DOCSLIB.ORG

The Little Ice Age and Neutral Faunal Assemblages

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Little Ice Age and Neutral Faunal Assemblages CAMPBELL & CAMPBELL: LITTLE ICE AGE 13 The Little Ice Age and Neutral Faunal Assemblages Celina Campbell and Ian D. Campbell The Neutrals and their immediate ancestors lived in faunal use; however, this possibility is difficult to southwestern Ontario from ca. AD 1100 to 1650, a period analyze due to the paucity of ethnohistoric data on which saw a global climatic cooling episode known as the Little the Neutrals. This paper will focus only on the Ice Age (LIA), beginning ca. AD 1450. Neutral faunal possible ecological explanations, on the assump- assemblages at this time show a decrease in the relative frequencies of field-dwelling species (mainly woodchuck), tion that "people were not entirely selective in their while forest-dwellers (mainly deer) and dog increase. We animal food choices" (Crawford 1984). suggest two explanations for this shift. One is that the LIA increased the frequency of poor crop years, thus making Neutral Subsistence horticulture a less reliable subsistence strategy and compelling the Neutrals to rely more on meat. The other is Daillon (1866) records that the Neutral diet con- that population increases resulted in the creation of more sisted primarily of maize, beans, and squash, abun- field-edge environments, thus in-creasing the habitat dantly supplemented by fish, deer, beaver, and available for deer. The decline in woodchuck may have been wapiti. According to Sagard (1939) deer were more caused by the increase in dog, bred both for food and crop- abundant in Neutralia than in Huronia. The Neutral protection. These two hypotheses are not mutually diet is said to have been similar to that of the exclusive. Hurons, differing mainly in the species of fish which were available to them and the greater con- Introduction sumption of fruits and nuts in Neutralia (Daillon The Little Ice Age (LIA) (Lamb 1977; Bernabo 1866). The ethnohistoric dietary record cor- 1981; Gajewski 1987; McAndrews 1988), a period responds well with the archaeological evidence of of cooler climate extending from ca. AD 1450 to historic Neutral faunal assemblages (Prevec and 1850, has received little archaeological attention in Noble, 1986). southern Ontario. Our aim is to document and A cross-cultural comparison of faunal as- explain changes in prehistoric subsistence patterns semblages should reflect cultural differences. in southwestern Ontario which may have been re- Prevec and Noble (1986) note the abundance of lated to climatic change. The Neutrals were chosen deer, racoons and squirrels on historic Neutral sites, for this study for three reasons: (1) they and their whereas the contemporary Petun faunal as- direct ancestors lived both before and during the semblages are notable for a paucity of deer and an LIA, allowing a before and after comparison, (2) abundance of beaver, woodchuck and black bear. they lived near the northern border of the temperate The differences in assemblages are believed to deciduous forest province in southwestern Ontario, reflect mainly the Petun role in the Georgian Bay an ecotone in which we would expect to see the fur trade (Prevec and Noble 1986). ecological consequences of small climatic fluctua- tions (Noble 1984; McAndrews and Manville The Climatic History of Ontario 1987) (Fig. 1) and (3). Twenty-seven faunal analyses of Neutral and pre-Neutral sites were After AD 1000 available to provide data for our study. Oguntoyinbo (1986) notes that climatologists are increasingly finding "teleconnections", that is, If there are statistically significant changes strong correlations of climatic phenomena in widely through time in Neutral faunal assemblages, this separated geographical areas. The practice of would require explanation. We offer two: (1) that inferring paleoclimates in areas which lack good subsistence strategies changed due to climatic records by correlation with nearby regions is gain- change, or (2) that they changed due to increasing ing credence with paleoecologists and human impact on the environment. A shift in cul- paleoclimatologists. tural preferences could have resulted in a change in 14 ONTARIO ARCHAEOLOGY NO. 49 Southwestern Ontario is one of the most fertile Mississippian regime. Dincauze and Hasenstab areas in Canada, with the mildest climate in the (1989) suggest that Iroquoian development was in eastern part of the