Appendix 1: PCAST Members 1990-2017
Years of Race/ Position Name Gender Highest Degree Experience Expertise Service Ethnicity (at time of service)
President G.H.W Bush
Norman Borlaug 1990-1993 M White Distinguished Professor, Ph.D., Plant Academia Bio/Med Department of Soils and Pathology and Crop Sciences, Texas Genetics, A&M University University of Minnesota
D. Allan Bromley* 1990-1993 M White Assistant to the President Ph.D., Nuclear Academia Phys Sci for Science and Physics, University Technology; Director, of Rochester Office of Science and Technology Policy
Solomon 1990-1993 M White Senior Vice President, Ph.D., Physics, Industry Phys Sci Buchsbaum Technology Systems, Massachusetts AT&T Bell Laboratories Institute of Technology
Charles Drake 1990-1993 M White Albert Bradley Professor Ph.D., Geology, Academia Phys Sci of Earth Sciences and Columbia Professor of Geology, University Dartmouth College
Ralph Gomory 1990-1993 M White President, The Sloan Ph.D., Academia; Eng Foundation Mathematics, Industry; Princeton Ex-Government University
Mary L. Good 1991-1993 F White Senior Vice President, Ph.D., Chemistry, Academia; Phys Sci Research and University of Industry Technology, Allied- Arkansas Signal, Inc.
Science Advice to the President and the Role of PCAST
Years of Race/ Position Name Gender Highest Degree Experience Expertise Service Ethnicity (at time of service)
Bernadine Healy** 1990-1991 F White Director, Research M.D., Harvard Academia; Bio/Med Institute at the Cleveland University Industry; Clinic Foundation Ex-Government
Peter Likins 1990-1993 M White President, Lehigh Ph.D., Engineering Academia Eng University Mechanics, Stanford University
Thomas Lovejoy 1990-1993 M White Assistant Secretary for Ph.D., Biology, Yale Academia; Bio/Med External Affairs, The University Ex-Government Smithsonian Institution
Walter E. Massey 1990-1991 M Black or Director, Argonne Ph.D., Physics, Academia; Phys Sci African National Laboratory; Washington Ex-Government American Professor of Physics, University in St. University of Chicago Louis
John McTague 1990-1993 M White Vice President, Technical Ph.D., Chemistry, Academia; Phys Sci Affairs, Ford Motor Brown University Industry; Company Ex-Government
Thomas J. Murrin 1990-1993 M White Dean, School of Business B.S., Physics, Academia; Eng and Administration, Fordham Industry; Duquesne University University Ex-Government
Daniel Nathans 1990-1993 M White Professor of Molecular M.D., Washington Academia Bio/Med Biology and Genetics, University in St. Johns Hopkins University Louis School of Medicine
David Packard 1990-1993 M White Chairman of the Board, M.S., Electrical Industry; Eng Hewlett-Packard Engineering, Ex-Government Company Stanford University
Harold Shapiro** 1990-1993 M White President, Princeton Ph.D., Economics, Academia SocSci University Princeton University
2 Science Advice to the President and the Role of PCAST
Years of Race/ Position Name Gender Highest Degree Experience Expertise Service Ethnicity (at time of service)
President Bill Clinton
Norman R. 1994-2001 M White Former Chairman and B.S.E., Industry Eng Augustine CEO, Lockheed Martin Aeronautical Corporation Engineering, Princeton University
Francisco J. Ayala 1994-2001 M Hispanic Donald Bren Professor of Ph.D., Biology, Academia Bio/Med or Latino Biological Sciences, Columbia Professor of Philosophy, University University of California, Irvine
John M. Deutch 1998-2001 M White Institute Professor, Ph.D., Physical Academia; Phys Sci Department of Chemistry, Ex-Government Chemistry, Massachusetts Massachusetts Institute of Technology Institute of Technology
Murray Gell-Mann 1994-2001 M White Professor, Santa Fe Ph.D., Physics, Academia Phys Sci Institute; R.A. Millikan Massachusetts Professor Emeritus of Institute of Theoretical Physics, Technology California Institute of Technology
