Natural Resource Inventory Report

NATURAL RESOURCE INVENTORY

REPORT

Prepared by:

The Millburn Environmental Commission

Millburn Township

APRIL 1992 The Environmental Commission of Millburn Township

-_ Elizabeth C. Howe, Chair Kathleen P. Galop - S. Jerome Greenfield Allen Kilik - Edward T. Marshall Mary Jean McLaughlin

- Helen K. Motzenbecker Elizabeth Naughton Kurt L. Snyder James S. Ward

-.. - This report was published by the Environmental Commissio n in June 1992. The document was prepared with the aid of a grant from the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Office of Environmental Services. Copies may be purchased from Millburn Town Hall 375 Millburn Avenue Millburn, New Jersey 07041 -

TABLE OF CONTENTS Paqe No.

INTRODUCTION ...... i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... ii MAPS ...... iii I. BACKGROUND ...... 1 A. Geography and Demography ...... 1 B. Land Use ...... 3 C. History ...... 4 D. Physiography ...... 6 1. Wyoming ...... 7 2. South Mountain ...... 7 3. Millburn ...... 8 4. Knollwood ...... 9 5. Glenwood ...... 9 6. Brookhaven ...... 9 7. Old Short Hills ...... 9 8. Country Club ...... 10 - 9. White Oak Ridge ...... 10 10. Deerfield-Crossroads ...... 11 11. Mountaintop ...... 11 II. NATURAL RESOURCES ...... 12 A. Climate ...... 12 B. Air Quality ...... 15 C. Geology ...... 19 D. Aquifers ...... 26 E. Soils ...... 28 1. Slope ...... 32 2. Soil Erosion Potential ...... 33 3. Seasonal High Water Table ...... 34 4. Water Runoff Potential ...... 35 5. Depth to Bedrock ...... 36 F. Hydrology ...... 36 G. Water Quality ...... 40 1. Upper Passaic River ...... 40 2. Rahway River ...... 41 H. Vegetation ...... 42 I. Wetlands ...... 47 1. Wetland Values ...... 47 2. Federal Authority ...... 51 3. State Authority ...... 53 J. Wildlife ...... 56 TABLE OF CONTENTS Pase No. -

III. REGIONAL FACTORS ...... 57 A. Water Supply ...... 57 B. Watersheds ...... 57 C. Population Density and Open Space ...... 62 D. Sewerage ...... 64 E. Transportation ...... 66 1. Automobile ...... 66 2. Bus ...... 67 - 3. Rail ...... 68 IV. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 69 V. BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 71

VI. APPENDICES - A. Seven "Critical Area" Maps ...... A-l B. Open Space in Millburn Township ...... B-l 1. Tabular Listing ...... B-2 2. Fox Hill Reserve ...... B-4 C. Bicentennial Trees ...... C-l D. Historic Districts and Sites ...... D-l 1. Historic Buildings ...... D-2 2. Historic Sites ...... D-9 3. Public Buildings ...... D-10 4. Schools ...... D-11 5. Churches ...... D-12 6. Private Clubs ...... D-13 7. Historic District Map ...... D-14 E. Chart of Soils ...... E-l F. List of Birds at Hartshorn Arboretum ...... F-l G. Population and Housing Information ...... G-l - H. Examples of Wetland Types ...... H-l I. Definitions of Wetlands ...... I-l J. Explaining the Three Criteria for Wetlands ..... J-l K. Water Supply Facts ...... K-l LIST OF FIGURES Pase No. No. Title 1. Location Map ...... 2 2. Annual Precipitation Canoe Brook 1931-1990 ...... 13 3. Relation of 3 Lava Flows to Sedimentary Rock ...... 20 4. Possible Course of Ancestral Hudson River 70 Million Years Ago ...... 22 5. Glacial Lake Passaic - 10,000 years Ago ...... 24 6. Direction and Extent of Wisconsin Glacier's Terminal Moraine at Millburn ...... 25

- 7. Artesian Aquifer and Recharge Area ...... 27 8. Central Passaic River Basin Study Area ...... 29 9. Buried Valleys ...... 30 10. Rivers, Brooks and Ponds in Millburn Township ...... 37 11. Central Passaic River Basin Pumpage ...... 58 12. Buried Valley Aquifer System-Pumpage Impacts on Ground Water Levels ...... 59

LIST OF TABLES No. i. Listing and Description of NRI Maps ...... iii 1. Land Use in Millburn Township, 1992 ...... 3 2. Climatic Data, Canoe Brook 1974-1990 ...... 14 3. Ambient Air Quality Standards ...... 16 4. Ambient Air Quality Millburn Vicinity ...... 17 5. Water Quality of Rahway River, lggl...... 42A 6. Central Passaic River Basin, 1989 Pumpage ...... 60

- 7. Summary of Major Storm Events Rahway River ...... 63 8. Aae Distribution. Millburn Township ...... 65

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INTRODUCTION

In 1974 the Millburn Environmental Commission chaired by Maureen Ogden undertook an inventory of the natural resources of the Township in detail -- geology, soils, water, vegetation and wildlife. Since Millburn is a developed community it also ex- plored the man-made resources such as historic and cultural sites and its over-all visual image. Finally a section was devoted to regional concerns such as watersheds, water supply, transportation, open space and sewage.

There have been many changes in Millburn Township since then, and the Environmental Commission sees a need to up-date this report so that it will continue to be a tool which will help the Planning Board and other governing bodies assess the strengths and weaknesses of our community as they make decisions that will shape Millburn in the decades ahead.

The relationship between man and his environment is complex, but the welfare of every community depends upon an awareness that all decisions should be compatible with the ecological system. Our land use decisions must be made with an understanding of natural law.

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-- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The Environmental Commission would like to thank the 1991 Township Committee Michael Vernotico, Jeanne Graves, Daniel Cannizzo, William Caveney, and Frank Long for matching the State grant which funded this project. Special thanks also to Elaine Becker, a current Township committeewoman and past chair of the Environmental Commission, whose persistence led to the applica- - tion for revision of the 1974 Inventory.

Business Administrator Timothy Gordon provided us with valu- -- able assistance and Tom Wells of the Department of Environmental Protection was most helpful in answering our questions. Our thanks also to John Linson, Township Forester; Thomas Watkinson, Township Engineer; Lynn Rogers-Eisenbeil, Township Clerk; and John J. Lynch, Township Planner.

Maser Sosinski & Associates P.A. under the supervision of A. Brook Crossan provided the technical assistance and design of the update. Commission members were responsible for supervising the entire project.

ii MAPS

The Natural Resources Inventory Report of 1974 included 18 Township and regional maps at scales of 1" = 600' and 1" = 2,400'. The information illustrated on these maps was based on U.S. Geological Survey quadrangle, aerial photographs, books, reports, interviews, newspapers, field observation, and other maps. Although these maps have not been updated for 1992, they provide useful information and should be used in conjunction with further on-site investigation.

The maps are color coded to show the extent of environmental damage that may be caused by further development. The darker the tone, the higher the ecological cost from construction; the lighter the tone, the lower the cost in terms of disturbing natural assets.

Table i, following, lists and describes these maps, all of which are stored at Town Hall.

Table 1.. Listing and Description of NRI Maps Principal Sources Millburn Township Maps No. of of Information 1"=600' Maps Millburn Township Topoqraphy - surface land forms: 1 slope, hills and valleys State Bureau of Geology Geoloqv - subsurface conditions: 3 State Water Resources underlying rocks, water supply Dept. (wells), and groundwater Commonwealth Water Co. hydrology (aquifer) Soil Conservation Ser. Soil - surficial geology: drainage, 3 Rutgers survey percolation and erosion Aerial photos, borings Millburn Township Hvdroloqv - drainage systems: 2 Army Corps of Engr. brooks, rivers, ponds, swamps, flood plains, and storm-sewer system

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Table i. Listing and Description of NRI Maps (cont.)

- Principal Sources Millburn Township Maps No. of of Information 1"=600') Maps Aerial photo, 1969 Vesetation - areas classified 1 Field observation according to type and density of vegetation Millburn archives Phvsiosraphic Reqions - historic 1 Public opinion survey and cultural sites: community facilities: unique character of the community Millburn Township Land Use - current zoning; public 2 and private open space Rendered Maps Composite - restrictions: critical, 1 serious, moderate, and minimal

Reqional Maps (1"=2,400') State Bureau of Geology Aquifer - location beneath other communities in our region State & County maps Open Space - and population Municipal records densities Army Corps of Engr. Watersheds - two drainage systems USGS topo map in which Millburn is located State & County Transportation - network of Transportation depths highways around Millburn; & maps railroad

Seven additional maps at a reduced scale are included as fold- outs in Appendix A, and were prepared in 1974. These are - l'critical'l area maps for vegetation, flood plain, ground water hydrology, depth of water table, slope, soils erosion, and soils runoff. Each map illustrates restrictions for development as - "critical", "serious", "moderate", and "minimumt'. The darkest

iv areas represent the most environmentally sensitive. The parameters have been drawn at a different angle (cross-hatch) so that when the maps are overlaid on one another, the degree of sensitivity becomes - apparent when considering all parameters.

These maps were revised for 1992 to show the following changes:

The Floodplain Map was revised to be consistent with current - federal flood hazard area mapping as utilized by N.J. Department of Environmental Protection & Energy and other agencies. The Vegetation Map was revised based upon field observation in February 1992.

V SECTION I

- BACKGROUND

A. Geoqraphv and Demosraphv

The Township of Millburn, located in the southwest corner of Essex County, covers an area of 6,450 acres, about ten square miles. It is 21 miles west of New York City and 7 miles west of -~ Newark. See Figure 1.

The southern border of the Township of Millburn, adjacent to -- the City of Summit and the Township of Springfield, is partially defined by Morris Turnpike, also called New Jersey Route 24. Maplewood lies to the east of Millburn, and West Orange and Livingston lie to the north. The winding Passaic River marks the - Township's western boundary, with Florham Park and Chatham beyond.

About half of Essex County's 2,000-acre South Mountain Res- ervation, a large tract of parkland, lies within the Township. Other open space includes three municipal parks, three golf courses, two water reserves, two reservoirs and small parcels of undeveloped land.

Millburn's greatest period of growth was from 1940-1970 when the population doubled and reached 21,307 (1970 census). The 1990 - census recorded a population of 18,630.

School enrollment, grades K-12, peaked at 4,261 in 1971. Since then there has been a continual decline to the current low of - 2,732 in 1991. Fifteen percent attend private schools.

The character of the Township in addition to its residential aspects is reflected in the commercial growth and development

- . .

~~ORRIST~WN.

- . . NEW YORK CIM. - PLAINFIELD l

i s\

-- Scale in miles

Figure 1 Location Map

SOURCE: N.J. BUREAU OF QEOLOGY

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- during the last 33 years. The substantial development with its preponderance of higher income families is largely responsible for much of the marked economic progress.

The average value of a single family house was $382,300 (1990 census). The current tax is $3.16 per $100 of assessed evaluation. The breakdown of property lots is as follows:

Number of Propertv Lots Type of Property 1991 1974 6,146 5,774 Residential (four families or less) 230 193 Commercial 32 33 Industrial 20 20 Apartment Buildings (755 units) 96 ~217 Vacant Land Total 6,524 6,237

B. Land Use The land use breakdown is summarized in Table 1.

Table 1. Land Use in Millburn Township, 1992 Land Use Cateqorv Acres Percent Single family detached 2,572 40.2% -_ Two family 27 0.4% Multifamily 40 0.6% Quasi-public 1,448 22.6% - New Jersey-American Water Company 602 acres Commonwealth Water Company 552 acres City of Orange 46 acres Canoe Brook Country Club 135 acres School, churches, clubs, cemeteries, etc. 113 acres Public facilities 173 2.7% --_ Public recreation 1,070 16.7% County Parks 939 acres Municipal Active 65 acres - Municipal Passive 67 acres Commercial 218 3.4% Industrial 26 0.4%

3 Table 1. Land Use in Millburn Township, 1992 (cont.) Land Use Cateqory Acres Percent Streets and railroads 760 11.9% Vacant - Private 23 0.4% Vacant - Public 43 0.7% - Total 6,400 100.0%

C. Historv

The Lenape Indians lived northwest of "the short hills," but their path to the ocean, the Minnisink Trail, went through Millburn Township. Two branches of their trail crossed in what is now the center of Millburn, and other Indian paths have become some of our main roads. Legend says that Indians built canoes on the Canoe Brook and held meetings or camped under the huge oak tree on Minnisink Road.

Settlers were attracted to the short hills early in the 18th century because of the good water supply. Several houses still stand that were built in the 1700's. Early settlers in the area include the Parsils, Morehouses, Parkhursts, Rosses, and Reeves.

The Battle of Springfield was fought, partly in Millburn, on June 23, 1780, when the Americans held the British forces at Vaux Hall Bridge. At the site of the present Town Hall the militia prevented the British from reaching Washington's supplies in Morristown. Washington Rock in the South Mountain Reservation commands an excellent view of Millburn and adjacent communities. It was so named because General Washington and his aides used it as a look-out point.

Millburn was named for the mills that were built here. Many of the early mill owners came from Scotland where the stream is called a "burn." The rushing streams provided power for‘mills to

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make "cyder," lumber, wheat, paper and felt hats. Abundant forests in the community provided wood for lumber and paper. These growing industries brought prosperity and more settlers in the 19th century but most of the mills stopped operating by 1900. The Paper Mill Playhouse was built in 1934 on the site of the Diamond Paper Mill which had been constructed circa 1820.

- The Morris and Essex Railroad linked Millburn to other eastern cities and midwestern coal regions in 1835. In 1857 Millburn became a township. It had previously been part of Springfield. At this time there were many homes, nine hat shops, five paper or paste board mills, several stores, a hotel, a blacksmith shop, several mechanics' shops, and four public and private schools.

By 1870 there were 1,541 residents and the town began to grow more rapidly. The Wyoming Land and Improvement Company, the first speculative real estate development, began building in the southeastern section of town in 1872. At the same time, Stewart Hartshorn decided to build an "ideal community" in Short Hills on 1552 acres. His first venture was a house built on Hobart Avenue circa 1877. Most of the other "Hartshorn" houses were built on Hobart and Highland Avenues and the Crescent. In 1879 Mr. Harts- horn built the Music Hall designed by Stanford White. The Short Hills Club took up quarters in the new Music Hall. Another club, the Short Hills Field Club, was established in 1888. The clubhouse was located in the house that is now 1 Taft Drive. It had a running race track and grass tennis courts.

More schools were built: one on White Oak Ridge Road (1892) and another one-room structure on Old Short Hills Road. The Short - Hills School was built in 1893 and was the high school. Additional schools were constructed as the population increased.

- In the 20th century, the Township has experienced its greatest

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- period of growth. Utilities were installed and police and fire departments were formed to serve an expanding population. Many social, cultural, educational, recreational, and civic groups were - formed to serve the increasing population's needs and interests. Commercial areas were built outside of the old Millburn center, and light industry moved into lower Main Street. The sparsely settled farming community of the 18th century had become a fully developed suburban town.

D. Phvsiosraphv -

Millburn Township consists of eleven residential areas dis- tinguished by topography, vegetation patterns, age of houses, and zoning requirements. In some areas such as Brookhaven, Glenwood, and Knollwood these areas are easily identifiable. In other sections (White Oak Ridge and Old Short Hills) the boundaries are not clearly defined. These areas are more amorphous because they contain a greater variety of land forms and housing.

The Physiographic Regions Map* shows that main roads follow old Indian trails: Parsonage Hill Road, Old Short Hills Road, Hobart Avenue, Millburn Avenue, and Main Street. It is not sur- prising to find the earliest houses located along or near the old Indian paths that became roads in the 18th century. Appendix D describes the historic houses and districts in the Township.

The Township's cultural resources (public buildings and schools) are in or adjacent to Millhurn Center. Elementary schools and houses of worship are located throughout the community. Two historic markers -- the Vaux Hall Bridge site of the Battle of Springfield and the Revolutionary War Cemetery -- are at opposite ends of the Township. Three other historic markers are near

* Stored at Town Hall

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- Millburn Center: Town Hall, the Paper Mill Playhouse, and Washington's Rock. Within Old Short Hills are two historic white oak trees -- one on Great Oak Drive and the other on Minnisink Road.

-_ One of the most significant environmental resources in the Township is the inclusion within its borders of approximately l/3 - of the acreage of the 2048 acre South Mountain Reservation. The land comprising this Reservation was acquired by the Essex County Park Commission during the 1890's and the very early 1900's from private landowners and also from the operators of the commercial logging camps which had seen their heyday years before. -

Brief descriptions of residential sections follow, starting on - the eastern boundary with Wyoming and ending at the northern boundary with Mountaintop.

1. Wvoming

Wyoming is an older section which includes many houses dating from the end of the 19th century. The streets, laid out on a grid pattern, are very steep, narrow, and high-crowned. The area drops off sharply from the first Watchung Mountain in South Mountain Reservation. The lots are zoned for one-third of an acre, and their trees and shrubs represent plantings of many years ago. The Wyoming Presbyterian Church is an important landmark.