country. Most of this area part encouraged by the LIA, which, they suggest, receives between 760 and 1,014 mm of precipitation caused the decline of Cahokia, and allowed more annually, and mean annual temperatures range peripheral regions to develop independently. between 6.4° - 9.3°; the frost-free period runs from Borehole temperature logs taken in the region of 129 to 198 days (Environment Canada 1982 a,b,c). Hearst and Kapuskasing in northern Ontario indi- The area lies in the transition zone between the cool cate a short period of warm climate from AD 900 to temperate Great Lakes-St. Lawrence forest province 1250, followed by a gradual cooling of about 2°C and the temperate deciduous forest province lasting until about AD 1800, after which the climate (McAndrews and Manville 1987). rapidly warms to modern values, which are similar Griffin (1961) noted the probable impact of the to those of the period from AD 900 to 1250. Al- deteriorating climate of the LIA on the Oneota and though these climatic fluctuations are of small mag- other groups in eastern North America, yet sug- nitude, their effect on the vegetation in some gested that the Iroquois did not suffer from the LIA locations is quite significant. Most estimates agree due to the ameliorating effects of the Great Lakes. that the LIA in the northern hemisphere represented a This suggestion was based on the lack of any ob- cooling of between 1 ° and 2° C. Although this servable cultural deterioration in Iroquois prehistory sounds like a small difference, temperatures at the during the LIA and may have led to an assumption end of the Wisconsin glaciation are estimated to on the part of many investigators that the LIA had have been only 5° - 6° colder than at present (West, no influence on cultures in southern Ontario. 1979). Baerreis and Bryson (1965) and Baerreis et al. Pollen diagrams from Crawford Lake, Ontario (1976) amplify Griffin's work in the Upper (McAndrews, 1988), Marion Lake, Michigan (Ber- FIGURE 1 Locations of sites used in this paper. 1: Dewaele, a Glen-Meyer site. 2: Cooper (Glen-Meyer). 3: Force (Glen-Meyer). 4: Gunby (Late Pickering). 5: Collins (Glen-Meyer and/or Uren). 6: Perry (Middleport). 7: Moyer (Middleport/Early Neutral). 8: Pound (Middleport/Early Neutral). 9. Winking Bull (Middleport/Early Neutral). 10: Harrietsville. 11: Morriston (formerly Ivan-Elliott). 12: Chypchar (formerly Billie Goat's Gruff). 13: Wolfe Creek. 14: Raymond Reid. 15: Macpherson. 16: Knight-Tucker. 17: Cleveland. 18: Brown. 19: Christianson. 20: Sherk-Sahs. 21: Thorold. 22: Bogle 1.23: Bogle 2.24: Hood. 25: McIntosh. 26: Walker. 27: Hamilton. CAMPBELL & CAMPBELL: LITTLE ICE AGE 15 FIGURE 2 Pollen diagrams of selected taxa from Crawford Lake, Marion Lake, and Gignac Lake. Redrawn from McAndrews (1988), Bernabo (1981), and Burden et al. (1985) 16 ONTARIO ARCHAEOLOGY NO.49 FIGURE 3 Calibrated pollen climate transfer curve for Michigan. Redrawn from Bernabo (1981). nabo, 1981), and Gignac Lake, Ontario (Burden et to even a slight cooling of the climate. There is little al., 1986) are sufficiently detailed to show small doubt that the suddenness of the increase in oak and climatic fluctuations over the last 1,000 years (Fig. pine following the arrival of maize is due to forest 2). McAndrews and Boyko-Diakonow (in press) clearance and field abandonment (McAndrews and analyzed annually laminated sediments from Craw- Boyko-Diakonow, in press). However, the failure ford Lake, in southern Ontario. The resulting record of the forest to return to its previous beech- extends back to AD 1000, at which time the pollen dominated assemblage following field abandon- record is dominated by beech, maple, elm, oak and ment may be due either to ecological inertia or to a birch (Fig. 2). Hemlock is also common but its climatic deterioration which occurred in the interim paleoclimatic significance is unclear at this time. (McAndrews, 1988). This mixed hardwood forest yields to a mixed The Gignac Lake diagram (Fig. 2) from Awenda pine-oak-birch forest ca AD 1400, a change which Provincial Park, on the south shore of Georgian McAndrews and Boyko-Diakonow attribute in part Bay, also shows the effect of Indian horticulture to Indian clearing of the forest and to old field (Burden et al., 1986). Maize pollen appears in small succession. After AD 1850, this forest in turn yields quantities in subzone 3d (the same zonation is used to European agricultural fields, which show up in in McAndrews and