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Mixtape Südafrika | Norient.Com 30 Sep 2021 16:34:20 Mixtape Südafrika PODCAST by Thomas Burkhalter Mixtape Südafrika | norient.com 30 Sep 2021 16:34:20 Mixtape Südafrika PODCAST by Thomas Burkhalter Südafrika ist nicht nur ein Land der Gegensätze von Arm und Reich, von Drogenkriminalität, AIDS und 2010 von der Fussball-WM. Südafrika kennt auch eine schier unermessliche musikalische Produktion und Vielfalt. Thomas Burkhalter beginnt seine kommentierte Hörreise durch Südafrika mit traditionellen Gesängen und Rhythmen der Zulu, Xhosa und Venda, lässt die Populärmusik der 1950er und 60er Jahre anklingen, horcht den historischen Reden von Nelson Mandela nach und lässt sie schliesslich in den aggressiven Kwaito-Beats der 1990er Jahre und im südafrikanischen Club-House von heute münden. Der Podcast «Mixtape Südafrika» (von Thomas Burkhalter, produziert für Radio DRS2 und SWR2 Dschungel) startet in den 1930er Jahren mit den Gesängen und Rhythmen der Zulu, Xhosa und Venda. Die San-Buschmänner überraschen mit ihrem typischen Jodelgesang. Wir hören ihre Maultrommeln, Hörner und Signalpfeifen. Die Venda aus dem Nordosten Südafrikas lassen ein komplexes Zusammenspiel erklingen: Sie singen typische Frage- und Antwort-Phrasen, und begleiten sich mit sehr großen und auch kleinen Trommeln, Rasseln, Bambus-Pfeifen und Hörnern. Die Sothos schliesslich improvisieren nicht, sondern singen komponierte Lieder. Man hört den Einfluss der europäischen Kirchmusik, von Chorälen und amerikanischen Gospels. Der Einfluss der Kolonialstaaten und Missionare Die Musik fast aller Bevölkerungsgruppen Südafrikas ist schon früh von fremden musikalischen Stilen beeinflusst worden. 1652 richteten die Holländer in Kapstadt eine Proviantstation ein. Mit ihren Schiffen kamen auch Instrumente und Sklaven an den südlichsten Zipfel Südafrikas. Schon bald begleiteten etwa die Khoi, die Viehzüchter der Gegend, ihre Lieder mit europäischen Gitarren und asiatischen Saiteninstrumenten. Die Sklaven stammten nämlich aus Java, Sri Lanka, Malaysia und Madagaskar. In der Musik Südafrikas hören wir diese verschiedensten Einflüsse immer wieder: In der Country-Musik der holländischen Buren zum Beispiel oder in den Jazz- Balladen von den Beam Brothers. Oder bei Willie Gumeda mit seiner https://norient.com/podcasts/mixtapesuedafrika Page 1 of 5 Mixtape Südafrika | norient.com 30 Sep 2021 16:34:20 Concertina Band 1945. Die Konzertina – ein kleines Akkordeon – war mit schottischen Missionaren nach Südafrika gekommen. Europäische Missionare veränderten das Musizieren grundlegend. Vorher war meist gemeinsam improvisiert worden. Jetzt bildeten die Missionare an ihren Schulen Komponisten aus. Diese arrangierten die Gesänge der verschiedenen Volksgruppen neu und durchsetzten sie mit Harmonien: Wir hören die neue südafrikanische Chor Musik zum Beispiel von der Mhluzi Choral Society. Oder in der Originalaufnahme von Mbube (der Löwe) von 1939. Hier war der Einfluss der vielen nordamerikanischen Minstrel-Sänger, Gospel-Gruppen und Ragtime Pianisten prägend, die schon damals durch Kapstadt, Johannesburg und Durban tourten. «Dieses Lied kommt aus Südafrika», erklärt der amerikanische Folk-Sänger Pete Seeger seinem Publikum in einer