2. South Mountain

Bounded by the East and West Branches of the Rahway River, this is a flat area characterized by winding streets. Most of the houses are about sixty years old and conform to the zoning ordinance of one-seventh of an acre. There are newer houses on - larger lots. Large trees contribute significantly to the mature

7 - landscaping pattern. The area includes Congregation B'nai Israel - and the South Mountain School, now leased to a private organization. A group of garden apartments has been built on the northern - boundary. The western boundary is delineated by Taylor Park.

3. Millburn

Millburn's center contains most of the Township's commercial properties and its only industrial area. There is a residential section of older small houses, some two-family dwellings, garden apartments, and several apartment houses. The area is flat because it is a part of the valley from which the short hills begin. The Millburn High School, the Milton School, St. Stephen's Church, and the Millburn Regional School are located here. Most public buildings -- Town Hall, Police Department, Fire Department, Millburn Post Office, and the Millburn Public Library -- are close by. To the north of the commercial area lies the Paper Mill Playhouse, which is the official state theater, and the southern boundary of South Mountain Reservation. On the southern border of the commercial area stretches Taylor Park with its pond, tennis courts, baseball fields, and children's recreation facilities. In the center of Taylor Park is the lovely stone Bauer Community Center situated at the edge of the pond.

The Millburn Avenue entrance to Taylor Park features a mag- nificent rose garden surrounding a wooden gazebo. Dozens of varieties of roses bloom here and serve as the backdrop for many a bridal party's cherished photographs.

At the western edge of the Millburn residential area is the Chanticler Caterer, once the home of Wellington Campbell, a farmer whose land included what is now the Glenwood and Brookhaven residential sections. 4. Knollwood

Knollwood contains many houses built in the late 1920's on lots that are zoned "R-6" or 6,000 sq. ft. (60 feet frontage). The streets are narrow; some are winding and slope steeply down the llknoll" to the New Jersey Transit railroad bed. Landscaping is mature. Adjacent to the area is the Millburn Middle School.

5. Glenwood

Glenwood is similar to Knollwood in the age of its houses, landscaping, and zoning. The area slopes to the southeast and becomes relatively flat on its southern extremity. The narrow streets appear to have been laid out on a grid pattern. New Eyes for the Needy and the Glenwood stores are located on the southern boundary. On the northern boundary are the Short Hills Village Apartments. Along the eastern border lies St. Rose of Lima Church and its elementary school.

6. Brookhaven

Adjoining Glenwood, this area is similar vis-a-vis landscaping and zoning although it is newer (developed in the 1940's). Brookhaven contains the Cora Hartshorn Arboretum and Bird Sanctuary (16 acres) and the Glenwood Elementary School. Adjacent is a group of apartments on Morris Turnpike.

7. Old Short Hills

This is the largest of the residential areas. It contains many large homes on substantial properties and a number of older houses, including those built by Stewart Hartshorn, founder of Short Hills. The landscaping is mature, providing natural settings - for the homes. The streets vary in width, but all are winding,

- 9 - usually following the contours of the land. The streets slope in - a southerly direction and contain many "short hills." Within this section are North and South Ponds, Old Short Hills Park, - (Blanchard Property) and the Fox Hill Reserve (Oakey Tract), which has been leased to the Township by the Board of Education. Christ Church and the Christ Church Education Center can be found in this section, the latter housing the Christ Church Nursery School, the Drop-In Center and The Winston School. This area is home to the Far Brook School, the Racquets Club, and the Short Hills Club. On the southern edge of Old Short Hills and the eastern edge of the Glenwood area are the Short Hills Post Office, Short Hills Railroad Station, and several stores on Chatham Road.

This area was formerly home to the Short Hills School, which was built in 1893 as the Township's high school. Unfortunately, 1985 saw the demolition of this school to make way for several homes. However, the adjacent park with its playing fields was left intact on -Hobart Avenue.

8. Country Club

The Country Club residential area was developed in the 1950's on lots of approximately one-third of an acre. The streets are wide and follow the contours of the land in a moderately winding fashion. The terrain slopes gently southwest. There is little natural vegetation, but most houses have been privately landscaped. Adjacent to Country Club is the Canoe Brook Golf Club. Nearby is the Short Hills Mall.

9. White Oak Ridse

The White Oak Ridge area combines sloping land with steep rises. Many houses are similar to those in the Country Club section, althouqh the zoning is R-4 (half an acre). Several of the

10 oldest houses in the Township are located along White Oak Ridge Road and Parsonage Hill Road. Most of the roads are wide and - winding with contrasting steep slopes and flat sections. The area includes the Hartshorn Elementary School, Pingry School, Wee Folk Nursery School, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, White -- Oak Ridge Chapel, and the Community Congregational Church. Adjacent to this residential area is White Oak Ridge Park, also -- known as Gero Park, which contains the Township's swimming pool, the Municipal par-three golf course, tennis courts, baseball fields, and paddle courts. In this same complex is a relatively new fire station and the Recreation Building.

- 10. Deerfield-Crossroads

- This area is similar to White Oak Ridge in zoning and topog- rwWr although the hills are steeper. Most of the streets are wide, and the terrain drops sharply toward the southwest. The older section was built in the early 1940's; development began in the southern part of the area in the 1960's. Congregation B'nai Jeshurun and the Deerfield Elementary School are located in this residential area.

11. Mountaintop

As its name implies, this area includes some of the highest the Township. Mountaintop is similar to - elevations in Deerfield-Crossroads in zoning and configuration. Most houses were built between 1965-1975. Since it is a newer section, the landscaping is less mature than the older section of its neiqh- boring community, Deerfield-Crossroads.

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SECTION III

NATURAL RESOURCES -

A. Climate

The climate in Millburn Township is typical of the towns immediately surrounding it with small variations regarding - temperatures, growing seasons, wind directions, and precipitation. January is the coldest month and July is the warmest. The mean temperature in winter is 31.3' F.; 73.1' F. in summer. The growing season is roughly 190 days with the last killing frost at the end of April and the first killing frost in late October.

Winds are generally constant throughout the year, averaging 10 m.p.h. in the summer, 12 m.p.h. in the winter. In winter, northwesterly winds prevail: in summer, the wind comes from the southwest. Millburn is fortunate to have prevailing winds passing through many green acres to the southwest (Watchung Reservation and the Great Swamp) and the northwest (New Jersey American Water Company lands and the 2,300 acres of East Orange Water Reserve).

Average annual precipitation is 47" which compares within New Jersey to a high of 51" in the headwaters of the Passaic and Raritan Rivers in Morris County to a low of 38" at the southern tip of the State. During a 50-year period (1923-1973), 44 inches of precipitation fell on Millburn in a typical dry year and 56 inches fell in a typical wet year. Figure 2 summarizes the precipitation, monitored at the Canoe Brook station, from 1931-1990. Table 2 summarizes the annual precipitation and average temperature (and departures from normal) for 1974-1990.

12 Annual Precipitation Canoe Brook. rain gage (Essex Co.)

70 I 65 T

Year -

- Figure 2

$ource: NJDEPE (1991) ,' : 13 TABLE 2 CLIMATIC DATA, CANOE BROOK, 1974-1990 - (Millburn Township)

PRECIPITATION TEMPERATURE, 9 Departure Departure Total from Normal Ave. from Normal High Low

1974 47.15 0.29 50.3 -0.3 95 -3

1975 67.33 20.47 51.4 0.8 98 2

1976 43.37 -3.49 49.3 -1.1 94 -4

1977 51.98 5.12 50.5 -0.1 99 -7

1978 59.26 12.40 48.9 -1.7 95 -9

1979 60.05 13.19 50.9 0.3 94 -15

1980 40.82 -6.04 50.5 -0.1 100 -8

1981 45.10 -1.76 50.1 -0.5 94 -15

1982 ------50.3 -0.3 98 -6

1983 71.37 +22.75 51.8 +1.2 99 -1

1984 56.50 +7.88 51.2 +0.6 96 -15

1985 46.08 -2.54 51.5 +0.9 95 -8

1986 48.92 0.30 50.7 +0.1 98 1

1987 46.99 -1.63 51.0 +0.4 96 -9

1988 45.87 -2.75 51.0 +0.4 102 -11

1989 53.43 +4.81 50.8 +0.2 95 -1 -

1990 61.65 +13.03 54.1 +3.4 96 5

Source: NOAA

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- B. Air Oualitv

Both New Jersey and USEPA have established ambient air quality standards for six pollutants (criteria air pollutants) to protect - human health (primary) and welfare (secondary). The current standards are summarized in Table 3.

The six criteria air pollutants are monitored in New Jersey on

- a routine basis. The 1990 data for stations closest to Millburn are summarized in Table 4. The only violation is with respect to ozone. Statewide, the results of this monitoring in 1990 indicate little change from levels recorded in 1989. While slight improvements occurred in carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen dioxide, - and sulfur dioxide levels, slightly higher concentrations of ozone and inhalable particulates were observed. When comparing the 1990 - maximum pollutant concentrations to the NAAQS, all the pollutants except ozone were below their respective health standards.

Ozone, commonly referred to as smog, reached unhealthful levels at one or more locations on 23 days in 1990 as compared to 18 days in 1989 and 45 days in 1988. Because ozone forms as a result of photochemical reactions of precursor pollutants (notably hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen), concentrations are highly dependent on weather conditions. The improvement from 1988 to 1989 was attributable primarily to unseasonably cool, wet, summer weather. The weather during the summer of 1990, however, was more normal. The ongoing regulations requiring more effective emission controls and better maintenance of motor vehicles through the inspection/maintenance program, stringent industrial controls, vapor recovery systems at gasoline stations and limits on the volatility of gasoline sold during the summer in New Jersey are having a positive effect on the levels of unhealthful ozone. For example as monitored at the Newark monitoring site, the levels of

15 TABLE 3 Ambient Air Quality Standards April, 1991 ~ Pollutant Standard Averaaina Period rJew Jersev (a) National (bl Sulfur Primary la-month arith. mean 80 ug/m3 (.03 ppm) 80 us/m3 (.03 ppm) Dioxide Primary '240hour average (c) 365 ug/m3 (.14 ppm) 365 us/m3 (.14 ppm) secondary 12-month arith. mean 60 us/m3 (.02 ppm) m-M Secondary 240hour average 260 us/m3 (.lO ppm) w-w Secondary 3-hour average (c) 1300 us/m3 (0.5 ppm) 1300 us/m3 (0.5 ppm) Total Primary 12-month geom. mean 75 ug/m3 w&s Suspended Primary 240hour average 260 us/m3 M-v Particulates Secondary 12-month geom. mean (d) 60 ug/m3 M-w Secondary 24-hour average 150 us/m3 s-s

Inhalable Prim. & Sec. -- Annual arith. mean B-m 50 ug/m3 Particulates (PMlO) Prim. & Sec. 24-hour average -VW 150 us/m3 Carbon Prim. 61 Sec. 8-hour average 10 w/m3 (9 ppm) 9 mm (10 mg/m3) W Monoxide Prim. & Sec. l-hour average 40 ma/m' (35 ppm) 35 ppm (40 w/m') (e) Ozone Primary Max. Daily 1-Hr. Avg. .12 ppm (235 ug/m3) .12 ppm (235 ug/m3)( f) Secondary 'l-hour average .08 ppm (160 ug/m3) .12 ppm (235 ug/m3) (f) Nitrogen Dioxide Prim. & Sec. 12-month arith. mean 100 ug/m3 (.05 ppm) .053 ppm (100 ug/m3) Lead Prim. & Sec. 3-month average 1.5 us/m' -MM Quarterly Mean w-w 1.5 ug/m3 a) New Jersey short-term standards are not to be exceeded more than once in any 12-month period. b) National short-term standards are not to be exceeded more than once in a calendar year. cl National standards are block averages rather than moving averages. d) Intended as a guideline for achieving short-term standard. 4 National secondary standards for carbon.monoxide . . have been dropped. f) Maximum daily l-hour average: averaged over a tnree year period the expected number of days above the standard must be less than or equal to one. TABLE 4 1990 NJDEP AIR QUALITY MONITORING DATA - MILLBURN VICINITY

- Violations of Site Maximum State AAQS - Location Pollutant Concentration Primary Secondary

Chester Sulfur Dioxide - 3 hour average 0.063 ppm N.A. 0 12 month average 0.008 ppm 0 0 24 hour average 0.042 ppm 0 0 - Elizabeth Total Suspended Particulates 24 hour average 92 mg/m3 0 0 - 12 month average 48.2 mg/m3 0 0 Morristown Carbon Monoxide - 1 hour average 13.1 ppm 0 0 8 hour average 7.8 ppm 0 0 Chester Ozone - 1 hour average 0.128 0 0 Chester Nitrogen Dioxide - 12 month average 0.015 0 0 Newark Lead 3 month mean 0.385 0 0

Short-term standards (

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the ozone forming pollutants (non-methane organic compounds) have decreased 45 percent since 1986. - Pollutants other than the six criteria pollutants and other parameters which affect air quality (visibility, acid deposition, meteorology, etc.) are also routinely monitored. Annual average levels of rainfall show that acid precipitation is a persistent environmental problem in New Jersey. Measured pH levels 10 times more acidic than the naturally occurring pH of rainwater (5 to 5.6) are recorded regularly. The most acidic rainfall measured occurred on June 21st at Washington Crossing State Park when the pH dropped to 3.51.

Visibility is considered to be an important natural resource especially in pristine areas. Special regulations protecting visibility in natural parks and wildlife refuges have been promulgated. In New Jersey, visibility measurements have been made at the Brigantine National Wildlife Refuge in Atlantic County since 1987. While no definitive trend in visibility levels can be discerned from the data as yet, it is clear that a strong seasonal variation exists with the poorest visibility occurring during the summer months.

Since the original Clean Air Act was passed in 1970, significant improvements in air quality have been achieved. Levels of carbon monoxide have dropped 49 percent during the 20-year span, while particulates have dropped 58 percent, nitrogen dioxide 30 percent, sulfur dioxide 71 percent and lead over 90 percent. Ozone levels also appear to have improved but long term trends in this pollutant are less apparent.

Despite the improvements achieved, more still needs to be done. Ozone remains a significant and persistent health problem and.the potential impacts of non-criteria pollutants, especially

18 - toxic air pollutants, need much more attention. The federal Clean Air Act was revised in 1990 and provides federal assistance to

- states such as New Jersey in addressing these problems. Further improvements in air quality are needed but even with more and more stringent controls on industry and automobiles it is apparent that the long term solution will require that the general public also contribute to reducing pollution levels (NJDEP, 1991).

c. Geology

- The geologic names of the two basic rock units that underlie Millburn are the Brunswick Formation and the Watchung Basalt of the - Newark series. Rock formations are named geographically, i.e., the place or general area where the formation occurs, and according to - the nature of the rock. Brunswick Formation is named for its outcroppings along the Raritan River at New Brunswick. It consists mainly of interbedded brown, reddish-brown, and gray shale: sandy shale; sandstone: and, some conglomerate- a mixture of sand and gravel that became rock under great pressure. Brunswick beds were deposited 200 million years ago by shallow waters with intervals of bare mud flats indicated by fossil rocks found containing ripple marks, mud cracks, raindrop impressions, and reptile footprints. The original sediments were deposited in deeply eroded basins upon folded and faulted Paleozoic and Precambrian rocks formed when algae and bacteria first appeared on our planet. The total thickness of the Brunswick Formation is unknown but probably exceeds 6,000 feet (Kummel, 1940).

- The I?7rltchunq Basalt of the Newark series consists of three successive outpourinqs of lava which interbedded or were inserted -~ into the shales and sandstone of the previously deposited Brunswick Formation (See Figure 3). These lava flows, which occurred about - 175 million years ago at the end of the Late Triassic Period, formed the Ldatchung Mountains, two of which rise parallel in

19 Figure 3

RELATION OF 3 LAVA FLOWS TO SEDIMENTARY ROCK

1st Watchung Mt. tit 1st Watchung Mt. at Otanae. NJ. MUBURN at Plainfield, N.J...... TC I* - .- - * - 1

l’HlRD-a--- FL . . _- . . . - t* l .: .- . ..’ l . . . . . -. . . ,... .- - F’ . . . . _ . . . . . ~...... _ ._ . ..i ...... * -. 1310’ ,.. ..-. - rsoo ’ - . ..-. ..a . . . . . _ c . . . . - . . _ . -_ - . . . .* c ...... - . .-....-. -.

SECOND FLOW

. .a.-...... - - - . . _ . . . - . - _ . - -. - 600’ _ . . . - -

FIRST ‘FLOW

. . . .- - - - _ . . . . .a . . - - . w- 1 . . i 3700’ i~i~KtdEt= . DRILLED

SCALE LAVA FLOW 500’ 1000’ ma’ 2ooc I inch = 1000 ft. SEDIMENTARY SANDSTONE and SHALE

SOURCE: U.S.G.S.GEOLOGlC ATLAS Of N.