Boyko-Diakonow, in press). the diagram as a dramatic increase in grass and However, as with Crawford Lake, beech begins its ragweed, and a decrease in oak and pine. However, decline prior to the subzone 3c/3d transition, which beech is already in decline by AD 1200, well before represents the onset of local Indian horticulture. the first appearance of maize pollen at Crawford Lake in AD 1360. This cannot be explained by the Bernabo (1981) does not discuss the possible effects of local Indian horticulture, as no other taxa effects of Indian horticulture in Michigan, but does show an appreciable decline at this time and herb note that "beech pollen undergoes a protracted pollen does not rise. Very large portions of the decline at each site from AD 1200 to 1600, generally surrounding region would have to have been af- hitting its lowest levels about AD 1450" (Bernabo, fected by man for pollen transport from long dis- 1981). He further develops a calibrated pollen- tances to account for the changes in relative climate transfer function, and applies it to the fossil importance of the tree taxa.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Route and Purpose of Champlain's Journey to the Petun in 1616
    Document généré le 24 sept. 2021 08:18 Ontario History The Route and Purpose of Champlain’s Journey to the Petun in 1616 Charles Garrad Volume 107, numéro 2, fall 2015 Résumé de l'article Dans cet essai, nous revisitons l’expédition entreprise par Samuel de URI : https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1050633ar Champlain, lors de laquelle il rencontra les Odawas, les Petuns, ainsi que des DOI : https://doi.org/10.7202/1050633ar délégations de Neutres qui se trouvaient dans la région. Tout en confirmant les conclusions déjà établies, nous émettons de nouvelles hypothèses sur les Aller au sommaire du numéro raisons pourquoi la poursuite de la route qui conduirait vers les Neutres et ensuite vers l’Orient n’a pas eu lieu.. Éditeur(s) The Ontario Historical Society ISSN 0030-2953 (imprimé) 2371-4654 (numérique) Découvrir la revue Citer cet article Garrad, C. (2015). The Route and Purpose of Champlain’s Journey to the Petun in 1616. Ontario History, 107(2), 159–178. https://doi.org/10.7202/1050633ar Copyright © The Ontario Historical Society, 2015 Ce document est protégé par la loi sur le droit d’auteur. L’utilisation des services d’Érudit (y compris la reproduction) est assujettie à sa politique d’utilisation que vous pouvez consulter en ligne. https://apropos.erudit.org/fr/usagers/politique-dutilisation/ Cet article est diffusé et préservé par Érudit. Érudit est un consortium interuniversitaire sans but lucratif composé de l’Université de Montréal, l’Université Laval et l’Université du Québec à Montréal. Il a pour mission la promotion et la valorisation de la recherche.
    [Show full text]
  • Green Door #3
    The Green Door Citizens Supporting Ontario's Prosperous and Sustainable Future The Yorklands Green Hub Newsletter | April 2015 | No. 3 Greetings from the YGH Board We see YGH as part of the change- making. We have been assured that if GREAT NEWS: we can show enough public support for Yorklands Green Hub it will OUR FIRST happen. YOUR support is therefore critical to the Yorklands Green A.G.M.! Hub. Food and water security as The Yorklands Green Hub community health concerns, and will be holding its first sustainable urban agriculture (as The Superintendent's house Annual General Meeting on outlined in the Ontario Local Food Thursday, April 23rd at Act) will be central to our focus and We have important news to share with Innovation Guelph research. our supporters and members! 111 Farquhar St. Our renewable energy demon- Last fall we were informed by the strations will be the third pillar of our 7:00 PM Ministry of Infrastructure Ontario that outreach. Lifestyle changes are the Yorklands Green Hub lands and coming, and achieving carbon buildings will not be for lease, but BECOME A MEMBER TODAY! neutrality in our municipalities is a will only be for sale. We are now key overall goal. fundraising to purchase the Super- YGH is now a The “adaptive reuse” and “signifi- intendent's house and approximately membership cant natural area” designations on our 47 acres of the former Guelph organization. chosen site are important for us. Correctional Centre heritage site. This is a huge step for YGH, but one which will give us a more secure footing for We need a strong membership our eco-centre for the public good.