John H. Gibbons* 1994-1998 M White Assistant to the President Ph.D., Nuclear Ex-Government Phys Sci for Science and Physics, Duke Technology; Director, University Office of Science and Technology Policy
David Hamburg 1994-2001 M White President Emeritus, M.D., Indiana Academia Bio/Med Carnegie Corporation of University New York
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Years of Race/ Position Name Gender Highest Degree Experience Expertise Service Ethnicity (at time of service)
John P. Holdren 1994-2001 M White Class of 1935 Professor of Ph.D., Aerospace Academia Phys Sci Energy, University of Engineering and California, Berkeley; Theoretical Teresa and John Heinz Plasma Physics, Professor of Stanford Environmental Policy, University John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University
Neal Lane* 1998-2001 M White Assistant to the President Ph.D., Physics, Academia; Phys Sci for Science and University of Ex-Government Technology; Director, Oklahoma Office of Science and Technology Policy
Diana MacArthur 1994-2001 F White Chair and CEO, B.A., Economics, Industry Eng Dynamac Corporation Vassar University
Shirley M. Malcom 1994-2001 F Black or Head, Directorate for Ph.D., Ecology, Academia SocSci African Education and Human Pennsylvania State American Resources Programs, University American Association for the Advancement of Science
Mario J. Molina 1994-2001 M Hispanic Lee and Geraldine Ph.D., Chemistry, Academia Phys Sci or Latino Martin Professor of University of Environmental Sciences, California, Massachusetts Institute of Berkeley Technology; Institute Professor, Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
4 Science Advice to the President and the Role of PCAST
Years of Race/ Position Name Gender Highest Degree Experience Expertise Service Ethnicity (at time of service)
Peter H. Raven 1994-2001 M White Director, Missouri Ph.D., Botany, Academia Bio/Med Botanical Garden; University of Engelmann Professor of California, Los Botany, Washington Angeles University in St. Louis
Sally K. Ride 1994-2001 F White Director, California Ph.D., Physics, Academia; Phys Sci Space Institute; Professor Stanford Ex-Government of Physics, University of University California, San Diego
Judith Rodin 1994-2001 F White President, University of Ph.D., Psychology, Academia SocSci Pennsylvania Columbia University
Charles A. Sanders 1994-2001 M White Former Chairman and M.D., University Academia; Bio/Med CEO, Glaxo-Wellcome of Texas Industry Inc. Southwestern Medical College
Phillip A. Sharp 1994-1997 M White Professor of Biology; Ph.D., Chemistry, Academia Bio/Med Head, Department of University of Biology, Massachusetts Illinois at Institute of Technology Champaign- Urbana
David E. Shaw 1994-2001 M White CEO, D.E. Shaw and Co.; Ph.D., Computer Academia Bio/Med Chairman, D.E. Shaw and Science, Stanford Co. and Juno Online University Services
Charles M. Vest 1994-2001 M White President, Massachusetts Ph.D., Mechanical Academia Eng Institute of Technology Engineering, University of Michigan
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Years of Race/ Position Name Gender Highest Degree Experience Expertise Service Ethnicity (at time of service)
Virginia V. Weldon 1994-2001 F White Senior Vice President for M.D., State Academia; Bio/Med Public Policy, Monsanto University of New Industry Company; Director, York at Buffalo Center for the Study of American Business, Washington University in St. Louis
Lilian Wu 1994-2001 F Asian Member, Research Staff, Ph.D., Applied Academia Eng Thomas J. Watson Mathematics, Research Center, IBM; Cornell University Research Scientist and Consultant, Corporate Technical Strategy Development, IBM
John A. Young* 1994-2001 M White Former President and M.B.A., Stanford Industry Eng CEO, Hewlett-Packard University Co.