., 20 -

- Millburn Township with ridges averaging 500 feet and valleys averaging 200 feet above sea level. The lower part of the Watchung Basalt, which comprises the First Mountain in Millburn, is 600 to 650 feet thick, the basalt in the Second Mountain varies from 750 and the uppermost basalt layer is 225 to 350 - to 900 feet thick: feet thick.

During the 60-70 million years of erosion in the Tertiary Period, water gaps formed valleys in the ridges of the two Watchung - Mountains in Millburn. Some geologists believe that a river flowed southward through one of these valleys crossing the Second and

- First Watchung Mountains at Summit and Millburn, finally entering the ocean near Raritan Bay, south of Staten Island. Geologists suspect this gap could have been an ancestral course of the Hudson - River, subsequently closed by glacial debris of sand, silt, gravel, clay, and boulders (See Figure 4). Its border can be traced from - Summit to the base of First Watchung Mountain at Locust Grove in Millburn. The present valley between the First and Second Watchung Mountain contains mostly sand and gravel drift averaging 100 feet, being thickest in the valley west of the West Branch of the Rahway River. Sand and gravel deposits are thin east of the West Branch of the Rahway River because the bedrock of the Brunswick Formation is shallow and located only 30 to 50 feet below the valley floor.

Above the bedrock of Millburn Township are glacial deposits of - clay, sand, silt and boulders which were deposited by the Pleistocene Epoch (l,OOO,OOO-present) ice sheets and the last stage of the Wisconsin Glacier (10,000 to 12,000 years ago.) Glaciation first erodes surfaces, then builds up areas by depositing debris and water from melting ice. Some depressions called t'kettles'V - result from ice blocks melting after a glacier recedes. An example of a kettle is the Devil's Punch Bowl in the Hartshorn Arboretum. - When the Wisconsin Glacier ended its southward advance in New Jersey, the melting ice and meltwaters deposited debris averaging

21 - >OSSI&E COURSE OF ANCESTRAL HUDSON RIVER - 70 MILLION YEARS AGO -

SOURCE; SCHUBERTH - GEOLOGY OF NEW YORK CITY and ENVIRONSs 22 -

- 150 feet in depth. This debris blocked the Passaic River exit in the Short Hills gap to the south and the combined waters filled this large basin to form the now extinct Glacial Lake Passaic (See Figure 5). At its largest, the lake was about 30 miles long, 8-10 miles wide, and had a maximum depth of 240 feet. Some of the - shoreline features can be traced from the Second Watchung Mountain at South Orange Avenue to Summit. When the retreating glacial ice - exposed an outlet at Little Falls and Paterson, the lake drained and exposed the glacial debris of sand and gravel which averages - 160-180 feet deep. This remaining sand and gravel created underground water reservoirs known as V'aguiferslq which today provide Millburn Township with its water supply. -

As a result of glacial action, much Brunswick Formation shale - was crushed to a fine-powder clay and sandstone was ground to sand. More resistant rock remained as stones and boulders. The glacial - drift, forming two kames near the Springfield boundary, ranges from O-70 feet thick on a valley floor and is 17 feet above sea level.

- Kames are steep-sided, winding or branching ridges formed by stream deposits (sometimes under glaciers.)

Sediments of sand and gravel of the Recent or Quaternary Period (lO,OOO-present) are found adjacent to the Rahway River - branches, the Passaic River, and the Canoe Brook. These alluvial fans and plains of sand and gravel were deposited by glacial

- streams. The southernmost advance of the glacier resulted in areas of irregular and complex land surface contours caused by 100 to 150 feet of debris melting out of glacial ice. Many roads in Short Hills follow hills and hollows created by the glacier's end or "terminal moraine." Thus, the name IlShort Hills" describes land - surfaces (See Figure 6).

- 23 - GLACIAL LAKE PASSAIC-10,OOd YEARS AGO

NEW JERSEY

\ ENLARGED DETAIL OF MILLBURN TOWNSHIP

_. LIVINGSTON ?- ’ .._I -L --.a-

GLAClAL

SOURCE: W1DMER.K. GEOGRAPHY and GEOLOGY OF N.J.

24 Figure6

DIRECTION and EXTENT of WISCONSIN

- GLACIER'S TERM INAL. MORAINE at M ILLBURN

MORRfSTOWN-

MILLBURN SHORT HI1

PLAI NFIU

PERTH Ah

TERMINAL MORAI.NE

Characteristic terminal moraine topography

SOURCE: U.G.S. GEOLOGIC ATLAS OF N.J.

25 Auuifers - An important source of water for Millburn Township is in the sand and gravel aquifers created by the Wisconsin Glacier. The water in this stratified drift occurred at one time under confined (artesian) conditions (See Figure 7). Water is confined when sand and gravel deposits are covered by lake clay, silt, or glacial till. Withdrawals over the years have lowered the water levels in the aquifers, and the wells must be electrically pumped.

An aquifer is recharged by precipitation on the area directly above it, and on outcrop areas where the aquifer intersects the surface. Factors which determine the amount of water that infiltrates into an aquifer are: 1. precipitation; 2. slope of the land; 3. amount and kind of natural and artificial ground cover: 4. porosity and permeability of surface material.

If land is paved or covered with buildings near an aquifer, the amount of water that could permeate into the aquifer would be diminished.

The aquifer in Millburn Township is part of an extensive buried valley stream underlying much of western Essex and eastern Morris Counties, as shown on the Regional Aquifer map.* The most intensively developed part of the aquifer system is in western Millburn and southwestern Livingston where two water companies are located, New Jersey-American Water Company and East Orange Water Company.

* Stored at Town Hall

26 Figure 7

- c WATER RISES 1N WELL 0” O0 O0 - O0 O0 O0 O0 O0 O0 O0 0 - 0 0 op 0 - oo-o

L ARTESIAN AQUIFER & RECHARGE AREA Source: 8aldwin.H. and McGuinness,C.L. A Primer On Groundwater

27 -

The Township is considering recommending two aquifer recharge areas as Critical Environmental Sites for the Interim State - Development Plan. These are the well fields owned by New Jersey- American Water Company south of Millburn High School and Canoe Brook Country Club.

The State of New Jersey is about 4 years into a 5 year study of the aquifer in western Essex and eastern Morris Counties. A map of the study area is included as Figure 8. The Buried Valley Aquifer is shown in Figure 9. Preliminary factual information is further discussed in Section III. NJDEPE has not yet released any conclusions or recommendations.

E. Soils

The soils of Millburn Township are the product of three geological factors: The Watchung Mountains, the Wisconsin Glacier, and Glacial Lake Passaic. The ridge of the First Watchung Mountain lies at the northeastern border in the South Mountain Reservation. Around its traprock the predominant soil is a stoney and rocky silt loam that was formed over thousands of years by the weathering of the traprock (basalt). Loam is composed of a relatively equal mixture of sand and silt with a small portion of clay. The fragmented traprock has also mixed with thin glacial deposits to form a dark brown, well-drained soil. In many areas the basalt bedrock is visible; it is never far from the surface on the steep slopes in the Reservation.

To the west of the First Watchung, in the Short Hills section of the Township, lie stoney silt loams that were deposited by the Glacier and mixed with soil formed by traprock, sandstone, and shale. These soils are well drained on higher elevations and on steeper .slopes, but where the ground is relatively flat the

28 -

-- Central Passaic River Basin Study Area - Figure 8 29 NJDEPE (1991)

- Buried Valleys Central Passaic River Basin Hydrogeologic Investigation

Figure 9 - drainage is usually poor. Under this soil, in many areas, at a depth of two to three feet, is a fragipan or hardpan -- a hard, dense layer of soil through which water travels very slowly.

The western section slopes gently down to the Passaic River. - Here are the silty and clayey soils that once formed the bottom of the basin of Glacial Lake Passaic. These lake-bottom or lacustrine - soils have a relatively high clay content. Clay soil, with its particles packed tightly together, inhibits drainage. The fact - that this area is relatively flat compounds the problem. Clayey soils are also subject to shrinkage when they are dry and expand when they are wet.

Interspersed among these three dominant soil areas are pockets - or sections of glacial outwash material, muck, and alluvial soil. The outwash soils are deep, well-drained, sandy loams that have - been washed from the Glacier by the action of meltwater. When organic material has accumulated in a poorly drained area, it becomes muck. Alluvial land, which is moderately wet, is the sediment deposited by streams when they overflow their banks.

- A chart on soils in Millburn Township giving their approximate locations, drainage characteristics, and erosion potential is included in Appendix E.

Soils contain different properties which affect their use for various purposes. The Soil Conservation Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture list 15 principal soil properties* which indicates a soil's suitability for different uses, but since this survey is mainly concerned with land development, the analysis of Millburnls soils have been limited to the following five factors: (1) slope: (2) soil erosion potential: (3) seasonal high water table:

31 (4) rain water runoff potential; and (5) depth to bedrock. - * Flood hazard, wetness, slope, depth to bedrock, rockiness, stoniness, fragments, texture, permeability and percolation, shrink-swell potential, natural fertility, available water capacity, frost action potential, erosion hazard and prior erosion.

1. Slope

Slope is an important factor in determining the suitability of land development for home sites, roads, playgrounds, and parking lots. The Soil Conservation Service has classified these slope percentages for Northern New Jersey:

Slope Code Letter Color on Slone Mao* 0 - 3% A white 3 - 8% B yellow 8 - 15% C gold 15 - 25% D orange 25% E red

The slope percentage refers to the number of feet that a slope increases or decreases within 100 feet of horizontal distance. Thus, the surface of a 10% slope would be 10 feet higher or lower for each 100 feet of slope length. The color coding on the Slope Map* indicates the degree of environmental damage that would occur. A white or yellow slope would be appropriate for building sites although gold is a caution sign for problems that may occur. The Soil Conservation Service states that a slope over 15% (orange) would present severe problems for most development uses because of the erosion potential. The "EF" code of 25%+ is colored red as it means 'lstopVl.

Ian McHarg, a pioneer in the concept of environmental planning, has stated that all slopes of greater than 25% should be

32 - covered with forest, and development prohibited. As can be readily - seen from the Slope Map*, most of the lrDtl and tlEF'l slopes are concentrated on the First Watchung ridge in the eastern section of Millburn, namely the South Mountain Reservation. The flattest - areas lie in the west, south and in the middle of the Township.

- * Stored at Town Hall

- 2. Soil Erosion Potential

indicate the - The degree and length of slope partially likelihood of soil erosion. Other properties that affect it are soil texture, structure, permeability, and amount of stones and - pebbles. Natural vegetation inhibits water and wind erosion, but - when trees, bushes, leaves, and grass are removed, erosion occurs. - The eroded soil, usually carried by water, clogs storm drains and silts ponds and streams. Erosion damage causes multiple losses:

- fertile top soil that took hundreds of years to develop is lost; silted pipes and waterways must be cleaned at public expense: and aquatic habitat and life are severely impaired. -

The Erosion Potential Map * color codes the degree of erosion that is likely to occur: low in white: medium in gold: high in red. Steep slopes in the South Mountain Reservation have high erosion

- potential, and there are other high erosion potential areas scattered throughout the Township. Although the land is relatively level in the western end of the Township, there is a large section of highly erodible soils between Kennedy Parkway and the Passaic River. * Stored at Town Hall

- - 3. Seasonal Hiah Water Table - Rainfall permeates soil particles until it reaches groundwater level. Sometimes it is prevented from reaching true ground- - water level by a hardpan (a compact layer of soil). Such hardpans or fragipans occur frequently in Millburn. A soil may also be wet because underground water comes up from rock in that area. Generally, the level of free groundwater depends on the amount of rainfall, topography, and the season.

As in other soil maps, the Seasonal Water Table Map* is colored coded to show drainage problems. The "water table" column refers to feet below the surface.

Color Water Table Season Drainase Catesorv Yellow 3 - 5'+ None-excess water well drained only after very heavy rain Orange 2 - 3' January - April moderately drained Red 0 - 2' December - May poorly drained

Soil Conservation Service data and a Rutgers survey indicate that about half the Township has a seasonal high water table of not more than two feet below the surface resulting in poor drainage. This estimate is based on natural land conditions which do not take into account man-made drainage systems or the introduction of new soils by construction projects. This map does indicate, however, where drainage problems are likely to occur because of soil conditions. * Stored at Town Hall

34 -

4. Water Runoff Potential

The Soil Conservation Service classifies soils into four hydrologic categories from tllow runoff potential" (Group A) to "high runoff potential" (Group D). Soil properties have been analyzed to determine whether a soil, after it is completely wet, will continue to absorb rain.** The steepness of a hill and the type of vegetation covering the land will, of course, influence the - infiltration rate of the water but the Runoff Potential Map* is confined to runoff potential based on hydrologic soil classifications. As in previous maps, this is shaded from dark to light to show potential environmental damage. Hydrologic Group A, the "low runoff potential, It is not present in Millburn.

The Runoff Potential Map* shows that approximately three- quarters of the township consists of moderately high runoff potential. When thoroughly wet, these soils have slow infiltration rates. The Soil Conservation Service defines them as consisting "chiefly of soils with a layer that impedes downward movement of water, soils with moderately fine to fine texture, or soils with moderately high water tables. These soils may be somewhat poorly drained. They have a slow rate of water transmission" (SCS, 1972). It must be emphasized again, however, that the Runoff Potential Map* is based on natural conditions. These may have been modified

- by constructing and the installation of drainage systems. This, and the other soil maps are intended to show, in broad strokes, where potential problems can occur.

* Stored at Town Hall ** These properties include depth of seasonally high water table, intake rate and permeability after prolonged wetting and depth to hardpan.

35 - 5. Depth to Bedrock

A separate map was not prepared showing the depth to bedrock because data are not available. Several borings have been made by the New Jersey Department of Geology and the New Jersey State Highway Department (with Rutgers University), but the information is insufficient for a map. The Soil Conservation Service suggests that communities consider the following parameters as guidelines for proposed construction of houses, roads, parking lots, landscaping, etc. The area that obviously has severe bedrock limitations is in the South Mountain Reservation where outcroppings of bedrock are clearly visible in many places.

Depth to Bedrock Land Use Limitations for from Surface Community Develooment 0 - 3' Severe 0 - 5' Moderate 5' + None

F. Hvdrolosv

The western boundary of Millburn Township is the Passaic River. Adjacent to the Passaic are two reservoirs of the New Jersey-American Water Company that cover approximately 300 acres and contain one billion gallons each (See Figure 10). The major tributary of the Passaic is the Canoe Brook which flows into Taylor Lake (Baldwin's Pond) in the East Orange Water Reserve. Three smaller streams are tributaries of the Canoe Brook:

(1) Taylor Brook, paralleling White Oak Ridge Road, beginning near Briarwood Road: (2) Great Hills Brook, paralleling Great Hills Road: and, (3) East Branch of Taylor Brook, flowing from Old Short Hills Road and Martindale Road to the Canoe Brook.

36 I I I I I I

Figure 10 . RIVERS, BROOKS, and PONDS in MILLBURN TOWNCHIP

W .I

SOURCE: U.S. ARMY CORPS of ENGINEEPS In the eastern section of the Township, the West Branch of the Rahway cuts through the South Mountain Reservation forming Campbell's Pond and Diamond Mill Pond: it then flows through the - middle of Millburn (after being joined by the Glen Avenue Brook) forming the pond in Taylor Park:' then down to the boundary of Millburn and Springfield where it joins the East Branch of the Rahway that forms part of the southern boundary between Millburn, - Union and Springfield. The rest of the southern boundary of the Township is formed by the Van Winkle (Glenwood) Brook, which parallels Chatham Road and Woodland Road, running under Millburn Avenue and past the Chanticler and Senior High School.

Two large ponds, North and South Ponds, in the middle of Short Hills, lie just north of Lake Shore Drive and are bounded by Highland Avenue and Parsonage Hill Road. There are several smaller ponds within the Township, but only the larger bodies of water have been included on the Hydrology Map*. Older maps of the Township show many more ponds than remain today. The existence of swamps around Taylor Lake and Brookhaven and the many wet flat areas throughout the Township indicate former bodies of water.

Adjacent to the brooks, ponds, and rivers of the Township is the loo-year flood plain shown on the Hydrology Map*. The flood plain is the relatively flat area adjoining the channel of the stream or river that is covered with water during periods of high flow. The flood plain consists of two areas: (1) the floodway, the channel and portions of the flood plain where water will flow at greater depths and velocities than in the outer area of the flood plain: (2) the flood hazard area, the outer portion of the flood plain where water will flow at a slower rate and lower depth during flooding.

38 -

The State Legislature has directed the municipalities of New Jersey to adopt suitable land-use regulations within the flood plain based on a "loo-year storm". The theoretical chances of such a storm occurring in a given year are l%, but for example one 100- year storm and two 15-year storms have occurred from 1969 to 1973 according to the stream flow records from the Rahway gauging station (Killam, 1974). The severity of storms can also be measured by the amount of precipitation within a time period. The National Weather Service defines storms according to rainfall equivalents:

Desisn Storm Inches of Rainfall Within 24 Hours lo-year 5 " 25-year 5.8" 50-year 6.5" loo-year 7.3"

- The Hydrology Map * shows that the Township falls within two principal watersheds. The north-south boundary line roughly parallels Hartshorn Drive, Fairfield Drive, and Kean Road.To the west of this ridge boundary water is "shed" or drains into the Passaic River. All the rain that falls east of the main ridge eventually flows into the Rahway. Within the two main watersheds or drainage basins are subwatersheds determined by land contours.