    [Show full text]
  • Glendale Solar Project Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment October, 2011
    Glendale Solar Project Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment October, 2011 Disclaimer This report has been prepared by or on behalf of Northland Power Inc. for submission to the Ontario Ministry of the Environment as part of the Renewable Energy Approval process. The content of this report is not intended for the use of, nor is it intended to be relied upon by, any other person. Neither Northland Power Inc. nor any of its directors, officers, employees, agents or consultants has any liability whatsoever for any loss, damage or injury suffered by any third party arising out of, or in connection with, their use of this report. Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment Glendale Solar Project (FIT –FAH1BFV) Township of South Glengarry United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry Prepared for Hatch Ltd. 4342 Queen Street, Suite 500, Niagara Falls, ON, L2E 7J7 Tel: (905) 374-0701 ext. 5313 Fax: (905) 374-1157 & The Ontario Ministry of Tourism and Culture By P. Hoskins, B.A. and T. Stilling, M.A. Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. 97 Gatewood Road, Kitchener, ON N2M 4E3 Tel: (519) 835-4427 Fax: (519) 954-4797 Reviewed by P.J. Racher, M.A. CAHP Ontario Ministry of Tourism and Culture Licence# P-007 Project # P007-245 PIF# P007-245-2010 August 2010 Revised January 2011 Stage 1-2 Archaeological Assessment, Glendale Solar Project (FIT – FAH1BFV), South Glengarry Township, Ontario. ii ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction 1 2.0 Location
    [Show full text]
  • Indiana Archaeology
    INDIANA ARCHAEOLOGY Volume 5 Number 2 2010/2011 Indiana Department of Natural Resources Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology (DHPA) ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Indiana Department of Natural Resources Robert E. Carter, Jr., Director and State Historic Preservation Officer Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology (DHPA) James A. Glass, Ph.D., Director and Deputy State Historic Preservation Officer DHPA Archaeology Staff James R. Jones III, Ph.D., State Archaeologist Amy L. Johnson Cathy L. Draeger-Williams Cathy A. Carson Wade T. Tharp Editors James R. Jones III, Ph.D., State Archaeologist Amy L. Johnson, Senior Archaeologist and Archaeology Outreach Coordinator Cathy A. Carson, Records Check Coordinator Publication Layout: Amy L. Johnson Additional acknowledgments: The editors wish to thank the authors of the submitted articles, as well as all of those who participated in, and contributed to, the archaeological projects which are highlighted. Cover design: The images which are featured on the cover are from several of the individual articles included in this journal. Mission Statement: The Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology promotes the conservation of Indiana’s cultural resources through public education efforts, financial incentives including several grant and tax credit programs, and the administration of state and federally mandated legislation. 2 For further information contact: Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology 402 W. Washington Street, Room W274 Indianapolis, Indiana 46204-2739 Phone: 317/232-1646 Email: [email protected] www.IN.gov/dnr/historic 2010/2011 3 Indiana Archaeology Volume 5 Number 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Authors of articles were responsible for ensuring that proper permission for the use of any images in their articles was obtained.
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural Landscapes Inventory Arlington House, The
    National Park Service Cultural Landscapes Inventory 2009 Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial Table of Contents Inventory Unit Summary & Site Plan Concurrence Status Geographic Information and Location Map Management Information National Register Information Chronology & Physical History Analysis & Evaluation of Integrity Condition Treatment Bibliography & Supplemental Information Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial Inventory Unit Summary & Site Plan Inventory Summary The Cultural Landscapes Inventory Overview: CLI General Information: Purpose and Goals of the CLI The Cultural Landscapes Inventory (CLI), a comprehensive inventory of all cultural landscapes in the national park system, is one of the most ambitious initiatives of the National Park Service (NPS) Park Cultural Landscapes Program. The CLI is an evaluated inventory of all landscapes having historical significance that are listed on or eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places, or are otherwise managed as cultural resources through a public planning process and in which the NPS has or plans to acquire any legal interest. The CLI identifies and documents each landscape’s location, size, physical development, condition, landscape characteristics, character-defining features, as well as other valuable information useful to park management. Cultural landscapes become approved CLIs when concurrence with the findings is obtained from the park superintendent and all required data fields are entered into a national database. In addition, for landscapes that are not currently listed on the National Register and/or do not have adequate documentation, concurrence is required from the State Historic Preservation Officer or the Keeper of the National Register.