President G.W. Bush
F. Duane Ackerman 2006-2009 M White Former Chairman and M.S., Industry Eng CEO, BellSouth Management, Corporation Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Paul M. Anderson 2006-2009 M White Chairman of the Board, M.B.A., Stanford Industry Eng Spectra Energy University Corporation
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Years of Race/ Position Name Gender Highest Degree Experience Expertise Service Ethnicity (at time of service)
Charles J. Arntzen 2001-2009 M White Director, Arizona Ph.D., Cell Academia Bio/Med Biomedical Institute and Physiology, The Florence Ely Nelson Purdue University Presidential Chair, Department of Plant Biology, Arizona State University
Norman R. 2001-2009 M White Former Chairman and B.S.E., Industry; Eng Augustine CEO, Lockheed Martin Aeronautical Ex-Government Corporation Engineering, Princeton University
Carol Bartz 2001-2009 F White Executive Chairman of B.S., Computer Industry Eng the Board, President, and Science, CEO, Autodesk, Inc. University of Wisconsin- Madison
M. Kathleen 2001-2009 F White Managing Director, RS Ph.D., Industry Bio/Med Behrens Investments; General Microbiology, Partner, RS & Co., University of Venture Partners California, Davis
Erich Bloch 2001-2009 M White Corporate R&D B.S., Electrical Industry; Eng Management Consultant, Engineering, Ex-Government The Washington University of Advisory Group; Buffalo Director, The Washington Advisory Group
Robert Brown 2006-2009 M White President, Boston Ph.D., Chemical Academia Eng University Engineering, University of Minnesota
7 Science Advice to the President and the Role of PCAST
Years of Race/ Position Name Gender Highest Degree Experience Expertise Service Ethnicity (at time of service)
Stephen B. Burke 2001-2005 M White President, Comcast Cable M.B.A., Harvard Industry Eng Communications University G. Wayne Clough 2001-2009 M White President, Georgia Ph.D., Civil Academia Eng Institute of Technology; Engineering, Secretary, Smithsonian University of Institution California, Berkeley
Michael S. Dell 2001-2009 M White Chairman and CEO, Dell No Degree, Industry Eng Computer Corporation University of Texas at Austin
Nance K. Dicciani 2006-2009 F White Former President and Ph.D. Chemical Industry Eng CEO, Honeywell Engineering; Specialty Materials M.B.A., Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania
Raul Fernandez 2001-2009 M Hispanic CEO, Dimension Data of B.A., Economics, Industry Eng or Latino North America; CEO, University of ObjectVideo Maryland-College Park
Marye Anne Payne 2001-2009 F White Chancellor, North Ph.D., Chemistry, Academia Phys Sci Fox Carolina State University; Dartmouth Chancellor, University of College California, San Diego
Martha Gilliland 2001-2009 F White Chancellor, University of Ph.D., Academia Phys Sci Missouri-Kansas City; Environmental Senior Fellow, RAND: Engineering and Council for Aid to Systems Ecology, Education University of Florida
8 Science Advice to the President and the Role of PCAST
Years of Race/ Position Name Gender Highest Degree Experience Expertise Service Ethnicity (at time of service)
Ralph Gomory 2001-2009 M White President and Former Ph.D., Academia; Eng President, Alfred P. Sloan Mathematics, Industry; Foundation Princeton Ex-Government University
Bernadine Healy 2001-2009 F White Medical Senior Writer & M.D., Harvard Academia; Bio/Med Columnist, US News and University Industry; World Report; Retired Ex-Government President and CEO, American Red Cross
Robert J. Herbold 2001-2009 M White Retired Chief Operating Ph.D., Computer Industry Eng Officer and Former Science, Case Executive Vice President, Western Reserve Microsoft Corporation University
Richard H. Herman 2006-2009 M White Chancellor, University of Ph.D., Academia Eng Illinois at Urbana- Mathematics, Champaign University of Maryland-College Park
Martin J. Jischke 2006-2009 M White President and President Ph.D., Aeronautics Academia Eng Emeritus, Purdue and Astronautics, University Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Fred Kavli 2006-2009 M White Founder and Chairman, B.S.E., Industry Eng Kavli Foundation Engineering, Norwegian Institute of Technology
Barbara Kilberg 2001-2009 F White President, Northern J.D., Yale Ex-Government SocSci Virginia Technology University Council
9 Science Advice to the President and the Role of PCAST
Years of Race/ Position Name Gender Highest Degree Experience Expertise Service Ethnicity (at time of service)
E. Floyd Kvamme* 2000- M White Partner, Kleiner Perkins M.S., Industry Eng 2009 Caufield & Byers Semiconductor Material Science and Engineering, Syracuse University