- The Existing Storm Drainage Map* indicates where and when storm sewers have been installed. When there is not a date, it means that the system predates 1900. The black circles indicate where water is discharged by the storm sewers into a waterway.

* Stored at Town Hall -

39 G. Water oualitv

The Passaic and Rahway Rivers have been monitored for water quality by measuring dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, coliform bacteria, decomposition products, metals and turbidity since both rivers are important water and supply sources. These factors are defined as follows: Dissolved solids - a measure of inorganic matter in the water such as silica, iron, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, sulfate, and chloride: Dissolved oxvqen (DO) - the ingredient that is necessary in a waterway to maintain aquatic life and to purify itself: Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) - the amount of oxygen used by microorganisms in oxidation of organic matter; Coliform orouo of bacteria - the measurement of high concentration of pathogenic bacteria; fecal coliform bacteria are present in waste products of man and animals: Decomoosition nroducts - the biochemical decomposition of organic matter that produces carbon dioxide, ammonia, nitrate, hydrogen sulfide, and sulfate: Metals - the detectable concentration of such metals as aluminum, barium, copper, lead, nickel, zinc, etc.: Turbiditv - a measure of the ability of water to transmit light.

1. Upper Passaic River The survey by Anderson and Faust (1973) on the Upper Passaic explores these factors in detail. The spectrographic analyses showed higher concentrations of trace elements of metals than are found normally in N.J. waterways. The suspended sediment (turbidity) was particularly high at the Chatham sampling site from construction activities. The conclusions of the survey were that the DO in the water was under saturated and the BOD was increasing at most sites.

40 - Decreasing ratios of ammonia to nitrate in a downstream direction on the Passaic River main stream suggest that nitrification as well as microbiological decomposition of organic matter is contributing to the continued and increasing undersaturation of DO in the river system. Coliform-bacteria trends also suggest increasing pollution loads in the river system (Anderson and Faust, 1973).

This trend has reversed and water quality in the late 1980's and early 1990's has been improving as more and more of the treatment plants in the basin have upgraded to advanced waste treatment (AWT) and tertiary treatment (Fillipone, 1992).

2. Rahway River

An analysis of the quality of the Rahway River was made by the Division of Water of the City of Rahway (Ravaitis and Sieben, - 1974). A sampling of the West Branch was taken at Diamond Mill Pond in the Reservation, a semi-eutrophic pond, with low DO from the organic decay at the bottom of the pond, increased by the slow movement of water. The concentration of decomposition products was slightly higher than normal at this site, although the existing metals are in natural concentrations, the water were micro- biologically clean, containing only 650 coliform per 100 milliliter and 6 fecal coliform per 100 ml.

Another sampling of the Rahway was taken at the confluence of the east and west branches at the Angel1 Avenue (Route 24) bridge in Springfield. Mr. Michael M. Revaitis, Chief Chemist of the Rahway Water Division, made the following observations concerning these tests:

Parameters here indicate degradation of a good quality water from the West Branch. Bacteria counts are very - high, namely 35,000 total coliform and 400 fecal coliform, which is attributed to bottom sediments due to

- 41 -

dredging and to sewage contamination from the converging east branch. The aesthetic appearance of the water is hampered by the presence of mud and colloidal matter due to dredging (Ravaitis, 1974).

Again, water quality in the Rahway River has improved since that time as treatment plant complied with stricter discharge limitations (Zientek, 1992). Water quality for the river is summarized in Table 5.

H. Vecfetation

The Vegetation Map* shows, in different shades of green, the variation of plant cover, ranging from a minimum of greenery in the commercial sections to heavily wooded, natural reserves. Between these two extremes are gradations of residential planting, from a concentration of trees and ground cover in the older sections of the community to less mature landscaping in newer areas.

The forest was cleared for logging and farmland by the early settlers. The second growth was predominantly "oak associationtt. Outlying areas were kept open for farmland until recent years, but most are now residential areas.

Vegetative cover is aesthetically pleasing and plays a vital role in the ecological system by reducing water runoff, preventing erosion, protecting groundwater, and providing food and shelter for wildlife. Studies differ regarding the rate at which runoff increases when an area is developed: they all agree, however, that it increases substantially. When water cannot infiltrate the natural mulch of forest leaves down into the deep root system, it runs off the land, often into a storm sewer system.

"If 20% of an area is paved and served by storm sewers after development, the streams draining that will flood twice as often.

42 TABLE 5 WATER QUALITY OF RAHWAY RIVER, 1991 STATION #4 (Off Morris Ave.)

_- 1991 ANALYTE HIGH LOW AVG. COMMENTS PH 7.40 6.42 6.86 - Alkalinity 144 32 88

- Specific Conductance 650 225 462 Turbidity 22.4 2.3 5.1 - Chlorides 435 33 156* high bias.

- Ammonia 1.20 0.04 0.12* high bias. Phosphates 0.25 0.01 0.06* high bias. -

- *HIGH BIAS: The results for these parameters have HIGH BIAS in their averace results because sampling/analysis are performed more often when there's a problem. Under Normal conditions results are expected,to be closer to the LOW readings given above.

Source: Zientek (1992)

42A An intensively developed area, with 50% of the land paved or roofed and 50% drained by storm sewers, will experience flooding five times as often." (Strong, 1972)

When a hillside is cleared for construction, the increase in sediment washing off the slope can range from 500 to 1000% (Howard & Sopper, 1969). The clear streams that run through natural areas change to brown with siltation. Future homeowners will have lost valuable topsoil to storm sewers.

Trees planted in the East Orange Water Reserve protect groundwater supply by encouraging infiltration of rain into the soil. During their growing season, plants also aid in controlling water at or near the surface by evapotranspiration. Approximately half of all precipitation evaporates back into the atmosphere or transpires through leaves after it is used by plants.

Vegetation is extremely vital in sustaining wildlife; the greater the variety of trees and bushes, the more habitats for different kinds of wildlife, especially birds. Most animals need wild areas, and Millburn is fortunate to have substantial, in suburban terms, open space on our eastern and western borders.

Property owners appreciate trees for their shade and beauty, and as wind, noise, and pollution buffers. Trees lower high summer temperatures by providing shade and by acting as natural air conditioners through evapotranspiration. On a summer day a large deciduous tree will transpire approximately 150 gallons of water.

In the winter evergreens provide effective windbreaks against cold north winds. Rows or clumps of vegetation reduce noise levels and help control pollution. Vegetation also produces oxygen as part of the photosynthesis process.

43 Respondents to a public opinion survey in the early 1970's listed "tree-lined streets", l'natural setting", and "good landscapingtl as factors that make residential areas especially desirable.

- In addition to their aesthetic appeal, trees and shrubs are economic factors of importance to the individual property owner. "A 1987 Gallop survey found that attractive landscaping adds 7 to 14% to a home's resale value...l' (Money, March 1992). Local realtors agree that this is true and that proximity to open and undeveloped areas increases the value and demand for residential property.

Millburn is fortunate to include large tracts of undeveloped - land (See Appendix B). The South Mountain Reservation, 939 acres of which are within the Township, is woodland: it is a forest of white oak, red oak, beech, hickory and maple. Scotch and red pine were planted north of South Orange Avenue primarily for forest-fire control. The history of fire loss is minimal.

In the northwest corner of the Township are 624 acres of the East Orange Water Reserve. The area, which at one time was farm and pasture land, still shows plow-furrow tracings. The ttlowland forest" consists of swamp maple and swamp oak, while in the higher areas, red maple and red, white and black oak predominate. Oaks

-. and maples are prevalent in the eastern sector of the Reserve, but there are also black birch, grey birch, sweet bay, sycamore, dogwood, ash, sweet gum, tulip, sassafras, and beech. Adjacent to Taylor Pond is a marsh filled with cattails, rushes, sedges, and other water-loving grasses which provide food and shelter for many - breeds of waterfowl.

- In 1929 the Reserve management began extensive seeding and planting of red, white and scotch pine on the old farm land. The

44 - purpose of this planting was water retention and percolation. The amount of precipitation that forest soil absorbs is twice as great as grassland and four times greater than bare ground. When the pine plantations die out, they will be succeeded by the natural hardwoods that presently predominate in the Water Reserve.

The Cora Hartshorn Arboretum and adjacent area (18 acres) is a small laboratory for the study and enjoyment of plant and wildlife indigenous to New Jersey. It supports 80 species of native trees: 25 of the State"s 75 types of ferns; and some of New Jersey's 56 varieties of wild orchids.

The trees vary with the terrain and soil conditions. In the wetter spots are yellow birch, black willow, red maple and American hornbeam. On high ground, mockernut, hickory, black cherry, and a variety of oaks grow. In the limestone area, there are redbuds, persimmon, leatherwood, witch hazel, black walnut, and American chestnut.

An abundance and variety of coniferous trees flourish here: pines, spruces, cedars, and tamarack, and the eastern hemlock. Through the woodlands grown trees such as the common sassafras, sugar maple, tulip, dogwood, ash, beech, American elm, aspen and native holly. Ferns thrive in the little dell, and carpet the woodland. The Township is considering recommending the Hartshorn Arboretum as a Critical Environmental Site.

In the Fox Hill Reserve (33 acres), ridges form a small ravine with a small stream flowing out into marshland. Native plants, common and quite rare, cover this secluded area. The ground in spring is carpeted with wild lily-of-the-valley. Typical of the ferns are the sensitive, royal, netted chain and red-stemmed lady ferns. Many delicate wild flowers are found including: acaule (pink lady slipper), partridge berry, yellow loosestrife, whorled

45 -.

- loosestrife, dwarf ginseng, Indian pipe, pipsissewa, swamp violets, Indian cucumber root and wood anemone. Native azaleas and dogwood cover the high banks. Clethra (native white alder), rhodea, pinaster (ground pine), shadbush, spicebush, witch hazel, the rare panicled dogwood, both lowbush and highbush blueberry, and buttonbush flourish. In the swamp area there are soft rushes, numerous marsh grasses, clumps of native alisma, yellow pond lilies, mad-dog skullcap, monkey flowers, and swamp buttercup. Oaks abound in the woodland along with maple, beech, birch, ash, cherry, hemlock, chestnut oak, shagbark hickory and ironwood.

Old Short Hills Park (41 acres) is bordered on one side by a - long privet hedge at the end of a sweeping greensward, once a sheep meadow. A duck pond with aquatic plants and waterfowl, an avenue -- of over one hundred ornamental crabapple and dogwood trees, and stately corridors of plane trees and groves of spruce, hemlock and white pine enhance this park.

The Millburn Township Shade Tree Department is actively improving the scenic corridors of the Township and maintaining the trees and plantings that add so much to the town's beauty. Scattered throughout the township are some rare and highly prized specimens. The stand of Austrian Pine on Great Hills Road is very old, and one tree is believed to be the largest in the state. On Knollwood, a huge buckeye (Aesculus) grows. Some fine larch grow near the Short Hills Station. There is a cucumber magnolia (Acuminata) on Montview; some Japanese Katsura on Wells Lane; many fine larch along Forest Drive and Hobart Avenues: and the white oak on Minnisink.

- * Stored at Town Hall

46 -

- I. Wetlands

Simply put, wetlands are the areas on the landscape where land and water meet. In general, they are lands that are either inundated with surface water or saturated with groundwater long enough during the growing season to make it necessary for the vegetation to adapt to growing in saturated soil conditions. This - periodic or permanent wetness is the fundamental factor that makes wetlands different from uplands. While most people picture wetlands as marshy areas with lush aquatic plants, there are actually many more kinds of wetlands. In fact, in certain seasons, many ecologically important wetlands may be dry or lack signs of plant life.

The term wetlands describes a broad spectrum of plant communities. Wetlands can range in size from tens of thousands of acres to as small as a table top. They occur from the cold tundra of the arctic to the lush, humid tropics near the equator. They may be dark and densely wooded or sunny, open wet grasslands. Many are associated with rivers, streams, lakes, or the sea, but many others are found far from any open-water bodies. Some wetlands are uniform stands of one or a few plant species, while others may contain dozens of important plant species and represent a mixture of several discrete vegetation communities (USEPA, 1991). A more complete discussion of wetland types may be found in Appendix H. -

1. Wetland Values

Wetlands have many important values as discussed below. The wetlands inMillburn do not exhibit all of these values.

Flood Convevance. Riverine wetlands and adjacent floodplain lands often form natural floodways that convey flood waters from

47 upstream to downstream points. Floodplains have been created by flood flows and provide a natural flood conveyance configuration. Fills or structures located within floodway areas block flood flows, causing increased flood heights on adjacent and upstream lands and increased downstream velocities.

Flood Storase. Inland wetlands may store water during times - of flood and slowly release it to downstream areas, lowering flood peaks. The importance of wetlands in flood storage can be grasped when it is recognized that a one-acre wetland will hold 330,000 gallons of water if flooded to a depth of one foot.

Sediment Control. Wetlands reduce flood flows and the velocity of flood waters, reducing erosion and causing flood waters to release their sediment. Wetland vegetation filters and holds sediment which would otherwise enter lakes and streams. Unretarded, sediment may result in rapid filling of lakes and reservoirs, and the destruction of fish habitats.

Pollution Control. Wetlands protect water bodies from sediments, nutrients, and other natural and man-made pollutants. Wetland vegetation filters sediment, organic matter, and chemicals while micro-organisms utilize dissolved nutrients and break down organic matter. A study of Tinicum Marsh in Pennsylvania revealed significant reductions in BOD (biochemical oxygen demand), phosphorus, and nitrogen within three to five hours in samples taken from heavily polluted waters flowing through a 512-acre marsh (Grant &I Patrick, 1970). A number of investigators are now studying the use of man-made or natural wetlands as tertiary treatment facilities for domestic, industrial, and storm water - wastes for over 15 years.

- 48

- -

- Habitat for Waterflow and Other Wildlife. Both coastal and inland wetlands provide essential breeding, nesting, feeding, and - predator escape habitats for many forms of waterfowl, mammals and reptiles. The land-water interface, including upland buffer areas, is among the richest wildlife habitats in the world. This concentration of wildlife is due to the presence of: abundant water needed by all life forms: rich and diverse vegetation which - serves as the basis for food chains: and adequate cover provided by both wetland and shore vegetation.

Many well known wildlife species, including ducks, geese, swans, herons, marsh hawks, egrets, muskrats and minks depend upon wetlands for survival. Other species such as ospreys, marsh birds, song birds, pheasants, grouse, bobcats, raccoons and minks use wetlands for nesting, resting, or feeding areas.

The habitat value of a wetland depends upon the following factors: the diversity and arrangement of vegetation; the amount of open water; the arrangement of vegetation relative to the water: the relationship of the wetland to topographic features, lakes, streams and other wetlands: the size of the wetland and surrounding habitat; water chemistry; and permanence.

Habitat for Rare and Endansered Species. Almost 35 percent of all rare and endangered animal species are either located in wetland areas or are dependent upon them, although wetlands constitute only approximately 5 percent of the nation's lands. In addition, many of the endangered plant species also require wetland habitat.

Recreation. Twenty million Americans enjoy recreational fishing. Many sport and commercial fishes are dependent upon wetlands as sources for food or spawning. Over two million

49 -

Americans hunt waterfowl which depend on wetlands for feeding, breeding and resting. Millions more use binoculars and cameras for observing wetland birds and wildlife. In 1965, the Department of the Interior estimated that over 11,000,000 people were engaged in nature study or similar activities (Kusler, 1983).

Water Sunply. Wetlands are increasingly important as a source of ground and surface water with the growth of urban centers and dwindling ground and surface water supplies. Wetlands also store

- and purify surface waters that may be extracted at downstream points (Grant t Patrick, 1970).

Food Production. Because of their high natural productivity, both tidal and inland wetlands have unrealized food production potential for harvesting of marsh vegetation and aguaculture. With an impending world food crisis, this capability may be of international significance (Kusler, 1983).

Timber Production. Forested wetlands are an important source of timber despite the physical problems of timber removal (Kusler, 1983).

Historic, Archaeological Values. Some wetlands are of archaeological interest. Indian settlements are located in coastal and inland wetlands which served as sources of fish and shellfish. Wetlands such as the Everglades in Florida and the Concord Marshes in Massachusetts bear important historical associations as wildlife and hunting areas, battlegrounds, and sites of early settlements. Dismal Swamp in North Carolina and the cypress swamps in Louisiana were used as hiding places by runaway slaves (Kusler, 1983). - Education and Research. Both tidal and coastal marshes provide educational opportunities for nature observation and -_ scientific study.