    [Show full text]
  • Captain John Smith Chesapeake National Historic Trail Connecting
    CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH CHESAPEAKE NATIONAL HISTORIC TRAIL CONNECTING TRAILS EVALUATION STUDY 410 Severn Avenue, Suite 405 Annapolis, MD 21403 CONTENTS Acknowledgments 2 Executive Summary 3 Statement of Study Findings 5 Introduction 9 Research Team Reports 10 Anacostia River 11 Chester River 15 Choptank River 19 Susquehanna River 23 Upper James River 27 Upper Nanticoke River 30 Appendix: Research Teams’ Executive Summaries and Bibliographies 34 Anacostia River 34 Chester River 37 Choptank River 40 Susquehanna River 44 Upper James River 54 Upper Nanticoke River 56 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are truly thankful to the research and project team, led by John S. Salmon, for the months of dedicated research, mapping, and analysis that led to the production of this important study. In all, more than 35 pro- fessionals, including professors and students representing six universities, American Indian representatives, consultants, public agency representatives, and community leaders contributed to this report. Each person brought an extraordinary depth of knowledge, keen insight and a personal devotion to the project. We are especially grateful for the generous financial support that we received from the following private foundations, organizations and corporate partners: The Morris & Gwendolyn Cafritz Foundation, The Clay- ton Fund, Inc., Colcom Foundation, The Conservation Fund, Lockheed Martin, the Richard King Mellon Foundation, The Merrill Foundation, the Pennsylvania Environmental Council, the Rauch Foundation, The Peter Jay Sharp Foundation, Verizon, Virginia Environmental Endowment and the Wallace Genetic Foundation. Without their support this project would simply not have been possible. Finally, we would like to extend a special thank you to the board of directors of the Chesapeake Conser- vancy, and to John Maounis, Superintendent of the National Park Service Chesapeake Bay Office, for their leadership and unwavering commitment to the Captain John Smith Chesapeake Trail.
    [Show full text]
  • “Unveiling the Past: Current Contributions to Pennsylvania Archaeology”
    1 The 90th Annual Meeting The Society for Pennsylvania Archaeology April 5-7, 2019 “Unveiling the Past: Current Contributions to Pennsylvania Archaeology” Hosted by the Mon-Yough Chapter #3 Ramada Inn by Wyndham Uniontown, Pennsylvania 2 3 The Society for Pennsylvania Archaeology, Inc. Officers Jonathan Libbon …………………………………….………………..President Jonathan A. Burns………………………………….…..First Vice-President Thomas Glover ………………………………………Second Vice-President Roger Moeller…………………………………………………………………Editor Judy Duritsa……………………………………………………………..Secretary Ken Burkett………………………………………………………………Treasurer Roger Moeller……………………………………………………….…Webmaster Directors Susanne Haney Angela Jaillett-Wentling Paul Nevin Valerie Perazio Mon-Yough Chapter #3 Officers John P. Nass, Jr. ………………………………………………………..President Susan Toia………………………………………………………….Vice-President Carl Maurer………………………………………………………………..Treasurer Phil Shandorf……………..…………………………Corresponding Secretary Douglas Corwin………………………………………………….……..Webmaster 4 Location of meeting Rooms Hospitality Suite RAMADA INN FLOOR PLAN 5 Organizing Committee Program Chair: John P. Nass, Jr. Book Room: Donald Rados Hospitality Suite Arrangements: Bob Harris and Dwayne Santella Local Arrangements: Phil Shandorf Website: Douglas Corwin Registration: Carl Maurer All PAC and SPA sessions will be held at the Ramada Inn by Wyndham Uniontown, PA MEETING INFORMATION Please Note: Titles followed by an asterisk are student papers entered in the Fred Kinsey Competition. The PAC Board and Business Meeting on Friday morning will be held in the Appalachian Ridge and Laurel Ridge Room. SPA Board Meeting on Friday evening at 6:00 pm will be in the Appalachian Ridge and Laurel Ridge Rooms. Registration Table: The Oasis Area outside of the Book Room and Lounge near the pool. The General Business Meeting on Saturday morning at 8:00 am will be in the Appalachian Ridge and Laurel Ridge Rooms. The Hospitality Suite on Friday and Saturday evenings will be in the Managers Suite, Second Floor, Room 279.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science