Konzertaufnahme. Er nahm Mbube 1950 auf. Nach der Version von Pete Seeger wurde Mbube noch rund 200 mal gecovert. Erst 2006 haben es die Kinder des verstorbenen Sängers des Originals, Solomon Linda, geschafft, ihre Urheberrechte geltend zu machen. Sie gewannen einen Rechtsstreit mit dem Walt Disney Konzern, der Mbube im Film Der König der Löwen verwendet hatte. Der Mbaqanga-Jive der 1950er Jahre In den 1950er Jahren wurde die städtische Musik immer populärer und breitete sich im ganzen Land aus. Aus dem Township Soweto bei Johannesburg klang der Mbaqanga-Jive. Diese Musik brachte Jazz, Soul, Funk und Rumba scheinbar mühelos zusammen. Bald entstand daraus der berühmte Saxofon-Jive Südafrikas. Er wurde in den Kneippen der Townships gespielt – abseits von der weissen Gesellschaft. Proteste gegen das Apartheid-Regime Ab den späten 1960er Jahren wurde die Protestbewegung der unterdrückten Schwarzen gegen das Apartheid-Regime immer stärker. Die Regierung schlug mit blinder Gewalt zurück. Berühmte Musikerinnen und Musiker flohen ins Exil oder kehrten von Ausland-Tourneen nicht mehr zurück: So die Sängerin Miriam Makeba, der Trompeter Hugh Masekela und der Pianist Abdullah Ibrahim. Im Podcast «Mixtape Südafrika» hören wir die Rede, die Nelson Mandela 1964 vor Gericht gehalten hatte, bevor er für 27 Jahre ins Gefängnis gesteckt wurde: «Ich habe sowohl gegen die weiße als auch gegen die schwarze Dominanz gekämpft. Eine freie demokratische Gesellschaft, das ist das Ideal, für das ich zu leben wünschte. Ich bin auch bereit, für dieses Ideal zu sterben.» Aber auch Teile der weißen Minderheit protestierten: Die Gruppe «Illegal Gathering» sang ihre kritischen Lieder in Afrikaans, der Sprache der herrschenden Buren, wurde aber vom nationalen Radio boykottiert. Der Liedtext hinterlässt allerdings zwiespältige Gefühle: «Ich bin total verloren. Ich verschwende meine Jugend mit Krieg» heisst es dort. Dann aber gibt der Sänger zu, dass er den Befehlen seines Korporals gehorchen werde. Das sei allerdings seine Pflicht, nicht seine Wahl. Am 2 Februar 1990 schliesslich hob https://norient.com/podcasts/mixtapesuedafrika Page 2 of 5 Mixtape Südafrika | norient.com 30 Sep 2021 16:34:20 der weisse Präsident De Klerk in einer historischen Rede das Verbot des ANC und anderer politischer Parteien auf und kündigte an, er werde politische Gefangene freilassen. Die Post-Apartheid Ära Nach dem Ende der Apartheid sprossen schwarze Radiostationen und Plattenlabels wie Pilze aus dem kulturell fruchtbaren Boden Südafrikas. Kwaito wurde zur Musik, die den schwarzen Lebensstil in den Townships am besten verkörperte. Kwaito basiert meistens auf verlangsamten House-Beats und auf Rap in verschiedenen schwarzen südafrikanischen Sprachen und dem Slang der Townships – Englisch wird nur ganz selten verwendet. Dazwischen geflochten sind immer wieder südafrikanische Melodien und Schlagzeugpartien. Musiker und Fans betonen die Eigenständigkeit des Genres und sehen die Wurzeln des Kwaito in der schwarzen populären Musik der 1950er Jahre – so wie wir sie gehört haben. Einer der Stars des Kwaito war und ist Mandoza: Dank seiner aggressiven Stimme und seinen knüppelharten Beats! Andere Stars sind Zola, Mzekezeke und DJ Cleo. Heute argumentieren die Kritiker, Kwaito