- -

Onen Space and Aesthetic Values. Both tidal and inland wetlands are areas of great diversity and beauty and provide open space for recreational and visual enjoyment. Visual values depend - upon wetland type, size, landform, contrast, and diversity, as well as associated water body size and type, surrounding land use and other factors.

Global Cycling & Atmosnheric Stabilitv. Studies suggest that - anaerobic reactions in wetlands are a vital link in maintaining stability of the atmosphere (Odum, 1978).

2. Federal Authority There are four federal agencies that have important responsibilities with regard to identifying and delineating wetlands in the United States; the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ; the Army Corps of Engineers (Corps): the Department of Interior's Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS); and the Department of Agriculture's Soil Conservation Service (SCS). EPA and the Corps jointly administer the Section 404 program, which regulates the discharge of dredged or fill material into "waters of the United States," a term which includes, rivers, streams, lakes and most of the Nation's wetlands. Among other responsibilities, EPA and Corps are responsible for making jurisdictional determinations of wetlands regulated under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act -- that is, identifying wetlands and establishing their boundaries. The Department of Agriculture is responsible for implementing the ~~Swampbusterl~ provisions of the Food Security Act (also known as the Farm Bill). As one of its program responsibilities, the SCS identifies wetlands on agricultural land to ensure compliance with Swampbuster. FWS serves important advisory roles in the Section 404 and Swampbuster programs. FWS is also responsible for mapping the Nation's wetlands in order to assess the status and trends of their geographic distribution through the National Wetlands Inventory.

51 Each of the four agencies has a definition of wetlands for its wetlands programs. (See Appendix I) While the methods used for wetlands delineation have varied, the definitions of wetlands used by the EPA and the Corps, which have remained unchanged since 1977, and are -identical and are very similar to those used by FWS and scs. They all include three basic elements -- hydrology (Is the area saturated or inundated with water during the growing season?), - vegetation (What kinds of plants are present?), and soils (What kinds of soils are present?).

- Before 1989, each of these agencies had its own procedure for identifying and delineating wetlands. These procedures were - developed separately from the other agencies. In 1987, the Corps published a technical manual for wetlands delineation, but its use - was not required by the Corps Districts and there were variations in how it was applied in the field. EPA published a wetlands delineation manual in 1988, but it too was not required for regulatory wetlands delineations. The Soil Conservation Service developed procedures for identifying and delineating wetlands for compliance with the Swampbuster provisions of the 1985 Food Security Act. Finally, while it has no formal method for delineating wetland boundaries, in 1979 the Fish and Wildlife Service established guidelines for identifying wetlands. These different agency manuals resulted in inconsistent determinations of wetland boundaries. This caused confusion and created the need for a single, unified Federal Method for wetland delineations. -

In January 1989, EPA, the Corps, FWS and SCS agreed to use one approach for delineating areas under the jurisdiction of Section 404 and Swampbuster. The four agencies adopted a sinsle manual, referred to as the "Federal Manual for Identifying and Delineating Jurisdiction Wetlands" (the 1989 Federal Manual). The 1989 Federal Manual established a national standard for identifying and - delineating vegetated wetlands. Consistent with each Agency's

52 - regulatory definition, the 1989 Federal Manual specified the three mandatory technical criteria (or parameters) needed to be met to determine whether or not an area was a wetland. These were: wetland hydrology, hydric soil characteristics, and hydrophytic vegetation. The technical criteria contained in the 1989 Federal Manual were designed to conform with the Federal definitions of wetlands used by the four agencies. The Federal Manual also provided guidance on how to collect and use field indicators (such - as free water, water-stained leaves, silt marks, wetland dependent plant species and organic soils) to determine whether or not the technical criteria were met. (See Appendix J)

When the Federal Manual was adopted, it was anticipated that future revisions might be required. Proposed revisions to the 1989 Federal Manual are based on the experience gained from its use over the past two years. Recommendations for changes were received from both inside and outside the agencies. Because of the strong degree of public interest in the Federal Manual, the four agencies provided the public with several opportunities to submit technical comments as part of the Federal Manual revision process. There is a continued, ongoing (as of April 1992) controversy with respect to changes in the Federal Manual. The extent of the changes and their impact has not yet been resolved. Because of this controversy, the Corps has returned to using their 1987 procedure. USEPA continues to use the 1989 Unified Federal Method.

3. State Authoritv The State of New Jersey also regulates activities in and adjacent to wetlands through the Freshwater Wetlands Protection Act. There are some similarities to the COE program - the same Federal Manual is used to delineate wetlands in the field. However, there are important differences - the activities that can be approved by permit are somewhat different and the COE does not

53 -

regulate any transition area while the State regulates a transition zone up to 150 feet.

- A transition area serves as an ecological transition zone from uplands to freshwater wetlands. It is judged to be an integral portion of the freshwater wetlands ecosystem. Since it performs the following tasks: - (1) provides temporary refuge for freshwater wetlands fauna during high water episodes:

(2) provides critical habitat for animals dependent upon but not resident in freshwater wetlands: (3) allows for slight variations of freshwater wetland boundaries over time due to hydrologic or climatologic effects:

(4) provides a remediation and filtration area to remove and store nutrients, sediments, petrochemicals, pesticides, debris, and other pollutants as they move from the upland towards the freshwater wetlands: (5) a buffer area to keep human activities at a distance from freshwater wetlands, thus reducing the impact of noise, traffic, and other direct and indirect human impacts on freshwater wetlands species; and,

(6) a corridor area which facilitates the movement of wildlife to and from freshwater wetlands from and to uplands, streams and other waterways.

Freshwater wetlands are divided into three classifications based on a resource value. The classification of a particular wetland shall be a factor in, among other things, considering alternatives to the proposed regulated activity, in determining the size of the transition area, and in assessing mitigation.

Freshwater wetlands of exceptional resource value shall be freshwater wetlands which exhibit any of the following characteristics:

54 - -

1. Those which discharge into FW-1 waters or FW-2 trout production (TP) waters or their tributaries: or 2. Th0s.e which are present habitats for threatened or endangered species, or those which are documented habitats for threatened or endangered species, and which remain suitable for breeding, resting, or feeding by these species during the normal period these species would use the habitat. For the purposes of this section, notwithstanding the general definition of t'documented habitat" in N.J.A.C. 7:7A-1.4, habitat shall be - considered a documented habitat if the Department makes a finding that the habitat remains suitable for use by the specific documented threatened or endangered species, based upon information available to it, including, but not limited to, information submitted by an applicant for a freshwater wetlands permit. They have a 150 foot transition zone.

Freshwater wetlands of ordinarv value shall be freshwater wetlands which do not exhibit the characteristics enumerated above, and which are:

1. isolated wetlands that are not surface water tributary systems discharging into an island lake or pond, or a river or stream, and which are more than 50 percent surrounded by development and less than 5,000 square feet in size: 2. drainage ditches; 3. swales; or 4. detention facilities. They have no transition zones.

Freshwater wetlands of intermediate resource value shall be all freshwater wetlands not defined as exceptional or ordinary and have a 50 foot transition area.

The State is in the process of mapping wetlands in the entire state. The maps, while more accurate than National Wetland

55 Inventory (NWI) maps and at twice the scale, are still only guides. All wetland areas must be field verified by NJDEPE. The maps are being released on a county by county basis. Essex County is not yet available, as of the date of publication. J. Wildlife - Large tracts of undeveloped land within the Township support a variety of wildlife, especially birds. All need food, shelter and water. The destruction of trees and bushy areas, the piping of brooks and the filling of swamplands destroy natural habitats. When the quality of a waterway declines because of siltation or - channelization, aquatic life also decreases. Appendix F lists the birds which have been identified at the - Hartshorn Arboretum in the periods 1973-1974 and 1990-1991. Thirty species seen in 1973-74 were not seen in 1990-91. This was - somewhat balanced by an additional 9 species sighted in 1990-91, these included Herring Gull, Black-backed Gull, and Canada Goose.

-. A greater variety, particularly larger birds and waterfowl, has been sighted in the Reservation, the East Orange Water Reserve and near New Jersey American Water Company's reservoirs. - The East Orange Water Reserve is a bird sanctuary and hosts many rare birds -- ospreys; American egrets: green and blue herons; wood ducks; Canada geese: broad-winged, red-tailed and marsh hawks: woodcocks; long-eared, saw-whet, and great-horned owls; pileated and black-backed woodpeckers. Unfortunately, the traffic of Kennedy Parkway so close to Taylor Pond has reduced the number of water birds, particularly the rare ducks. In addition to birds, the Water Reserve and the Reservation provide food and shelter to deer, foxes, possums, skunks, raccoons, weasels, turtles, frogs, toads, snakes, fish, rabbits, and squirrels. South Mountain Reservation officials report that the

- number of deer roaming through the woods has increased since the 1970's.

56 Central Passaic River Basin Pumpage

Year

.* Figure 11

Source NJDEPE (1991) 58 -

Buried Valley Asnifer System - hmpage Impact on Ground Water Levels PUMPAGE (BlLLIONS OF GALLONS) GROUND WATER LEVEL (ELEVATION IN FE?ZT) 25 250 - I 20 200

15 150

10 100

5 50

0 0 1900 1910 19io I!930 19iO 19io 1560 1970 1980 1990

Figure 12

59 Table 6

source: NJDEPE (1991)

- Central Passaic River Basin, 1989 Pumpage by buried valley, in millions of gallons Source of Water

- Chatham , East Hanover Fairfield Florhati Park Green Village Lincoln Park -

- Northern Millburn Oakwood

Southern Millburn Summit -

.Total Inside:

60 flows through pipes and brooks until it reaches the Passaic River on the western boundary. The remaining two-thirds of the Township lies within the Rahway River watershed which extends above Millburn to roughly a mile north of Route 280. The East and West Branches of the Rahway River drain approximately 10,000 acres from the - beginning of the Rahway, just above Route 280, to Springfield Avenue.

The Regional Watershed Map * shows that flooding in Millburn Center is largely the result of development to the north. Within Millburn Township the drainage area of the West Branch of the Rahway consists primarily of forest land in the South Mountain Reservation. If open land to the north of Millburn Township is developed intensively, Millburn Center will be inundated during heavy rains with more water in a shorter period of time.

There are two downstream water quality problems that have been identified to which Millburn contributes. One is potable water quality for the City of Rahway for their water supply intake (which represents 96% of their water supply). The other is litter and debris that accumulates in the river and floodplains, especially in park land in Cranford, Springfield, Union, and Kenilworth.

The Rahway Water Department regularly samples water in the river and major tributaries. Generally water quality ,is not sampled in Millburn unless a potential problem is identified. Since Millburn is less industrial than many of the downstream areas it is not judged to be a major problem area. However, people should be aware that materials put on lawns (pesticides, fertilizers etc.), streets (de-icers, dog feces, litter, etc.) and in the storm sewers (waste oil, litter, etc.) are entering the water supply for others.

There are many factors in the litter and debris problem. They include: rainfall intensity and duration, land use, on-site basin cleaning, enforcement, and illegal dumping among others. Small

61 -

TABLE 7 Summary of Major Storm Events Rahway River near Springfield USGS Station No. 01394500 Number of Days, with Given Daily Flow, cfs (cubic feet per second)

Year 200-299 300-399 400-499 500-599 >600

1985 5 1 1 1

1986 3 4 1 1

1987 2 3 2 1

1988 5 4 1

1989 5 6 1 2 2

63 - areas. Economic pressures have turned open land into residential, commercial, and/or industrial developments. If development continues, population density will increase and presently available open spaces will disappear. - Table 8 summarizes the age distribution in Millburn Township in 1990. Appendix G contains tables of population and housing. They include information on sex, race, households, housing type and vacancy, and income.

1. 1990 Census * Stored at Town Hall

D. Seweraqe - In 1898 Millburn joined six other municipalities -- Irvington, - South Orange, West Orange, Summit, Newark, and Vailsburg (now part of Newark) -- to form a regional organization. This Joint Meeting constructed a trunk sewer line to the Arthur Kill. The legislative act authorizing the "consolidation of the different municipalities for building and maintenance of a sewer" was the first of its kind and set a precedent for municipal cooperative organizations in the U.S. and abroad. By 1926, the Joint Meeting included eleven - members having added East Orange, Hillside, Maplewood, Roselle Park, and Union. At the same time, the City of Elizabeth, where

- the Joint Meeting is headquartered, was admitted as a customer. The State Health Department directed the Joint Meeting in 1936 to initiate treatment of sewage by allowing suspended solids to settle and be removed from waters discharged into the Arthur Kill. A primary treatment plant was built in Elizabeth and put into - operation 1937. This process removed approximately 25% of the pollutants, designated at Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), and this sludge was barged out to sea.

64 -

TABLE 8 AGE DISTRIBUTION, MILLBURN TOWNSHIP -

Population % -

Millburn 18,630 100

c5 1,153 6.2

216 15,100 81.1

218 14,533 78.0

18-20 551 3.0

21-24 734 3.9

25-44 5,318 28.6

45-54 2,647 14.2

55-59 1,047 5.6

60-64 1,095 5.9

265 3,141 16.9

275 1,399 7.5

285 330 1.8

Median Age 40.8

Source: 1990 Census

% Calculations by Maser Sosinski t Associates, P.A.

65 - As the population and industries served by the Joint Meeting increased, it became evident that aquatic life could not be - supported in the Arthur Kill if the remaining pollutants from the sewage continued to be discharged into coastal waters. Under a state directive, the Joint Meeting designed a secondary treatment plant that removes 90% of the BOD and suspended solids (SS).

In 1989 and 1990 there had been a sewer connection ban, which has since been lifted. The plant capacity is currently approved at - 85 mgd. NJDEPE is currently reviewing their discharge permit to specify discharge limits for pollutants other than BOD and SS. - Depending on the pollutants and limits imposed, additional treatment may be required (Brinker, 1992).

E. Transportation

- Indicators of travel are population, motor vehicle registra- tions, labor force, income, shopping and recreation. Both the - State and Essex County use data from these sources to develop projections of future travel demands and their impact on the transportation network. -

1. Automobile -

New Jersey is part of the largest, richest, and most concentrated market in the world because of its position in the industrial corridor between New York City and Philadelphia. Since industry is concentrated within this area, it seems natural that urban expansion will occur there too. Millburn, situated as it is in the northeastern urbanized complex and in the corridor between New York and Philadelphia, will be affected. Growth means more people, more jobs, more shopping and hence more travel. As - suburban communities are spread out, the principal means of transportation is by private automobile.

-~ Route I-78 is an east-west interstate across New Jersey with

66 - -

three interchanges convenient to Millburn. There is one at Route 24 near Baltusrol, another where Springfield Avenue intersects Valley Street in Springfield, and one at Vaux Hall Road in Union.

Completion of the "missing link" of I-78 through the Watchung Reservation has resulted in significantly higher volumes of traffic on I-78. Future increases on Route 24 can be expected as it is extended to the northwest.

Route 280, another east-west interstate, connects with Shrewsbury Drive (Livingston) which runs into Cedar Street and eventually into Old Short Hills Road, via Millburn. It is planned for Eisenhower Parkway to connect Route 280 with Route 24. However, due to wetlands and funding problems extending Eisenhower Parkway south from its current terminus at South Orange Avenue (Route 510) is not likely in the near term.

The only project in Millburn in the Essex County Transportation Improvement Plan (TIP) for the next five years is additional noise barriers along Route 24.

2. Bus

New Jersey Transit bus service #70 runs from Penn Station, Newark, Newark via Summit to the Livingston Mall on Millburn Avenue every thirty minutes during the week (5:30 a.m. to 8:30; later to Summit only). Weekend schedule differs.

The Maplewood Loop which is located on the Maplewood Millburn border on Millburn Avenue is served by #25 to Penn Station, Newark where connections may be made to PATH, trains, and buses. This bus runs every ten minutes during the week. Weekend schedule differs.

The Lakeland Bus Company of Dover runs on Millburn Avenue to the Port Authority, New York. It stops at Saks, Lackawanna Place, Wyoming Avenue, and Ridgewood Road (the second to last stop before

67 express service to New York). It runs every thirty minutes from 6:05 a.m. to lo:35 p.m. on week days. Weekend schedule differs.

3. Rail

-- Millburn Township is served by New Jersey Transit via the "Morristown Line" which has two stations in town - Millburn and Short Hills. Convenient service is provided to the west (Morristown) and east (Newark and Hoboken) as well as to a variety - of suburban communities in between. The Newark Station is not Penn Station it is the Broad Street Station, at the northern end of the

- CBD. The Hoboken Terminal provides connections to rail (PATH) and ferry service to New York City. There are two PATH lines, one to the World Trade Center and the other to 33rd Street. There are plans for direct rail service to Penn Station, New York in the future. -

68 SECTION IV FINDINGS & RECOMMENDATIONS

The observations of the previous Natural Resources Inventory completed in 1974 remain valid to a large degree. Slope, drainage, and lot coverage have been addressed by subsequent legislation, but increased building in the last two decades has left our Township with little open space. The Township must continue to be committed to maintaining the open land which presently exists in Millburn and the South Mountain Reservation.