John H. 2001-2009 M White Director, Office of Ph.D., Applied Academia Phys Sci Marburger* Science and Technology Physics, Stanford Policy University
Walter Massey 2001-2009 M Black or President and President Ph.D., Physics, Academia; Phys Sci African Emeritus, Morehouse Washington Ex-Government American College University in St. Louis
Gordon E. Moore 2001-2005 M White Chairman Emeritus, Intel Ph.D., Chemistry, Industry Eng Corporation California Institute of Technology
E. Kenneth 2001-2009 M Black or CEO, SageMetrics B.S., Industrial and Industry Eng Nwabueze African Manufacturing American Engineering; California State University- Northridge
Steven G. 2001-2009 M White Chairman, Powershift B.B.A., University Industry Eng Papermaster Ventures of Texas at Austin
Luis M. Proenza 2001-2009 M Hispanic President, University of Ph.D., Academia; Bio/Med or Latino Akron Neurobiology and Ex-Government Psychology, University of Minnesota
10 Science Advice to the President and the Role of PCAST
Years of Race/ Position Name Gender Highest Degree Experience Expertise Service Ethnicity (at time of service)
Daniel A. Reed 2006-2009 M White Director, Renaissance Ph.D., Computer Academia; Eng Computing Institute; Science, Purdue Industry Director of Scalable and University Multicore Computing Strategy, Microsoft Corporation
Hector de Jesus 2006-2007 M Hispanic Chairman and CEO, Ph.D., Electrical Industry Eng Ruiz or Latino Advanced Micro Devices, Engineering, Rice Inc. University
George Scalise 2001-2009 M White President, B.S.M.E., Industry Eng Semiconductor Industry Mechanical Association Engineering, Purdue University
Stratton Sclavos 2006-2009 M White Chairman of the Board, B.S., Electrical and Industry Eng President, and CEO, Computer VeriSign, Inc. Engineering, University of California, Davis
John Brooks 2006-2009 M Black or President and CEO, The Ph.D., Engineering Academia; Eng Slaughter African National Action Council Sciences, Ex-Government American for Minorities in University of Engineering California, San Diego
Joseph Tucci 2006-2009 M White Chairman, President, and M.S., Business Industry Eng CEO, EMC Corporation Policy, Columbia University
Charles M. Vest 2001-2009 M White President, National Ph.D., Mechanical Academia Eng Academy of Engineering; Engineering, President, Massachusetts University of Institute of Technology Michigan
11 Science Advice to the President and the Role of PCAST
Years of Race/ Position Name Gender Highest Degree Experience Expertise Service Ethnicity (at time of service)
Robert Witt 2006-2009 M White President, University of Ph.D., Economics, Academia SocSci Alabama Pennsylvania State University
Tadataka Yamada 2006-2009 M Asian President, Global Health M.D., New York Academia; Bio/Med Program, Bill and University Industry Melinda Gates Foundation
President Barack Obama
Wanda M. Austin 2015-2017 F Black or President and CEO, The Ph.D., Systems Industry Eng African Aerospace Corporation Engineering, American University of Southern California
Rosina Bierbaum 2009-2017 F White Professor, School of Ph.D., Ecology and Academia; Phys Sci Natural Resources and Evolution, Ex-Government Environment, University University of New of Michigan; Roy F. York at Stony Westin Chair in Natural Brook Economics, School of Public Policy, University of Maryland-College Park
Christine Cassel 2009-2017 F White Planning Dean, Kaiser M.D., University Academia Bio/Med Permanente School of of Massachusetts Medicine
Christopher Chyba 2009-2017 M White Professor, Astrophysical Ph.D., Astronomy Academia PhySci Sciences and and Space International Affairs, Sciences, Cornell Princeton University University
12 Science Advice to the President and the Role of PCAST
Years of Race/ Position Name Gender Highest Degree Experience Expertise Service Ethnicity (at time of service)
S. James Gates, Jr. 2009-2017 M Black or John S. Toll Professor of Ph.D., Theoretical Academia Phys Sci African Physics; Director, Center Physics, American for String and Particle Massachusetts Theory, University of Institute of Maryland-College Park Technology
Mark Gorenberg 2011-2017 M White Managing Member, Zetta M.S., Engineering Industry Eng Venture Partners Management, Stanford University
Susan L. Graham 2013-2017 F White Pehong Chen Ph.D., Computer Academia Eng Distinguished Professor Science, Stanford Emerita in Electrical University Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley
John P. Holdren* 2009-2017 M White Assistant to the President Ph.D., Aerospace Academia; Phys Sci for Science and Engineering and Ex-Government Technology; Director, Theoretical Office of Science and Plasma Physics, Technology Policy Stanford University
Shirley Ann 2009-2014 F Black or President, Rensselaer Ph.D., Physics, Academia; Phys Sci Jackson African Polytechnic Institute Massachusetts Ex-Government American Institute of Technology
Eric S. Lander* 2009-2017 M White President, Broad Institute Ph.D., Academia Bio/Med of Harvard and Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Oxford University Technology
13 Science Advice to the President and the Role of PCAST
Years of Race/ Position Name Gender Highest Degree Experience Expertise Service Ethnicity (at time of service) Richard Levin 2009 -2014 M White President, Yale Ph.D., Economics, Academia SocSci University Yale University
J. Michael 2013-2017 M White Senior Vice President for Ph.D., Physics, Industry Phys Sci McQuade Science and Technology, Carnegie Mellon United Technologies University Corporation
Chad Mirkin 2009-2017 M White George B. Rathmann Ph.D., Chemistry, Academia Phys Sci Professor of Chemistry; Pennsylvania State Director, International University Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University
Mario J. Molina 2009-2017 M Hispanic Distinguished Professor, Ph.D., Chemistry, Academia; Phys Sci or Latino Chemistry and University of Ex-Government Biochemistry, University California, of California, San Diego; Berkeley Professor, Center for Atmospheric Sciences, Scripps Institution of Oceanography
Ernest J. Moniz 2009-2013 M White Cecil and Ida Green Ph.D., Theoretical Academia; Phys Sci Professor of Physics and Physics, Stanford Ex-Government Engineering Systems; University Director, MIT’s Energy Initiative, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Craig Mundie 2009-2017 M White President, Mundie M.S., Information Industry Eng Associates Theory, Georgia Institute of Technology
14 Science Advice to the President and the Role of PCAST
Years of Race/ Position Name Gender Highest Degree Experience Expertise Service Ethnicity (at time of service) Edward Penhoet 2009 -2017 M White Director, Alta Partners; Ph.D., Academia; Bio/Med Professor Emeritus, Biochemistry, Industry Biochemistry and Public University of Health, University of Washington California, Berkeley
William Press** 2009-2017 M White Warren J. and Viola Mae Ph.D., Theoretical Academia Eng Raymer Professor in Physics, California Computer Science and Institute of Integrative Biology, Technology University of Texas at Austin
Maxine Savitz** 2009-2017 F White Retired General Manager Ph.D., Chemistry, Industry; Eng for Technology Massachusetts Ex-Government Partnerships at Institute of Honeywell, Inc. Technology
Barbara Schaal 2009-2017 F White Dean of the Faculty of Ph.D., Biology, Academia Bio/Med Arts and Sciences, Mary- Yale University Dell Chilton Distinguished Professor of Biology, Washington University of St. Louis
Eric Schmidt 2009-2017 M White Executive Chairman, Ph.D., Electrical Industry Eng Alphabet, Inc. Engineering, University of California, Berkeley
15 Science Advice to the President and the Role of PCAST
Years of Race/ Position Name Gender Highest Degree Experience Expertise Service Ethnicity (at time of service) Daniel Schrag 2009 -2017 M White Sturgis Hooper Professor Ph.D., Geology, Academia PhySci of Geology, Professor, University of Environmental Science California, and Engineering, Berkeley Harvard University; Director, Harvard University Center for Environment
David E. Shaw 2009-2013 M White Chief Scientist, D.E. Shaw Ph.D., Computer Academia; Ex- Bio/Med Research; Senior Science, Stanford Government Research Fellow, Center University for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Columbia University
Harold Varmus 2009-2010 M White President, Memorial M.A., English, Academia; Ex- Bio/Med Sloan-Kettering Cancer Harvard Government Center University; M.D., Columbia University
Ahmed Zewail 2009-2013 M White Linus Pauling Professor Ph.D., Chemistry, Academia Bio/Med of Chemistry and University of Physics; Director, Pennsylvania Physical Biology Center, California Institute of Technology
* Denotes Chair or Chairman ** Denotes Vice Chair or Chairman
Note: Phys Sci includes physics, chemistry, astronomy, and environmental sciences; Bio/Med includes biology and medicine; Soc Sci includes economics, psychology, education, and law; Eng/Tech includes engineering, computer sciences, math, and technology. Race and ethnicity appear as defined by the U.S. Census Bureau.
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