    Special Issue of the JOURNAL OF THE PENNSYLVANIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE SUSQUEHANNA RIVER HEATHLAND COALITION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES (SRHCES) Editors Jane E. Huffman1, Ahmed Lachhab2, Carlos A. Iudica2, Larry Laubach1 SRHCES 1Department of Biological Sciences 2SRHCES c/o SEDA-COG East Stroudsburg University 201 Furnace Rd East Stroudsburg, PA 18301 Lewisburg, PA 17837 ISSN: 1044-6753 - March 2014 - Special Issue Founded on April 18, 1924 Copyright© 2014 All Rights Reserved March 2014: Volume 88 Issue 1 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 H.W. “SKIP” WIEDER FORWARD 2 A. LACHHAB AND C. A. IUDICA SKIP WIEDER…THE ‘YES’ MAN 3 MARK LAWRENCE AND RENEÉ CAREY MIDDLE CREEK WATER ASSESSMENT USING WATER QUALITY INDEX (WQI) 4 AHMED LACHHAB, MATTHEW BEREN, BRIAN ZUIDERVLIET BIOACCUMULATION OF METHYLMERCURY IN NEOVISON VISON (SCHREBER, 1777) 13 POPULATIONS OF THE SUSQUEHANNA RIVER VALLEY MATTHEW R. BROWN AND CARLOS A. IUDICA13 FACTORS INFLUENCING WALLEYE (SANDER VITREUS) YEAR CLASS STRENGTH IN THE 20 UPPER SUSQUEHANNA RIVER ROBERT T. WNUK NATIVE AMERICANS IN THE SUSQUEHANNA RIVER VALLEY: AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL 28 SUMMARY DAVID J. MINDERHOUT WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF THE LOWER WEST BRANCH – SUSQUEHANNA RIVER: 40 FOCUS ON SEWAGE TREATMENT† MELVIN C. ZIMMERMAN, LYNETTE DOOLEY40 ASSESSMENT OF PASSIVE AND ACTIVE MACROINVERTEBRATE COLLECTION METHODS IN 47 ADJACENT REACHES ON THE UPPER MAIN STEM OF THE SUSQUEHANNA RIVER KATHERINE GUILD, ANDREW ANTHONY, MICHAEL BILGER, AND JACK HOLT BIOASSESSMENT OF BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES OF THE MIDDLE PENNS CREEK, 57 PENNSYLVANIA WATERSHED JOHN PANAS, JONATHAN NILES, SAM SILKNETTER, MICHAEL BILGER MUSSEL POPULATION AND DISTRIBUTION ON BUFFALO CREEK, AN AMERICAN EEL 63 STOCKED TRIBUTARY TO THE WEST BRANCH SUSQUEHANNA RIVER SEAN P.
    [Show full text]
  • Waterdown Village Historic Context Statement, Draft
    Historic Context Statement Draft – August 2020 Waterdown Village Historic Context Statement The Village of Waterdown, incorporated in 1878, is a significant historic settlement area in the community of Flamborough in the City of Hamilton. Located in the former Township of East Flamborough, Waterdown’s early Euro-Canadian settlement was influenced by the construction of the military road, known as Dundas Street, and the area’s natural topography. The area now known as Waterdown was first developed in the early-nineteenth century as a thriving industrial and agricultural area. It functioned as an important transportation centre for the flow of people and goods by providing a gentle route up the Escarpment, acting as a hub for early stage coach routes and connecting to water transport at Brown’s Wharf (now LaSalle Park in the City of Burlington). The village continues to play an important role in the interconnected Greater Toronto Hamilton Area, resulting in significant volumes of pass-through traffic. Though many of Waterdown’s residents no longer work in the village, many of the commercial, residential industrial and institutional buildings on which the village was founded remain, as does its historic character and charm. Village residents have continued to demonstrate their commitment and interest in conserving their collective history through the adaptive reuse and preservation of historic structures, an active and involved historical society and local heritage advocacy group, and the creation of the heritage conservation district in
    [Show full text]
  • Indexes to Petun-Wyandot References in the Jesuit Relations
    INDEXES TO PETUN-WYANDOT REFERENCES IN THE JESUIT RELATIONS compiled by Charles Garrad INTRODUCTION: The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents published between 1896 and 1901 in seventy-three volumes by The Burrows Brothers Company, edited by Reuben Gold Thwaites, contain many references to the Petun (Wyandot) in the seventeenth century, both by original contemporary observers, and as added editorial introduction and explanatory endnotes. The following text is intended to be a finding aid to Petun references. In the first section, references are noted by volume, and in the second section by subject. It is not always possible to identify post-Dispersal Petuns as such. Petun captives among the Iroquois after 1650 (the earlist known being taken at St. Jean in December 1649) are usually referred to as Hurons. When `Hurons' are clearly Petuns, as in the far west after 1652, the text use of Huron may be changed to Petun, allowing the term Huron to apply to those Wyandots who went to Quebec. Some original spellings and grammatical eccentricities are retained in quotations (which may not be indicated as such), others are anglicised through Spell-Check, or to conform to current Canadian usage (e.g. Odawa for Ottawa, Outaouatac, etc.). Other minor modifications occur. REFERENCES BY VOLUME PETUN REFERENCES IN JR1: located south-west of Hurons 1:21-22; cultivate tobacco 1:22; barter with other tribes 1:22; Charles Garnier & Isaac Jogues go to Petuns 1:24; Hurons flee to Petuns 1:26; Charles Garnier and Noel Chabanel killed 1:26, Louis Honare,enhak (not named) 1:26; presence of Jesuits a curse 1:26; Jesuits 1:26; Petuns destroyed by Iroquois 1:27; Iroquois 1:27; tattooing 1:279; St.
