 327 Amatola Mountains, 117, 192, Walvis Bay, 320 202, 309 Zululand, 320–35 Basutholand, 322 Southey, George, 115, 116, See Hintsa Beaufort West, 203 Spanish empire, 336 Bethelsdorp, 119 Speke, John Hanning, 199, 239 Bloemfontein, 200, 302 Spencer, Eliza Lucy, 199

402 Index

Spencer, Herbert, 278 Taylor, Henry, 276 Sprigg, Gordon, 310–11 tea trade, 36, 48, 148, 149, 178, 207, St Helena, 40, 43, 44, 46, 48, 49, 53, 323 269 Stanley, Frederick Arthur, 16th Earl of telegraph, 224–6, 240, 257, 281, 310, 314, Derby, 22, 262, 263, 265 315, 323, 328, 333, 339 Stanley, Henry Morton, 304, 306 during the 1857 Uprising, 235–6 steam technology, 154, 155, 168–73, 181, Temple, Richard, 284–5 186, 223–4, 240, 339 Tennyson, Alfred, Lord, 278 in the 1857 Uprising, 236 Thackeray, William Makepeace, 76 Stephen, James, 12–24, 32, 35, 38–43, Thomas, William, 129, 133, 185 45–60, 275, 289, 337 Thompson, Thomas Perronet, 56 attitude to Aboriginal Australians, 139 Tipu Sultan, 154 biography and personality, 20–2 Trafalgar, battle of, 169 breakdown, 21, 30 Transvaal, 301, 302, 308 Colonial Ofﬁce, nature of work in, 1–2, Transvaal Republic, 301, 320, 321 12–15 Travancore, Maharajah of, 154 emancipation, 35, 38–43, 48–60, 61–71 Treaties of Tientsin (1858), 248 evangelism, 24 Trevelyan, Charles, 262, 287 free trade, 147 Trieste, 212, 225 indigenous and settler rights, 83–4, Trinidad, 28, 36, 250, 254, 256 138–43 Port of Spain, 256 Australia, 125–9 San Fernando, 256 migration and labour movement, 76–82 Trotter, Captain, 251 replacement by Merivale, 197–9 Trotter, Henry Dundas, 251 settler and indigenous rights, 108–9, Turton, Thomas, 102, 104 184–6 Tyndall, John, 278 in North America, 89–107 Tzatzoe, Jan (Dyani), 113, 119–20 in Southern Africa, 119, 122–4 view of the empire in 1837, 32 Ulundi, battle of (1879), 326, 328, 329, 332 working practices, 17–18 Union of South Africa, 322, 332 Stephen, James Fitzjames, 275, 278, 284, United States of America, 5, 7, 11, 46, 54, 292, 295, 299, 337 82, 83, 87, 90, 91, 92, 96, 100, 104, formulation of law in India, 279–82, 285 169, 208, 217, 219, 223, 225, 293, General View of the Criminal Law, 281 297, 298 Stephens, Ward, 139–41 Civil War (1861-5), 276, 296 Stirling, James, 75, 221 Louisiana, 104 Stockenström, Andries, 123–5, 191, 319 Reconstruction, 282 Stoeffels, Andries, 113, 119–20 Revolution (1765-83), 27 Strahan, George Cumine, 307 Revolutionary War (1775-83), 47, Stratford Canning, 1st Viscount Stratford 62 de Redcliffe, 236, 243–4 War of 1812, 96, 111 Strickland, George, 66, 69–71 University College London, 37, 57, 282 Sturge, Joseph, 65, 66–7, 69, 70 Suez Canal, 170, 173, 239, 290, 333 Venezuela, 255 Suez Canal Company, 290, 333 Venn, John, 156 sugar, 26, 29, 35, 36–7, 38, 41, 45–7, 48, Vernon Smith, Robert, 221–2, 237, 241, 51, 52, 60, 78, 80, 147, 153, 175, 242–3, 248, 261 176, 216, 251, 254, 255, 276, 301, Victoria, Queen, 12, 15, 43, 64, 99, 100, 324, 338 156, 178, 200, 209, 228, 229, 276, Sugar Duties Act (1846), 216 283, 290, 292, 314, 325, 334 Swing Revolt (1830), 42, 72 Victorian gold rush (Australia), 136 Villers, Thomas Hyde, 151 Tagore, Dwarkanath, 153, 154, 169 Vitkevich, Yan, 164 Taiping Rebellion, 208, 210, 219, 269, 337 von Ketelhodt, Baron. See Morant Bay Tanya Tope, 230, 246 Rebellion (1865)

Index 403

Wade, Colonel, 118, 119, 120 Williams, James, 65–7, 70 Wajid Ali Shah, Nawab of Awadh, 228, Wilmot Horton, Robert, 72–3, 77, 81 229 Wilmot, John Eardley, 71 Wakeﬁeld, Edward Gibbon, 20, 29, 73–6, Wodehouse, John, 263 77, 79, 102, 103, 104, 108, 121, 128, Wodehouse, Philip, 255–6 141, 144, 180, 183, 185 Wolseley, Garnet, 306–7, 325, 326, Wakeﬁeld, Priscilla, 74 329–31, 332 Ward, Henry, 9, 253–4, 257 Wood, Charles, 263 Washington, John, 195 Wyatt, Matthew Digby, 265–6, 287 Waterloo Creek massacre, 128, 139 Waterloo, battle of, 52, 111, 124, 125, Xhosa Cattle Killing (1856-7), 11, 191–5, 192, 205 200, 201–4, 219, 259, 308 Watton, John, 135 Xianfeng, Emperor, 207, 248 Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke, 19, 22, 165, 192 Yaqub Khan, Mohammed, 328, 329, 333 West African Regiment, 55 Yeenebulluk. See Parker’s Plains/Neereman West India Regiment, 55 Yeh (governor of Canton), 207–12 Westgarth, William, 239 Yintayintin. See Myall Creek massacre Whaling, 120 Wheeler, Rosina Anne Doyle (Bulwer), 283 Zamindars, 153, 160, 230 White, William A., 264 Zanzibar, 240, 304–6, 307, 310, Wilberforce, William, 37, 39, 47, 56 327 William IV, King, 119, 156, 161 Zibhebhu, 332 Williams, Eric, 36 Zollverein, the, 147, 206