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Octamer Formation and Stability in a Mitochondrial Creatine Kinase from a Protostome Invertebrate Gregg G Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2005 Octamer Formation and Stability in a Mitochondrial Creatine Kinase from a Protostome Invertebrate Gregg G. Hoffman Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES OCTAMER FORMATION AND STABILITY IN A MITOCHONDRIAL CREATINE KINASE FROM A PROTOSTOME INVERTEBRATE By GREGG G. HOFFMAN A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Biological Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Fall Semester, 2005 The members of the Committee approve the Dissertation of Gregg G. Hoffman defended on October 24, 2005. W. Ross Ellington Professor Directing Dissertation Michael S. Chapman Outside Committee Member P. Bryant Chase Committee Member Timothy S. Moerland Committee Member Kenneth H. Roux Committee Member Approved: Timothy S. Moerland, Chair, Department of Biological Science The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables ...............................................................................................Page iv List of Figures ...............................................................................................Page v List of Abbreviations ……………………………………………………………Page vii Abstract ……………………………………………………………..Page ix INTRODUCTION .. ..........................................................................................Page 1 MATERIALS and METHODS............................................................................Page 12 RESULTS ………………………………………………………………Page 22 DISCUSSION ………………………………………………………………Page 62 LITERATURE CITED………………………………………………………….Page 71 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH……………………………………………………Page 80 iii LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Mutagenesis primer sequences ..............................................................Page 20 Table 2: Impact of temperature on octamer / dimer equilibrium.........................Page 34 Table 3: Percent identity and similarity...............................................................Page 44 Table 4: Ramachandran plot statistics for the homology model..........................Page 48 Table 5: Comparitive validation statistics for the homology model....................Page 51 Table 6: Residues at the dimer / dimer interface.................................................Page 55 Table 7: Hydrodynamic radius, %PD, and specific activity ...............................Page 61 iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: The structures of the eight phosphagens ..............................................Page 3 Figure 2: The role of MtCK within mitochondria ...............................................Page 9 Figure 3: Cloning and expression flow chart.......................................................Page 14 Figure 4: SDS-PAGE of raw cell lysates.............................................................Page 23 Figure 5: UV and enzyme activity profiles – protein purification.......................Page 24 Figure 6: SDS-PAGE of CVMtCK purification steps .........................................Page 25 Figure 7: Representative UV profile - Superdex 200HR FPLC .........................Page 26 Figure 8: Demonstration of octamer / dimer interconvertibility..........................Page 28 Figure 9: Effect of protein concentration on oligomeric state .............................Page 29 Figure 10: Effect of temperature on oligomeric state and kdis .............................Page 30 Figure 11: Time course of octamer dissociation at two temperatures .................Page 32 Figure 12: Thermal jump study............................................................................Page 33 Figure 13: Effect of TSAC - conversion on octamer stability............................Page 36 Figure 14: DLS standard curve............................................................................Page 38 Figure 15: DLS % octamer curve ........................................................................Page 39 Figure 16: Effect of concentration on octamer / dimer equilibrium ....................Page 40 Figure 17: Representative DLS profile................................................................Page 41 Figure 18: Multiple sequence alignment..............................................................Page 43 Figure 19: CVMtCK homology model................................................................Page 45 Figure 20: Ramachandran plots ...........................................................................Page 47 Figure 21: RMS deviation between CVMtCK model and template....................Page 49 v Figure 22: Surface representations showing dimer / dimer interface ..................Page 54 Figure 23: Multiple sequence alignment of residues around Trp264 ..................Page 58 Figure 24: Relative orientation of Trp264 ...........................................................Page 59 vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ADP adenosine diphosphate ATP adenosine triphosphate ANT adenine nucleotide translocase AK arginine kinase BBCK brain type cytoplasmic creatine kinase -MSH beta - mercaptoethanol CK creatine kinase (CK) CM Carboxymethyl Cr creatine (Cr) CVMtCK Chaetopterus variopedatus mitochondrial creatine kinase DLS dynamic light scattering DTT dithiothreitol ∆GATP effective free energy of ATP hydrolysis GK glycocyamine kinase HTK hypotaurocyamine kinase IMS intermembrane space IPTG isopropyl--D-thiogalactopyranoside LB Luria broth LK lombricine kinase MMCK muscle type cytoplasmic creatine kinase Mr relative molecular mass vii MtCK mitochondrial CK OK opheline kinase PCr phosphocreatine %PD polydispersity Pi inorganic phosphate PK phosphagen kinase PTP permeability transition pore SarMtCK sarcomeric mitochondrial creatine kinase ThK thalassemine kinase TK taurocyamine kinase TSAC transition state analog complex Rh hydrodynamic radius SPDBV SwissPDB Viewer UbiMtCK ubiquitous mitochondrial creatine kinase viii ABSTRACT The free energy yield from ATP hydrolysis is directly related to the [ATP]/ ([ADP] [Pi]) ratio within any given cell, and it has long been clear that cells can not maintain functionality when this ratio undergoes a significant change. This energetic challenge is most pronounced within the cells of excitable tissues with high and variable energy demands, cells such as cardiomyocytes, neurons, transport epithelia, and primitive free swimming spermatozoa. It is within these very cells that the creatine kinase (CK) system comes into play. CK catalyzes the reversible transfer of the -phosphoryl group from MgATP to the guanidine group of creatine, thereby maintaining ∆GATP by buffering the [ATP]/([ADP] [Pi]) ratio when there are temporal and spatial mismatches of ATP supply and ATP demand. Three distinct CK gene families exist – mitochondrial, cytoplasmic and flagellar – each targeted to different intracellular compartments. These genes appear to have evolved at the dawn of the radiation of multicellular animals. As part of on-going efforts to probe the evolutionary physiology in the CK gene family, the cDNAs for mitochondrial CKs from the protostome polychaete Chaetopterus variopedatus (CVMtCK) and chicken cardiac tissue (SarMtCK) have been cloned, inserted into an expression vector and recombinant protein expressed, purified and characterized. Recombinant CVMtCK was primarily octameric as was the well- characterized chicken SarMtCK. Using two independent methods (size-exclusion chromatography and dynamic light scattering, or DLS), studies of oligomerization dynamics showed that CVMtCK exhibited the same reversible transition between octamers and dimers as has been reported for MtCKs from higher organisms, and that these ancient octamers displayed the same dissociation and reassociation profile as that seen in the MtCKs from birds and man under various thermal and concentration regimes. However, the rate of change in both directions is much more rapid for CVMtCK. Interestingly, and perhaps importantly, when CVMtCK was converted to the transition - state analog complex (TSAC) in the presence of NO3 , MgADP, and creatine, both size exclusion chromatography and DLS showed that there was minimal dissociation of octamers into dimers while SarMtCK octamers were highly unstable as the TSAC. To ix evaluate the potential structural correlates of the observed differences in octamer stability, a homology model was developed using the octameric crystal structures of SarMtCK and human ubiquitous UbiMtCK as templates. The resulting model was validated by a variety of on-line tools. Comparison of the structures showed some differences in the interactions occurring across the dimer - dimer interface which are likely to impact the stability of the octameric structure. In all structures, a key and absolutely conserved tryptophan residue is present in this interface. Site-directed mutagenesis procedures were employed to mutate this Trp residue to Cys, Phe, Leu and Tyr. In all cases, the specific activity was unaffected but the recombinant protein was dimeric; no octameric protein was detected using chromatography or DLS. The overall results of this effort show that octamer formation is a primitive character of MtCKs and that there has been some fine-tuning – in an evolutionary sense – of the nature of the interactions promoting and stabilizing the octameric state. x INTRODUCTION In typical healthy cells the concentration of adenosine triphosphate
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