sei heute von der Werbeindustrie vereinnahmt worden und darum bloß noch kommerziell. Die Anti-Apartheid- Kämpfer der 1970er und 80er Jahren vermissen oft die politische Botschaft. Die Jugend aber sieht das anders: Jahrelang war man von Reichtum und Entwicklung ausgeschlossen, jetzt will man möglichst schnell möglichst viel Geld verdienen und der Armut entfliehen. Es gibt noch einen weiteren Streit: Ist Kwaito eine eigenständige südafrikanische Musik oder bloss eine Variante des globalen Rap? Für die Kwaito-Musiker ist klar: Kwaito ist Südafrika pur, mit all den Einflüssen aus der Musik Südafrikas der 1950er bis 80er Jahre. Fazit Die neue Musik Südafrikas greift vielfältig auf das kulturelle Erbe zurück und die Szene kann sich auf eine breite lokale Musikindustrie stützen – anders als in anderen afrikanischen Ländern. Natürlich gibt es da viel Kommerz, aber es existieren auch viele kleine Labels, freie Radio- und TV-Stationen sowie unabhängige Medien und Internet-Plattformen. Gerade wenn man befürchtet, das Land ersticke seine traumatischen Erinnerungen und seine Zukunftssorgen nun endgültig in übertriebenem Kaufrausch und kommerzieller Musik, taucht immer wieder eine neue Stimme auf. Zum Beispiel die Gruppe Die Antwoord oder viele andere. → Playlist 1. La Mouche Bushmen Juóansi From Namibia CD: Bushmen Juóansi https://norient.com/podcasts/mixtapesuedafrika Page 3 of 5 Mixtape Südafrika | norient.com 30 Sep 2021 16:34:20 2. Zulu Songs Accompanied By The Musical Bow «Ugubhu» Sung And Played By Princess CD: Music! 100 Years Of The Berlin Phonogramm-Archiv (Disc 2) 3. Zone Conservaroire Bushmen Juóansi From Namibia CD: Bushmen Juóansi 4. Venda Horn Song CD: Ancient Civilisations Of Southern Africa 2: Tribal Drums Of The Venda People 5. Tlholwe Le Mutle Serankure Music Arts (Tswana) CD: Ancient Civilisations Of Southern Africa 6. Umgoboti Gumede, Willie Concertina Band CD: Echoes Of Africa: Early Recordings 7. Hoe Ry Die Boere Shimon Ash CD: Songs Of South Africa – Sung In Afrikaans 8. Thina Laphe Emzini Mhluzi Choral Society CD: African Renaissance – Volume 05 – Ndebele (Disc 1) 9. Mbube Solomon Linda And Evening Birds CD: Zulu Choral Music 10. Ngaleyo Mini Beam Brothers CD: African Renaissance – Volume 01 – Zulu (Disc 2) 11. Setimela Basadi Ba Thabakgolo CD: African Renaissance – Volume 03 – Ndebele (Disc 2) 12. Reasonable Men Kalahari Surfers CD: Shotdown: Resistance Music From Apartheid South Afrika 13. WOZA ANC Freedom Choir (Acfc) CD: The Winds of Change 14. Hou My Vas Korporaal Illegal Gathering CD: Shotdown: Resistance Music From Apartheid South Afrika 15. Nkosi Sikelel’ iAfrika Tumela Maloi CD: The Winds Of Change 16. Unbanning Speech F.W. De Klerk CD: The Winds Of Change 17. Inauguration Speech Nelson Mandela CD: The Winds Of Change https://norient.com/podcasts/mixtapesuedafrika Page 4 of 5 Mixtape Südafrika | norient.com 30 Sep 2021 16:34:20 18. Masadzi Wa Tshikuma Chicco CD: South Afrika Rhythm Riot 19. Phunyuka Bamphethe Mandoza CD: Phunyuka Bamphethe 20. Xhikwembo Gurash CD: DaladalaSoundz Uptown Joji 21. Emgungundlovu Zulu Boy CD: Masihambisane 22. Mugwanti Mujava CD: Ayobaness! The Sound Of South African House Diese Sendung wurde ausgestrahlt
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