Modifications in the stream beds in the center of the Township, at the junction of Cypress Street and Millburn Avenue, and at the Hartshord Arboretum brook have partially dealt with water runoff during storlTs. However, flooding in the South Mountain section continues to be of significant concern. We recommend that the Township Engineer continue to monitor these situations.

We are concerned about the purity and quantity of the water suPPlY* All surface water runoff from Millburn enters either the Rahway or Passaic Rivers, both of which have important potable water intakes further downstream. Millburn also contains important groundwater wells and aquifer recharge areas. It is imperative that wetlands and aquifer recharge areas be protected. Citizens should be educated about water conservation and the necessity of alleviating pollution in the storm water. Such sources include: lawn and garden fertilizers and pesticides: pets and other animals; sidewalk and road deicers: improperly disposed of waste oils; and, litter and debris. Cooperation with State and local planners with respect to water resource items such as the Well Head Protection Program, the Buried Valley Aquifer Study, and efforts to clean up the Rahway River by the Cranford Environmental Commission and others is imperative.

69 -

- Air pollution is another concern. Attention should be given to regional transportation patterns, local traffic bottlenecks, and

- any measures that would increase the usage of mass transit.

While this Inventory did not include a noise assessment, the - Commission recommends that the Township consider conducting a study which will include not only air traffic, but also noise from - highways, air conditions and garden equipment.

- Continued emphasis should be put on recycling and packaging reduction. The Township should continue to educate its citizens and investigate the possibility of hazardous waste recycling.

The 1974 inventory discussed the importance of trees to the environment in alleviating water runoff and improving air quality. Since that Inventory was completed, our Township has been designated a "Tree City" and is required to have a full-time forester. We recommend that some formal notification be given to new residents to acquaint them with out trees ordinance and to require the registration of all tree surgeons who work in the Township.

Regional concerns will continue to impact our Township. We recommend that the Township continue to vigorously oppose the Pompton/Passaic Dual Inlet Tunnel Diversion Plan and to carefully monitor the continuing dialogue on the State Development and Redevelopment Plan.

Increased activity before the Zoning Board of Adjustment impacting the environmental necessitates that we recommend that a member of the Environmental Commission be appointed to that body when a Seat next becomes available.

70 -

SECTION V -

BIBLIOGRAPHY - Anderson, Peter W. and Faust, Samuel D. (1973), Characteristics of Water Ouality and Streamflow, Passaic River Basin about Little Falls, New Jersev. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2026. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 75 pp. Brinker, Michael J., Jr. (1992), Executive Director of the Joint Meeting of Essex and Union Counties. Personal Communication (908) 353-1313. Cranford Environmental Commission (1991), Rahway River Litter and Debris Study. Darnell, R.M., etc. al. (1976), Imoacts of Construction Activities in Wetlands of the United States, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon.

Fillipone, E. (1992) I Passaic River Coalition, Personal Communication, (908) 766-7550. Flynn, Rahway Water Department, Personal CommunicaEiZn, (~~~~2!%~8-O086. Grant, R.R. and Patrick R. (1970) . "Tinicum Marsh as a Water Purifier", in Two Studies of Tinicum Marsh, the Conservation Foundation, Washington, D.C. Killam Associates, Elson T. (1974), Report to Township of Millburn upon Flood Control for South Mountain Estates. Millburn, N.J., June, 1974, 3 pp. Kummel, H.B. (1940), The Geoloqv of New Jersey, Bulletin #50. N.J. Department of Conservation and Development. Kusler, J. A. (1983), Our National Wetland Heritage: a Protection Guidebook, The Environmental Law Institute, Washington, D.C. Lull, Howard W. and Sopper, William E. (1969), Hvdrolosic Effects from Urbanization of Forested Watersheds in the Northeast. U.S.D.A. Forest Service Research Paper NE-146. NJDEP (1991) 1990 Air Quality Report. Division of Environmental Quality. 63 pages and appendices.

71 SECTION V BIBLIOGRAPHY (Continued)

NJDEPE (1992), Ground Water Use, Levels and Recharge in the Central Passaic River Basin, N.J., Draft. - Odum, E.P. (1978), The Value of Wetlands a Hierarchical Approach in Wetland Functions and Values: The State of Our Understandinq, Proceedings of the National Symposium on Wetlands November 7-10, - 1978. Ed. by Greeson, P.E., Clark, J.R., and Clark, J.E. American Water Resources Association, Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Payne, Brian (1974) I Forestry Science Photo Story, No. 26. - Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Upper Darby, Pa. Ravaitis, M.M. and Sieben, W. (1974). A Survey conducted by Michael M. Ravitis, Chief Chemist, Division of Water, City of Rahway and William Sieben, a graduate of the School of Environmental Science, Rutgers University. - Revaitis, M.M. (1974). Letter from Michael M. Revaitis, Chief Chemist Division of Water, City of Rahway, August 27, 1974, 2 pp. Smith, Marguerite T. (1992), Makins Your Own Dream Gardens. Money, March 1992. Soil Conservation Service (1972) Hydrologic Classification of Soil Series. U.S.D.A. December 1972. Strong, Ann (1972), Resulation of Urban Development to Control - Runoff and Erosion. University of Pennsylvania, Institute for Environmental Studies. Tigri, Tony (1992), Project Engineer, New Jersey-American Water - Company, Personal Communication (201) 376-8800. Zientek, Robert (1992) Chemist City of Rahway Division of Water Personal Communication.

72 -

SECTION VI

APPENDICES --

- APPENDIX A Seven "Critical Area" Maps -

A-l - The maps that form Appendix A deal with seven important factors that need protective regulation if development occurs: -

(1) Vegetation (Vegetation) - (2) Flood Plain (Hydrology) (3) Aquifer - Ground Water Hydrology (Geology) - (4) Slope (Soils) (5) Drainage - Depth of Water Table (Soils) (6) Erosion (Soils and Vegetation) (7) Runoff (Soils and Vegetation)

As the legends of the maps indicate, the closer the lines (cross-hatch) the more critical the area is in terms of environmental damage. The chart on the next page defines the tlcriticalU1, l*seriousll, "moderate", and ~~minimal" limitations which the parameters place upon development.

The rendering of these maps is explained in the Maps section at the beginning of the report. A discussion of the significance of the different factors will be found in the text of the report under the appropriate sections indicated by brackets in the above listing. The maps have been reduced to approximately one-tenth of their original size.

A-2 i - I RESTRICTIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT $$CAMETE~ r CRITICAL SERIOUS MODERATE MINIMAL Vegetation - Dense Woodland Thick tree Moderate Tree Minimal Tree Existine, Minimal Water cover - large Cover - Lot Cover - Runoff properties, Size smaller- Majority Pavt:d - Air Photo 1969 golf, courses, Moderate Water MaxiT:;? Water IField etc. Runoff Runoff Observation - i !Flood Plain Limits of 100 -- year storm 0J.S. Army Corp. of Engineers Ground Water Area of high 500 - 800 IUnder 500 Not Suitable yield wells GPM GPM for Wells 800 CPM + r4.J. State - I &ology Dept. ! Drainage - Water Table 2'-4' below 4' + 4' i - I Depth of O'-2' below surface Water Table - surface us -scs -~ I ' 3lype 25% + 15 - 25% 8 - 15% I ii - 5% /. of Gradient I us -scs - Erosion Erosion Po- Erosion Po- Erosion Po- Erosion Po- us -scs tential High tential tential Low teatial Low Medium - Runoff Low Runoff Moderately High Runoff High Runoff us-scs . Potential - High Runoff Potential - Potential - - Rate B Potential - Rate D Rate r! Rate C (Poor Percola- (Poor Percol tion) tion)

( us-scs - United States Soil Conservation Service GlJM _ Gallons Per Minute

A-3 -

LEGEND: L

RESTRICTIONS UPON DEVELOPMENT liizzl SERIOUS ET MODERATE cl MINIMUM*

SOILS EROSION ENVIRONMENT ‘AL COMMlSSlOh OF MILLBU RN TOWNSHIF

SOURCE:

SOIL CONSERVATIO N SERVICE, U.S.D.A.

._ -..--. _

APPENDIX B Open Space in Millburn Township -

B-l Appendix B-l OPEN SPACE IN MILLBURN TOWNSHIP - COUNTY Essex County Park Commission's South Mountain Reservation 938.67 acres -

MUNICIPAL Gero Park 36.0 Old Short Hills Park 41.41 Taylor Park 15.90 Hartshorn Arboretum and adjacent area 18.25 New Jersey-American Water Company land 6.00 Adjacent to Glenwood School 5.97 Hobart Avenue 1.48 Total 125.01

BOARD OF EDUCATION Fox Hill Reserve 32.71 High School 35.57 Middle School 8.00 Glenwood 9.69 Hartshorn 11.27 South Mountain 3.57 Wyoming 4.94 Deerfield 7.12 Millburn Avenue 1.10 Total 113.87

HOUSES OF WORSHIP Christ Church 5.08 Community Congregational 5.50 Congregation B'nai Israel 2.20 Congregation B'nai Jeshurun 21.00 Latter Day Saints 5.00 St. Rose of Lima 6.33 St. Stephen's 7.75 Total 52.86 Note : Houses of worship with less than 2 acres have not been included.

SCHOOLS Far Brook 7.25 Pingry 33.00 Total 40.25

B-2 - CLUBS Canoe Brook 135.00 Racquets 2.06 - Short Hills Club 12.00 Total 149.06

-_ OTHER New Jersey-American Water Company 584.17 East Orange Water Company 623.58 - City of Orange 45.73 Blanchard Property 28.62 Kennedy Parkway Land 19.00 Total 1,301.10 Grand Total 2,720.82

B-3 Appendix B-2 - Fox Hill Reserve

This piece of property, also known as the Oakey Tract, is 32.7 - acres in size and is situated between Oakey Road and Hartshorn Drive. It was purchased by the Board of Education in 1944 for possible future use as a school campus. As years went by, however, it became evident that this site was not practical for school purposes and, in all probability, would never be used for such. Since the Board of Education has held this property, Millburn High School, Hartshorn School, Deerfield School and Washington School (since turned over to the State) have been built. Glenwood School has had an addition and the Junior High School has been renovated.

Although the three culverts handle a small runoff from the site (diverting it into storm sewers), most of the drainage at Fox Hill Reserve is internal. Water collects within the numerous small depressions (which have been identified as wetlands) and is either absorbed as groundwater or evapotranspires. Although no perennial streams exist on site, the intermittent streams direct runoff into the basins which form the wetlands. Classic wetlands hydrology and hydrologic indicators are evident in each of these basins, ranging from long term inundation by 6 or more inches of water, to areas nearly devoid of vegetation with 30 or more inches of peat.

Elevations on the site range from a high of approximately 500 feet above mean sea level (m.s.1.) to a low of 414 feet above m.s.1. Many small depressions are found throughout the site; most of the wetlands are located within these depressions. Highest elevations are located on the north side of the property near the New Jersey American Water Company storage tank. Lowest spots are within the swampy area of Oakey Road.

B-4 The dominant topographic feature on the site is the high ridge that borders Hartshorn Road and encompasses the New Jersey American Water Company lot. Other, slightly small ridges are found on the property with associated steep slopes and wetlands areas at the base of some slopes.

Like most of the open space left in northern New Jersey, Fox Hill Reserve is covered by second growth forest. The varied topography gives rise to a large assortment of typical uplands and - wetlands vegetation. Several species of fern are found, such as broad beech fern, hay scented fern, Christmas fern, New York fern, - royal fern, sensitive fern, land fern, cinnamon fern, and marsh fern.

There is large variety of hardwoods on the site. Although the area was most likely logged at one time, some large tree specimens - remain, some measuring as much as 34" in diameter. Deciduous hardwoods at Fox Hill include several species of oak, maple, sweet - birch, sweet gum, tupelo, white ash, tulip tree, persimmon and cherry.

A shrubby understory of green brier, multiflora rose, blueberry, alder, and sweet pepperbush surrounds each wetland area, - while the upland areas remain a bit more open.

- The rich variety of vegetation at Fox Hill Reserve provides food and shelter for deer and raccoon -- four deer were observed during a field visit and numerous raccoon tracks were found around - the wetlands. Kingfishers visit the area as well. It is possible that other birdlife from nearby Canoe Brook Reservoir and South Mountain Reservation find their way to Fox Hill Reserve. Dead trees and blowdowns which are scattered throughout the site are - ideal habitat for owls and woodpeckers. Positive evidence of owl activity was noted during one field visit and there are indications

- of the presence of woodpeckers. The size of some of the holes observed suggest they may have been made by a pileated woodpecker.

- B-5 Fox Hill Reserve is zoned "Conservation", described in the zoning ordinance under 606.1, b.2. as follows: "park and recreation uses in areas meeting the definition of "open space" as - set forth in the Municipal Land Use Law 40:55 D-5". - Over a period of years members of the Environmental Commission and the Township Committee have sought out the views of Board of - Education members in an effort to reach a consensus as to what should be done with the property. In virtually every case all those concerned have favored preserving the property in its natural state to continue its use for passive recreation as a wildlife and bird sanctuary and for walking the trails.

As recently as 1985, the Short Hills Association townwide survey showed that one-half of the community favored use for Fox Hill Reserve as "no development ever; retain as is". Twenty percent of the respondents would approve of limited and controlled developed of townhouses/condominiums. Sixteen percent favored single family homes on the perimeter and twelve percent preferred single family homes throughout the tract. Approximately one-third of the households in the Township responded to this survey (2,200 responses).

In 1989, the PPE Environmental Group was engaged by the Citizens League of Environmental Action Now (C.L.E.A.N.) to conduct an environmental study for the Fox Hill Reserve. The firm investigated environmentally sensitive resources on the site, including soils, wetlands, and wildlife and vegetation.

It is of utmost importance to note that Fox Hill Reserve represents the largest tract of undeveloped land in Millburn Township as well as one of the largest in Essex County. It should be recognized that, although it is relatively small, the Reserve provides a unique opportunity to enjoy an unspoiled natural area and to maintain a habitat and nesting area for wildlife. Added to this is the existence of an unmanaged freshwater wetland area

B-6 - important for its educational as well as natural value.

There is no other location in Millburn Township similar to the Reserve. Although the East Orange Water Reserve contains wetlands, it is closed to the public. South Mountain Reservation contains no similar undisturbed wetlands. Therefore, inclusion of the Fox Hill Reserve as a Tier 7 l'Environmentally Sensitive Area" was viewed as important both to wildlife and freshwater wetlands as well as to educational opportunity now and for posterity. - The recent designation of smaller pockets of environmentally - sensitive lands as Critical Environmental Sites by the Interim State Development Plan applies to the Fox Hill Reserve. The following are two definitions quoted from the Interim Plan.

CRITICAL ENVIRONMENTAL SITES means environmentally sensitive features of less than one square mile, such as wetlands and ponds, wellhead protection areas, ravines, endangered and threatened species habitats, stream corridors, steep slopes, historic sites, and scenic vistas. These sites should be locally identified and mapped to ensure a level of protection equivalent to that which would be afforded by inclusion in the Environmentally Sensitive Planning Area. - ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE FEATURES means the following natural and cultural resources, the disturbance of which tends to impair the physical, biological, social, or aesthetic quality of the resource. 1. aquifer recharge areas; 2. coastal dunes, beaches, barrier islands and shorelines; 3. critical slope areas; 4. flood plains; 5. habitats of endangered and threatened species;

- 6. habitats with side diversity of resident species; 7. historic areas;

B-7 -

8. public water supply reservoirs; 9. ridge lines; - 10. scenic corridors; 11. staging areas for migratory species: 12. stream corridors: - 13. wetlands; 14. wildlife corridors.

About four and one-half acres of freshwater wetlands exist on the site. It is, therefore, subject to the provisions of the New Jersey Freshwater Wetlands Protection Act, which would require that certain transition areas remain undisturbed in addition to the actual wetland areas. This would total approximately thirteen acres.

The Natural Resources Inventory describes the tract as follows: In the Fox Hill Reserve, ridges form a small ravine with a small stream flowing out into marshland. Native plants, common and quite rate, cover this secluded area. The ground in spring is carpeted with wild lily-of-the- valley. Typical of the ferns are the sensitive, royal, netted chain and red-stemmed lady ferns. Many delicate wild flowers are found including: arcaule (pink lady slipper), partridge berry, yellow loosestrife, whorled loosestrife, dwarf ginseng, Indian pipe, pipsissewa, swamp violets, Indian cucumber root and wood anemone. Native azaleas and dogwood cover the high banks. Clethra (native white alder), rhodea, pinaster (ground pine), shadbush, spicebush, witch hazel, the rare panicled dogwood, both lowbush and highbush blueberry, and bottonbush flourish. In the swamp area there are soft rushes, numerous marsh grasses, clumps of native alisma, yellow pond lilies, mad-dog skullcap, monkey flowers, and swamp buttercup. Oaks abound in the woodland along with maple, beech, birch, ash, cherry, hemlock, chestnut oak, shagbark hickory, and ironwood.