    [Show full text]
  • The Nochta Site: the Early^ Middle^ and Late Archaic Occupations
    The Nochta Site: The Early^ Middle^ and Late Archaic Occupations Michael J. Higgins with contributions by Andrew C. Fortier, Douglas K. Jackson, Kathryn E. Parker, and Mary Simon American Bottom Archaeology FAI-270 Site Reports AMERICAN BOTTOM ARCHAEOLOGY FAI-270 Site Reports Edited by Walthall Charles J. Bareis and James A. regions This multi-volume series on one of the-most significant archaeological Administration and in North America is co-sponsored by the Federal Highway report on excavation the Illinois Department of Transportation. The volumes floodplain of sites affected by the construction of Interstate Highway 270 on the across the of the Mississippi River in Monroe, St. Clair, and Madison counties river from St. Louis. of the anthropology department at the University Charles J. Bareis is a member Archaeologist of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and John A. Walthall is Chief actively involved for the Illinois Department of Transportation. Both have been in the excavations of the American Bottom. Volumes Now Available 1. The East St. Louis Stone Quarry Site Cemetery George R. Milner 2. The Florence Street Site K. Thomas E. Emerson, George R. Milner, and Douglas Jackson 3. The Missouri Pacific #2 Site Dale L. McElrath and Andrew C. Fortier 4. The Turner and DeMange Sites George R. Milner 5. The Mund Site Andrew C. Fortier, Fred A. Finney, and Richard B. Lacampagne 6. The BBB Motor Site Thomas E. Emerson and Douglas K. Jackson 7. The Julien Site George R. Milner 8. The Fish Lake Site Andrew C. Fortier, Richard B. Lacampagne, and Fred A. Finney 9. The Go-Kart North Site and The Dyroff and Levin Sites Andrew C.
    [Show full text]
  • THE GROWTH of BRITISH INFLUENCE AMONG the SENECA to 1768 John R
    THE GROWTH OF BRITISH INFLUENCE AMONG THE SENECA TO 1768 John R. Sahli eighteenth century saw the British gain the trade and political advantages formerly held by the French over the powerful Seneca Thein what is now western New York. The strategic position of Niagara in French hands, the influence of Chabert de Joncaire, 1 and the distance between the Seneca nation and the centers of British in- fluence were removed by the French and Indian War. At its end the possession of Niagara, the influence of Sir William Johnson, 2 and the aroused Indian anger against the westward expansion of the Americans gave the British those advantages formerly held by the French. The unhampered British position enabled them to increase their influence and the Seneca finally entered the Revolution against the Americans. To understand the reasons for this change-over, one must recog- nize the factors responsible for the French influence and the methods used by the British in winning the loyalty of the Seneca. This analysis must begin with the French occupation of the Seneca country. The Spread of French Influence among the Seneca In the latter part of the seventeenth century, the Iroquois Con- federacy, in an imperialistic struggle for the rich fur trade that gave itnot only a commodity that insured it desirable trade advantages with Dr. Sahli is professor of—Social Science at Indiana University of Pennsyl- vania, Indiana, Pennsylvania. Ed. 1 Louis Thomas de Joncaire, seigneur of Chabert, commandant at Niagara, 1720-30, came to Canada in 1687 and was shortly afterwards taken prisoner by the Seneca.
    [Show full text]