B-8 In conclusion, the Environmental Commission strongly recommends that Fox Hill Reserve be categorized as a Critical Environmental Site for purposes of the State Plan.

B-9 -

APPENDIX C Bicentennial Trees

C-l Appendix C Location of Bicentennial Trees in Millburn Township 56 Mountainview Rd. Tulip 4'5" 161 Myrtle Ave. Chestnut Oak 3'8" 301 Glen Ave. White Oak 2'10" 12 Berkeley Rd. White Oak 4'8" 29 Ocean St. Swamp White Oak 4'7" 55 White Oak Ridge Rd. Black Oak 3'8" 548 White Oak Ridge Rd. White Oak 3' -. 319 Forest Dr. So. Pin Oak 3'6" 29 Pine Terr. W. Red Oak 4' 25 Ridge Terr. White Oak 3'4" 61 Great Oak Dr. White Oak 5'9" - 12 Crescent Place Beech 3'11" 46 Whitney Rd. White Oak 4'9" 342 Hobart Ave. Scarlet Oak 3'3" - Red Oak 3'5" 1 Briar-wood Dr. White Oak 4'3" 11 Shelley Rd. Red Oak 2'10" 15 Robert Dr. Red Oak 3'2" 5 Northern Dr. White Oak 3'10" 7 Knollwood Rd. White Oak 4'6" 31 Knollwood Rd White Oak 3'6" 71 Minnisink Rd. White Oak 5'2" 12 East La. Twin Red Oak 5'9" 2 Barberry La. Black Oak 4'4" .- Black Oak 4'5" American Beech 4'3" 10 Barberry La. Black Oak 4'3" 58 Birch La. White Oak 3'7" 52 Jefferson Ave. Red Oak 4'10" 18 Brooklawn Dr. White Oak 5'2" 49 Farley Rd. Red Oak 4'3" - 25 Kenilworth Dr. White Oak 3'5" 38 Kenilworth Dr. White Oak 5 II 4 II 11 Hilltop Rd Tulip 3'11" 10 E. Hartshorn Dr. Pin Oak 3'7" -. Copper Beech 4'9"

Prepared by John D. Linson, Forester

c-2 - APPENDIX D Historic Districts and Sites

D.l Historic Buildings D.2 Historic Sites D.3 Public Buildings D.4 Schools D:5 Churches D.6 Private Clubs

D-l ..-

- Appendix D Historic Districts and Sites - In 1977 the Millburn-Short Hills Historical Society began to conduct a survey to determine the historic resources of - the Township. After receiving a grant from the New Jersey Office of Historic Preservation, the Society was able to hire David Gibson Associates to assist its volunteers in the mapping of two historic districts and designation of historic sites outside the districts. The two districts designated include most of the land purchased by Stewart Hartshorn and the Wyoming Land Company. In 1980, both of these districts were placed on the State Register of Historic Places and the Short Hills Park District was listed in the National Register of Historic Places. Detailed material on these structures and districts is located at the Millburn Public Library. For a discussion of preservation objectives and criteria - for historic designation see the Master Plan Update adopted 1991 and prepared for the Township by Queale and Lynch.

D.l Historic Buildings Northeast Short Hills, North of Parsonaqe Hill Road 12 East Hartshorn Drive 1872 Hack Estate 18 Fox Hill Lane 1873-1881 Carriage House, Hack Estate 20 Fox Hill Lane 1873-1881 Gardener's Cottage, Hack Estate 60 Great Hills Road C. 1859 72 Great Hills Road C. 1859 285 Old Short Hills Road 1831-1859 7 Parsonage Hill Road 1873-1881 White Oak Ridge Road and Parsonage Hill Road

1040 Morris Turnpike C. 1730 Spruce Knoll 200 Parsonage Hill Road 1831-1859 289 Parsonage Hill Road 1871 White Oak Ridge Chapel 431 Parsonage Hill Road 1700's Morehouse House 451 Parsonage Hill Road 1831-1859 461 Parsonage Hill Road 1700's 210 White Oak Ridge Road C. 1750 363 White Oak Ridge Road 1800-1830 Nicholas Parsil House 379 White Oak Ridge Road C. 1709 Thomas Parsil House 402 White Oak Ridge Road 1860-1872 409 White Oak Ridge Road c. 1870 423 White Oak Ridge Road C. 1700 Parsil-Ross House 562 White Oak Ridge Road C. 1859 -

D-2 Old Short Hills Road and Vicinity 33 Brooklawn Drive 1873-1881 5 Brookside Drive 1882-1890 9 Brookside Drive 1873-1881 11 Brookside Drive C. 1859 13 Brookside Drive C. 1859 4 Farley Road c. 1750 Farley Farm House Old Short Hills Road and Vicinity 26 Crescent Place 1882-1890 Carriage House, Hartshorn Estate 5 Hillside Avenue C. 1875 72 Hillside Avenue C. 1890 115 Hobart Avenue C. 1881 51 Old Short Hills Road 1834 54 Old Short Hills Road 1873-1881 58 Old Short Hills Road 1882-1890 59 Old Short Hills Road c. 1810 74 Old Short Hills Road 1700's 83 Old Short Hills Road c. 1859 93 Old Short Hills Road 1873-1881 94 Old Short Hills Road 1882-1890 105 Old Short Hills Road c. 1859 140 Old short Hills Road 1874 149 Old Short Hills Road 1882-1890 285 Glen Avenue C. 1750 Downtown and Main Street 25 Church Street 1860-1872 119 Main Street 1857 St. Stephen's Church 135 Main Street 1869 St. Stephen's Rectory 215 Main Street 1800-1830 253 Main Street 1800-1830 298 Main Street 1800-1830 307 Main Street 1800-1830 318 Main Street 1860-1872 155 Millburn Avenue C. 1730 Hessian House 380 Millburn Avenue 1800-1830 393 Millburn Avenue 1873-1881 400 Millburn Avenue 1860-1872 402 Millburn Avenue 1860-1872 404 Millburn Avenue 1860-1872 406 Millburn Avenue 1860-1872 408 Millburn Avenue 1860-1872 412 Millburn Avenue 1860-1872 431 Millburn Avenue 1800-1830 Bodwell House 451 Millburn Avenue 1873 St. Stephen's Cemetery House

D-3 - 17 Rector Street 1860-1872 31 Rector Street 1860-1872 39 Rector Street 1860-1872 - 130 Spring Street 1860-1872 132 Spring Street 1860 First Baptist Church 12 Taylor Street 18:0-18721859. Neighborhood House - 18 Taylor Street 26 Taylor Street c. 1859 28 Taylor Street 1860-1872 -- QW y Districtomin Desianated Sites-Arranged by Block and Lot Numbers and Most Siqnificant First

161 Sagamore Road C. 1929 185 Sagamore Road C. 1900 228 Sagamore Road C. 1896 Eastover 232 Sagamore Road 1896 Princess Gate 234 Sagamore Road 1890 Greylingham 397 Wyoming Avenue 1897 Lynn-Regis 426 Wyoming Avenue 1897 441 Wyoming Avenue C. 1890 Canterbury Keys 445 Wyoming Avenue C. 1873 - 80 Cedar Street 1903 Rabbit House 52 Linden Street 1925 57 Linden Street C. 1885 80 Linden Street C. 1892 49 Chestnut Street C. 1870 83 Chestnut Street C. 1890 109 Glen Avenue C. 1881 164 Sagamore Road 1960 168 Sagamore Road 1958 189 Sagamore Road 1894 Clematis Cottage 198 Sagamore Road 1928 199 Sagamore Road 1904 201 Sagamore Road C. 1907 207 Sagamore Road C. 1896 209 Sagamore Road C. 1910 212 Sagamore Road 1902 213 Sagamore Road C. 1882 223 Sagamore Road C. 1906 The Knoll 417 Wyoming Avenue 1905 422 Wyoming Avenue 1872 430 Wyoming Avenue C. 1890 431 Wyoming Avenue C. 1878 435 Wyoming Avenue 1923 438 Wyoming Avenue C. 1890 449 Wyoming Avenue 1914 450 Wyoming Avenue C. 1885 453 Wyoming Avenue C. 1890 - 454 Wyoming Avenue C. 1870

D-4 -

- 460 Wyoming Avenue c. 1925 461 Wyoming Avenue 1881 71 Myrtle Avenue 1927 89 Myrtle Avenue 1906 - 90 Myrtle Avenue c. 1890 91 Myrtle Avenue C. 1905 94 Myrtle Avenue C. 1890 82 Cypress Street 1925 103 Cypress Street 1910 119 Cypress Street c. 1894 Old Wyoming School House 125 Cypress Street 1922 129 Cypress Street C. 1906 43 Cedar Street C. 1910 45 Cedar Street 1923 55 Cedar Street 1907 83 Cedar Street 1890 84 Cedar Street c. 1906 85 Cedar Street c. 1906 86 Cedar Street C. 1906 87 Cedar Street C. 1890 46 Linden Street 1920 48 Linden Street 1905 50 Linden Street 1915 51 Linden Street 1922 53 Linden Street 1885 59 Linden Street c. 1928 76 Linden Street 1923 77 Linden Street C. 1923 79 Linden Street 1915 81 Linden Street '1913 83 Linden Street C. 1895 89 Linden Street C. 1900 91 Linden Street c. 1902 45 Chestnut Street C. 1906 47 Chestnut Street 1905 60 Chestnut Street C. 1890 78 Chestnut Street c. 1890 79 Chestnut Street C. 1870 86 Chestnut Street c. 1890 87 Chestnut Street 1905 88 Chestnut Street C. 1890 114 Glen Avenue c. 1900

D-5 - Short Hills Park District Designated Sites-Arransed by Block and Lot and Most Sisnificant First 7 Chestnut Place 1895 The Fortress 45 Crescent Place C. 1884 Ardwyn 12 The Crescent 1882 Sunset Cottage 25 East Lane C. 1888 20 Forest Drive C. 1890 Hartshorn House #45 25 Forest Drive 1890 Hartshorn House #38 28 Forest Drive 1881 Hartshorn House #21 9.0 Forest Drive 1888 Old Christ Church Rectory 20 Highland Avenue c. 1890 21 Highland Avenue 1884 37 Highland Avenue c. 1881 Crowndale 40 Highland Avenue c. 1880 Montview 55 Highland Avenue C. 1890 Hartshorn House #40 56 Highland Avenue C. 1880 66 Highland Avenue 1884 Christ Church 98 Highland Avenue C. 1905 120 Highland Avenue C. 1890 Hartshorn House #26 157 Highland Avenue C. 1910 Hartshorn House #79 160 Highland Avenue C. 1908 Hartshorn House #75 137 Hobart Avenue C. 1880 Hartshorn House #l 177 Hobart Avenue c. 1880 Greystone Cottage 14 Knollwood Road 1881 Hartshorn House #29 20 Knollwood Road 1878 Hartshorn House #7 39 Knollwood Road 1878 Sunnyside 40 Knollwood Road c. 1880 The Anchorage 65 Knollwood Road C. 1886 Hartshorn House #37 100 Knollwood Road 1902 Hartshorn House #54 101 Knollwood Road C. 1880 The Last Resort 55 Minnisink Raod 1959 66 Minnisink Road 1902 Charlcote 68 Minnisink Road 1902 71 Minnisink Road 1916 44 Montview Avenue 1908 17 Northern Drive 1911 Hartshorn House #77 1 Park Place 1880 11 Park Place 1889 Hartshorn House #47 25 Stewart Road c. 1906 45 Stewart Road C. 1885 Hartshorn House #58 85 Stewart Road 1888 Stewart Estate 71 Taylor Road 1908 Stoneacre 11 Western Drive c. 1890 19 Western Drive 1913 The Close 54 Western Drive c. 1886 Hartshorn House #27 62 Western Drive C. 1884 Hartshorn House #25 71 Western Drive C. 1884 Hartshorn House #24 75 Western Drive 1902 Berryfield 120 Western Drive 1939

D-6 - 43 Northern Drive 1910 Hartshorn House #76 1 Barberry Lane C. 1906 Hartshorn House #78 15 Barberry Lane 1912 Hartshorn House #80 18 Chestnut Place C. 1880 Hartshorn House #19 47 Crescent Place C. 1890 63 Crescent Place C. 1890 16 The Crescent 1884 Hartshorn House - 21 The Crescent 1888 Hartshorn House #49 22 The Crescent C. 1884 Hartshorn House #33 30 The Crescent C. 1922 Hartshorn House #82 36 East Lane C. 1895 Christ Church Nursery School 10 Forest Drive C. 1890 Hartshorn House #39 17 Forest Drive C. 1881 Hartshorn House #22 37 Forest Drive C. 1881 Hartshorn House #31 36 Forest Drive C. 1880 Hartshorn House #20 60 Forest Drive C. 1890 108 Forest Drive C. 1890 Hartshorn House #43 109 Forest Drive C. 1909 115 Forest Drive 1926 118 Forest Drive C. 1890 128 Forest Drive C. 1920 47 Highland Avenue C. 1880 Hartshorn House #4 73 Highland Avenue C. 1880 79 Highland Avenue C. 1906 Hartshorn House #56 91 Highland Avenue C. 1920 93 Highland Avenue 1948 121 Highland Avenue 1910 123 Highland Avenue C. 1910 177 Highland Avenue 1924 186 Highland Avenue 1929 128 Hobart Avenue 1885 136 Hobart Avenue C. 1906 159 Hobart Avenue C. 1850 31 Knollwood Road 1928 47 Knollwood Road 1880 Hartshorn House #15 73 Knollwood Road C. 1888 77 Knollwood Road C. 1915 Hartshorn House #64 120 Knollwood Road 1925 13 Lake Road 1936 27 Lake Road 1937 1 Minnisink Road C. 1922 Hartshorn House #70 79 Minnisink Road 1916 59 Montview Avenue C. 1890 67 Montview Avenue 1906 1 Moraine Place C. 1922 18 Moraine Place 1935 28 Northern Drive C. 1922 Hartshorn House #73 31 Northern Drive 1931 34 Northern Drive 1934 20 Park Place 1888 Hartshorn House #41 23 Park Place C. 1888

D-7 43 Park Place C. 1906 Hartshorn House #60 134 Short Hills Ave. c. 1890 Hartshorn House #28 36 Stewart Road 1904 39 Stewart Road C. 1906 75 Stewart Road C. 1906 12 Taylor Road 1885 Little Cote 15 Wells Lane C. 1881 The Chalet 30 Western Drive 1928 42 Western Drive C. 1897 90 Western Drive C. 1906 - 91 Western Drive 1911 10 Minnisink Road 1910 Hartshorn House #72 4 Wyndham Road 1930 7 Wyndham Road 1927 10 Wyndham Road 1928 12 Wyndham Road 1927 14 Wyndham Road 1927 15 Wyndham Road 1928 18 Wyndham Road 1928 101 Wyndham Road 1927 102 Wyndham Road 1929 205 Wyndham Road 1929

D-8 D.2 HISTORIC SITES

Site Address Comments - Revolutionary White Oak Ridge and Parsil family graveyard Graveyard Parsonage Hill Roads for soldiers who died in the Revolution. - Paper Mill Brookside Drive The site of a mill built Playhouse about 1820. Town Hall 375 Millburn Avenue Site where militia stopped British forces in their drive to reach Washington's supplies in Morristown. 1780. Vaux Hall Bridge Vaux Hall Road and Site where Major Lee Millburn Avenue held back the advances of the British troops during the Battle of Springfield, June 23, 1780. Washington Rock South Mountain One of the highest Reservation points in town. It was used by George Washing- ton and his generals as an observation point during the Revolutionary War.

D-9 D.3 PUBLIC BUILDINGS

Name Address Date of Construction Short Hills Rail- Chatham Road 1907 road Station - Millburn Railroad Lackwanna Place Originally constructed Station 1907, demolished 1986, rebuilt 1988 Town Hall 375 Millburn Avenue 1912 Cora Hartshorn Forest Drive 1933 Arboretum Paper Mill Play- Brookside Drive 1934 house Bauer Community 70 Main Street 1934; It was re- Center built in 1972 after it was almost completely destroyed by fire. Short Hills Post 30 Chatham Road 1937 Office Millburn Post Office 300 Millburn Avenue 1939 Millburn Public Library 200 Glen Avenue 1976 White Oak Ridge Fire White Oak Ridge Road 1955 House Essex Street Fire Essex Street 1955 House Gero Park Recreation White Oak Ridge Road 1961 House First Aid Building 170 Glen Avenue 1966 Police Station 435 Essex Street 1972

D-10 D.4 SCHOOLS

Public Name Address Date of Construction - Comments Wyoming School Myrtle Avenue 1920 Middle School Old Short Hills Road 1922; Originally Senior High School Glenwood School 325 Taylor Road So. 1939 Senior High School 462 Millburn Avenue 1956 Hartshorn School White Oak Ridge Road 1958 Deerfield School 26 Troy Lane 1962

Private Name Address Date of Construction Comments St. Rose of Lima 52 Short Hills Avenue 1869; Original site, but rebuilt. Winston School 36 East Lane c. 1895; 1st site Short Hills Country Day School Far Brook School 52 Great Hills Road 1948; Originally Buxton School in 1935. Pingry School Country Day Drive 1961; Originally the second site of Short Hills Country Day School.

D-11 -

APPENDIX E

Chart of Soils

- E-l . . . Appendix E SOILS OF MILLBURN TOWNSHIP IATURAL SEASONAL HYDROLOGIC SOIL 1 NAME OF SOIL LOCATION SOIL GROUP EROSION ;oIL . WATER TABLE POTENTIAL bRAINAGE

II 11 r r l )oorly 1 ft. C LOW Hawthorne- Old Short Hills, SLOW Moderately Irained Stony silt Brookhaven, high runoff loam (T639) Glenwood, * potential Deerfield, I(nollwood, White Oak Ridge, South Mountain, Country Club, Wyoming, E.O. Water Reserve South Mountain Reservation, Commonwee lth 2-3 ft. IIC II Medium Drained Haledon -I- Brookhaven, Slow Moderately I moderatel) Glenwood, well in Stony silt high runofj some area! M loam (T629) Old Short Hills, potential I White Oak Ridge, somewhat N Deerfield, ;;;;;; on Mountaintop, . Country Club, Knollwood 3 ft.+ IIB II Medium Moderatel: Towaco Brookhaven, [oderate Moderately well Stony silt Glenwood, lbove pan; low runoff drained loam (T619) Old Short Hills, ;low in potential White Oak Ridge, iragipan; Wyoming, loderate Mountaintop, lelow pan. Deerfield, Country Club, E.O..Water Reserve II II Poorly Slow O-l ft. C High Whippany Commonwealth, Moderately drained Silt loam E.O. Water Reserve high runof (Ll20) Millburn, South Mountain

I I / I I i \ I I / ( I / f I I I I I I

.__-- NAME OF SOIL LOCATION PERMEABILITY SEASONAL HYDROLOGIC SOIL NATURAL WATER TABLE SOIL GROUP EROSION SOIL POTENTIAL DRAINAGE Parsippany Millburn Slow at surface IID II High Poorly Silt Loam, High runoff drained (L130) . potential .Budd Southern tip of Rapid I.0 or IIB II Medium Well Sandy loam South Mountain & more ft. Moderately drained (BM13) Millburn; low runoff scattered pockets throughout Township Alluvial land, Along West Branch Moderate at surface I, DII Medium Poorly Loamy, wet of Rahway High runoff drained, (0531) potential Deep Muck Brookhaven Moderate at surface II D It Low Poorly to rapid if not drained M drained, I r hig$ Kunoff. W ._ if dfained, moderate runoff Holyoke South Mountain Moderate Varies from "C/D" High Mostly Rocky silt Reservation to rapid being perched Moderate to poorly I loam (T7lR) on the rock high runoff drained,r jcn' surface, to near surl

NOTE: The soil pattern is general as detailed information was not,available, and#it wouldn't be possible to present precise data at the scale of 1" ~600 . On-site borings are necessary to determine soils in exact locations. .-

APPENDIX F List of Birds at Hartshorn Arboretum

F-l Appendix F

Birds seen on the Cora Hartshorn Arboretum in 1973-1974 and - 1990-1991 Red-tailed Hawk - Mallard Ducks Mourning Dove Ruby-throated Hummingbird Common Flicker Hairy Woodpecker Downy Woodpecker Eastern Kingbird Eastern Phoebe Eastern Pewee Blue Jay American Crow - Black-capped Chickadee Tufted Titmouse White-Breasted Nuthatch Red-Breasted Nuthatch Brown Creeper House Wren Carolina Wren Mockingbird Gray Catbird American Robin Veery Golden-Crowned'Kinglet Ruby-crowned Kinglet Cedar Waxwing European Starling White-eyed Vireo Yellow-throated Vireo __ Red-eyed Vireo Warblers: Black and White, Tennessee, Yellow, Magnolia, Black- throated, Chestnut-sided, Pine, Yellow-throated, Cana- da, Palm, Yellow-rumped House Sparrow Northern Oriole Common Grackle - Brown-headed Cowbird Northern Cardinal Purple Finch, House Finch American Goldfinch White-throated Sparrow Slate-colored Junco Screech Owl Pileated Woodpecker Song Sparrow White Crowned Sparrow - Tree Sparrow

F-2

- The following birds were seen during the 1973-74 period and not during 1990-91. Yellow-Billed Cuckoo Black-billed Cuckoo Great Crested Flycatcher Brown Thrasher Wood Thrush Hermit Thrush Swainson's Thrush - Gray-checked Thrush Blue-gray Gnatcatcher Solitary Vireo Warbling Vireo Scarlet Tanager Indigo Bunting Pine Siskin Rufous-sided Towhee Least Flycatcher Warblers: Worm-eating, Blue-winged, Parula, Nashville, Cape May Black-throated, Blue, Green, Blackburnian, Baybreasted, Blackpoll, Prairie, Ovenbird, Redstart The following birds were new to the list in 1990-91. Northern Harrier Red-bellied Woodpecker Yellow-bellied sapsucker Yellow-rumped Warbler Evening Grosbeak Red-winged Blackbird Canada Goose Herring Gull Black-backed Gull This information was supplied by Elizabeth Naughton and Bonnie Macko of The Hartshorn Arboretum and concurs with the decline of certain species in New Jersey 1.

1. Records of New Jersey Birds, New Jersey Audubon Society, Editor Richard Kane, Volume XVII, Number 3, Autumn 1991.

F-3 -

- APPENDIX G Population and Housing Information

G-l Table G-l POPULATION DENSITY TOWN POPULATION AREA(sa.mi.1 DENSITY - Essex Countv Belleville 34,213 3.2 10,243.4 Bloomfield 45,061 5.4 8,470.l Caldwell 7,549 1.2 6,343.7 Cedar Grove 12,053 4.0 2,856.2 East Orange 73,552 3.9 18,763.3 Essex Fells 2,139 1.0 1,517.0 Fairfield 7,615 10.58 7,197.5 Glen Ridge 7,076 1.4 5,528.l Irvington 61,018 3.5 20,684.l Livingston 26,609 13.8 1,917.l Maplewood 21,652 3.97 5,623.g Millburn 18,630 10.0 1,986.l Montclair 37,729 6.16 5,988.7 Newark 275,221 23.7 11,559.l North Caldwell 6,706 3.2 2,242.8 Nutley 27,099 3.4 8,065.2 Orange 29,925 2.2 13,540.7 Roseland 4,847 3.5 1,339.0 South Orange 16,390 2.83 5,730.8 Verona 13,597 2.9 4,944.4 West Caldwell 10,422 4.96 2,063.8 West Orange 39,403 12.6 3,229.0 Total 778,206 6,163.5 Morris Chatham Borough 8,007 2.4 3,322.4 Chatham Township 9,361 9.2 1,002.2 East Hanover Township 9,926 7.9 1,213.4 Florham Park 8,521 7.5 1,146.8 Hanover Township 11,538 10.7 1,082.4 Madison 15,850 4.1 3,782.8 Morris Plains 5,219 2.6 2,007.3 Morris Township 19,952 15.75 1,264.4 Morristown 16,189 3.0 5,506.5 Parsippany-Troy Hills48,478 25.3 2,029.2 Union County Berkeley Heights 11,980 6.19 1,913.7 Clark 14,629 4.59 3,370.7 Cranford 22,633 4.79 4,695.6 Elizabeth 110,002 11.7 8,928.7 Fanwood 7,115 1.26 5,309.7 Garwood 4,227 0.69 6,404.5

G-2 - TOWN POPULATION AREA(sa.mi.1 DENSITY

Hillside 21,044 2.73 7,823.0 Kenilworth 7,574 2.08 3,539.3 Linden 36,701 11.26 3.398.2 Mountainside 6,657 4.03 1,656.0 New Providence 11,439 3.60 3,108.4 Plainfield 46,567 5.86 7,709.8 Roselle 20,314 2.58 7,694.7 Roselle Park 12,805 1.21 10,495.g Scotch Plains 21,160 9.06 2,333.0 Springfield 13,420 5.06 2,605.8 Summit 19,757 6.01 3,265.6 Union 50,024 9.04 5,491.l Westfield 28,870 6.29 4,289.7 Winfield 1,576 0.17 8,755.6 Total 493,819 4,782.3 -

Source: 1990 Census -

G-3 -

TABLE G-2 SEX b RACE MILLBURN TOWNSHIP

Sex Male 8,927 Female 9,703 Total 18,630

Race White 17,172 Black 216 Am. Indian, 4 Eskimos, or Aluet Asian or 919 Pacific Islander Other 7 Hispanic Origin (of any race) 312

Source: 1990 Census

G-4 -

TABLE G-3 HOUSEHOLD AND FAMILY - CHARACTERISTICS, MILLBURN TOWNSHIP

- Persons in Households 18,544 All Households 6,909 Family Households Total 5,387 Married Couple Family 4,745 Female Householder- 477 No husband present - Non Family Households Total 1,522 Householder Living Alone Total 1,327 65 years & older Total 764 Female 604 Person per Household 2.68 Family 3.06 Persons in Group Quarters 86

Source: 1990 Census

G-5 -

TABLE G-4 STRUCTURAL AND VACANCY CHARACTERISTICS, MILLBURN TOWNSHIP

All Housing Units Total 7,108 1 unit detached 5,813 1 unit attached 69 2-4 units 547 5-9 units 126 10 or more units 506 Other 47 Mean number of rooms 7.5 Occupied Housing Units Total 6,909 With 1.01 more persons per room 37 Vacant Housing Units Total 199 Seasonal Use 13 Homeowner Vacancy Rate 1.4% Rental Vacancy Rate 4.8%

Source: 1990 Census

G-6 - TABLE G-5 FINANCIAL CHARACTERISTICS (GROSS INCOME) FOR OWNER OCCUPIED HOUSING UNITS, MILLBURN TOWNSHIP

Total 5,144 <$50,000 19 50,000 - 99,999 43 - 100,000 - 149,999 117 150,000 - 199,999 302 200,000 - 299,999 1,258 - +$300,000 3,405

- Source: 1990 Census

G-7 APPENDIX H Examples of Wetland Types

H-l APPENDIX I

Definitions of Wetlands

I-l DEFINITIONS OF WETLANDS -

-- U.S. EPA and Army Corps of Engineers "Those areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or - groundwater at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. Wetlands generally include swamps, marshes, bogs, and similar - areas."

Soil Conservation Service "Wetlands are defined as areas that have a predominance of hydric soils and that are inundated or saturated by surface or ground water at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of hydrophytic vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions...lt

Fish and Wildlife Service "Wetlands are lands transitional between terrestrial and aquatic systems where the water table is usually at or near the surface or the land is covered by shallow water. For purposes of this classification wetlands must have one or more of the following three attributes: 1) at least periodically, the land supports predominantly hydrophytes, 2) the substrate is predominantly undrained hydric soil, and 3) the substrate is nonsoil and is saturated with water or covered by shallow water at some time during the growing season of each year."

I-2 APPENDIX J Explaining the Three Criteria for Wetlands

J-l EXPLAINING THE THREE CRITERIA FOR WETLANDS

- Under natural, undisturbed conditions, vegetated wetlands generally possess three characteristics - wetland hydrology, hydrophytic vegetation, and hydric soils. The proposed revised Federal Manual provides field indicators to verify the presence of these criteria. - Wetland Hydrology: The driving force creating wetlands is wetlands hydrology. The presence of water is essentially what makes a - wetland a wetland. Field staff may not be able to directly observe more than two weeks of inundation and/or saturation if they are not present during the right part of the growing season or for a long enough observation period. Unless specifically addressed in the proposed revised Federal Manual as exceptions or disturbed areas, areas without any of the hydrologic indicators provided in the proposed Federal Manual are nonwetland areas.

Hydrophytic Vegetation: The term "hydrophytic vegetation" describes plants that live in "wet" conditions. However, not all plants that grow in wetlands grow only in wetlands. The majority of plant species growing in wetlands also grow in non-wetlands or in upland areas in varying degrees. Thus, plants alone cannot be used to identify and delineate wetlands. The determination of whether or not the vegetation in an area meets the criteria is based on estimated frequencies with which the plant species found in the area occur in wetlands.

Hydric Soil: The National Technical Committee for Hydric Soils has developed criteria for hydric soils and a list of the nation's hydric soils. The Federal Manual's hydric soil criterion is based on the Committee's criteria for hydric soil. Wetlands typically - possess hydric soils but the presence of indicators of hydric soils does not necessarily mean that the area is a wetland.

J-2 -

APPENDIX K Water Supply Facts

K-l FACT SHEET - STATISTICAL INFOMTION 1990

NZW JERSEY-AMERICAN WATER COMPANY - Northern Division

Number of Customers 76,390 Total Revenues $35,411,403 Total Utility Plant $120,170,09? Number of Employees 167 Miles of Main 1,025 Number of Fire Hydrants 6,028 System Delivery * 39.3 MGD - Sources of Supply ( % of supplyj 4 reservoirs (24%) 32 wells (31%) Purchased water from: (45%) Passaic Valley Water Commission Elizabethtown Water Company Montclair Water Bureau * Communities Served Hunterdon County Borough of Frenchtown Warren Countv Borough of Washington Township of Washington .- Township of Franklin (in part) Town of Belvidere Township of White (in part) - * Million gallons of water pumper per day in 1990.

K-2 I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I New Jersey-American Water Company NORTHERN DIVISION

I I: ti OJ--~ D ‘3 //I ‘fi “ARMONY\ I

NG WOOD

I .‘\. FRANKLIN

WASHINGTON SERVICE AREA New Jersey-American -

NORTHERN DIVISION

MORRISTOWN

OUTH ORANG \

ORIDGEWATER

R S E T

COMMONWEALTH 8 LITTLE FALLQ SERVICE AREAS FRANCHISE AREA - New Jersey-American Pumpage 6.0 - 3altusrol

- Canoe Brook

- Passaic River Short Hills - Total

Year

Note: 1 billion gallons per year = 2.74 million gallons per day (mgd)

K-6 -

- East Orange Pumpage

Braidburn

Canoe Brook

Dickinson

Slough Brook

Total

0.0 L- 1900 1: Year

Note: 1 billion gallons per year = 2.74 million gallons per day (mgd)

K-7 Pumpage NJAm and EO Canoe Brook well fields

I\ total - I -

I Y ’ - ’ NJArr ” I \

wvEOw\I“ J vv Y -

I I I I I I I I 1 I 1940 1960 1980 Year

Note: 1 billion gallons per year = 2.74 million - gallons per day (mgd)

K-8

- CanoeA . . -x-_-lBrook 7--n ,rf*+nr Ip\/eI Total Pumpage& Neutral WI IG vvaLut IV- -. 4-n

I 1 I I 110 1 I I 1940 1650’ 1960~1970 1980 K@o 00‘1900’ 1910 I 1920 I 1930 Year

Note: 1 billion gallons per year = 2.74 million gallons per day (mgd)

K-9 I I I I I I I I I I I / I

Water Levels in Meeker Test Well EastOrangeCanoeBrookPumpage

160 Ir,, . i ! 1 1300 ry waterlevel I ) ! 1200 155 A I .th I ! -1100

I 800 V w I 700 I: I 600 I I II I I , , , I I 500 1 2p 965 “‘I1970 I I I 1 1975’ ’ ’ ’ ’ 1980I,, , , 1985 f , 1990 Year WELLS IN AND ADJACENT TO MILLBURN TOWNSHIP

WELL 1989 PUMPAGE OWNER NAME AQUIFER (MGAL) BURIED VALLEY Amerace 1 Trb 23.87 Northern Millburn East Hanover Township 5 Qsd 220.32 Northern Millburn Fritzsch - D 61 0 Combined Trb 135.16 Northern Millburn Livingston Township 3&5 Qsd 366.36 Northern Millburn Canoe Brook Country Club 1 Qsd 8.00 E Southern Millburn East Orange - Braidburn Combined Qsd 1399.52 Southern Millburn East Orange - Dickinson Combined Qsd 750.12 Southern Millburn NJ-American - Canoe Brook Combined Qsd 1800.40 Southern Millburn NJ-American - Passaic River Combined Qsd 699.21 Southern Millburn Orange Products, Inc. 1 Qsd 35.00 E Southern Millburn East Orange - Canoe Brook 3-1956 Qsd 116.43 Canoe Brook East Orange - Canoe Brook 4-1956 Qsd 141.18 Canoe Brook East Orange - Canoe Brook 1-1956 Qsd 253.75 Canoe Brook East Orange - Canoe Brook 2-1956 Qsd 104.54 Canoe Brook East Orange - Slough Brook Combined Trb 350.56 Slough Brook NJ-American - Short Hills Combined Qsd l-55.26 Summit East Orange - Canoe Brook 6-1978 Trb 44.44 Outside East Orange - Canoe Brook 5-1978 Trb 162.94 Outside NJ-American - Baltusrol Combined Trb 475.00 E Outside * Trb is Brunswick formation Qsd is Stratified drift