Appendix 1: PCAST Members 1990-2017 Years of Race/ Position Name Gender Highest Degree Experience Expertise Service Ethnicity (at time of service) President G.H.W Bush Norman Borlaug 1990-1993 M White Distinguished Professor, Ph.D., Plant Academia Bio/Med Department of Soils and Pathology and Crop Sciences, Texas Genetics, A&M University University of Minnesota D. Allan Bromley* 1990-1993 M White Assistant to the President Ph.D., Nuclear Academia Phys Sci for Science and Physics, University Technology; Director, of Rochester Office of Science and Technology Policy Solomon 1990-1993 M White Senior Vice President, Ph.D., Physics, Industry Phys Sci Buchsbaum Technology Systems, Massachusetts AT&T Bell Laboratories Institute of Technology Charles Drake 1990-1993 M White Albert Bradley Professor Ph.D., Geology, Academia Phys Sci of Earth Sciences and Columbia Professor of Geology, University Dartmouth College Ralph Gomory 1990-1993 M White President, The Sloan Ph.D., Academia; Eng Foundation Mathematics, Industry; Princeton Ex-Government University Mary L. Good 1991-1993 F White Senior Vice President, Ph.D., Chemistry, Academia; Phys Sci Research and University of Industry Technology, Allied- Arkansas Signal, Inc. Science Advice to the President and the Role of PCAST Years of Race/ Position Name Gender Highest Degree Experience Expertise Service Ethnicity (at time of service) Bernadine Healy** 1990-1991 F White Director, Research M.D., Harvard Academia; Bio/Med Institute at the Cleveland University Industry; Clinic Foundation Ex-Government Peter Likins 1990-1993 M White President, Lehigh Ph.D., Engineering Academia Eng University Mechanics, Stanford University Thomas Lovejoy 1990-1993 M White Assistant Secretary for Ph.D., Biology, Yale Academia; Bio/Med External Affairs, The University Ex-Government Smithsonian Institution Walter E. Massey 1990-1991 M Black or Director, Argonne Ph.D., Physics, Academia; Phys Sci African National Laboratory; Washington Ex-Government American Professor of Physics, University in St. University of Chicago Louis John McTague 1990-1993 M White Vice President, Technical Ph.D., Chemistry, Academia; Phys Sci Affairs, Ford Motor Brown University Industry; Company Ex-Government Thomas J. Murrin 1990-1993 M White Dean, School of Business B.S., Physics, Academia; Eng and Administration, Fordham Industry; Duquesne University University Ex-Government Daniel Nathans 1990-1993 M White Professor of Molecular M.D., Washington Academia Bio/Med Biology and Genetics, University in St. Johns Hopkins University Louis School of Medicine David Packard 1990-1993 M White Chairman of the Board, M.S., Electrical Industry; Eng Hewlett-Packard Engineering, Ex-Government Company Stanford University Harold Shapiro** 1990-1993 M White President, Princeton Ph.D., Economics, Academia SocSci University Princeton University 2 Science Advice to the President and the Role of PCAST Years of Race/ Position Name Gender Highest Degree Experience Expertise Service Ethnicity (at time of service) President Bill Clinton Norman R. 1994-2001 M White Former Chairman and B.S.E., Industry Eng Augustine CEO, Lockheed Martin Aeronautical Corporation Engineering, Princeton University Francisco J. Ayala 1994-2001 M Hispanic Donald Bren Professor of Ph.D., Biology, Academia Bio/Med or Latino Biological Sciences, Columbia Professor of Philosophy, University University of California, Irvine John M. Deutch 1998-2001 M White Institute Professor, Ph.D., Physical Academia; Phys Sci Department of Chemistry, Ex-Government Chemistry, Massachusetts Massachusetts Institute of Technology Institute of Technology Murray Gell-Mann 1994-2001 M White Professor, Santa Fe Ph.D., Physics, Academia Phys Sci Institute; R.A. Millikan Massachusetts Professor Emeritus of Institute of Theoretical Physics, Technology California Institute of Technology John H. Gibbons* 1994-1998 M White Assistant to the President Ph.D., Nuclear Ex-Government Phys Sci for Science and Physics, Duke Technology; Director, University Office of Science and Technology Policy David Hamburg 1994-2001 M White President Emeritus, M.D., Indiana Academia Bio/Med Carnegie Corporation of University New York 3 Science Advice to the President and the Role of PCAST Years of Race/ Position Name Gender Highest Degree Experience Expertise Service Ethnicity (at time of service) John P. Holdren 1994-2001 M White Class of 1935 Professor of Ph.D., Aerospace Academia Phys Sci Energy, University of Engineering and California, Berkeley; Theoretical Teresa and John Heinz Plasma Physics, Professor of Stanford Environmental Policy, University John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University Neal Lane* 1998-2001 M White Assistant to the President Ph.D., Physics, Academia; Phys Sci for Science and University of Ex-Government Technology; Director, Oklahoma Office of Science and Technology Policy Diana MacArthur 1994-2001 F White Chair and CEO, B.A., Economics, Industry Eng Dynamac Corporation Vassar University Shirley M. Malcom 1994-2001 F Black or Head, Directorate for Ph.D., Ecology, Academia SocSci African Education and Human Pennsylvania State American Resources Programs, University American Association for the Advancement of Science Mario J. Molina 1994-2001 M Hispanic Lee and Geraldine Ph.D., Chemistry, Academia Phys Sci or Latino Martin Professor of University of Environmental Sciences, California, Massachusetts Institute of Berkeley Technology; Institute Professor, Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 4 Science Advice to the President and the Role of PCAST Years of Race/ Position Name Gender Highest Degree Experience Expertise Service Ethnicity (at time of service) Peter H. Raven 1994-2001 M White Director, Missouri Ph.D., Botany, Academia Bio/Med Botanical Garden; University of Engelmann Professor of California, Los Botany, Washington Angeles University in St. Louis Sally K. Ride 1994-2001 F White Director, California Ph.D., Physics, Academia; Phys Sci Space Institute; Professor Stanford Ex-Government of Physics, University of University California, San Diego Judith Rodin 1994-2001 F White President, University of Ph.D., Psychology, Academia SocSci Pennsylvania Columbia University Charles A. Sanders 1994-2001 M White Former Chairman and M.D., University Academia; Bio/Med CEO, Glaxo-Wellcome of Texas Industry Inc. Southwestern Medical College Phillip A. Sharp 1994-1997 M White Professor of Biology; Ph.D., Chemistry, Academia Bio/Med Head, Department of University of Biology, Massachusetts Illinois at Institute of Technology Champaign- Urbana David E. Shaw 1994-2001 M White CEO, D.E. Shaw and Co.; Ph.D., Computer Academia Bio/Med Chairman, D.E. Shaw and Science, Stanford Co. and Juno Online University Services Charles M. Vest 1994-2001 M White President, Massachusetts Ph.D., Mechanical Academia Eng Institute of Technology Engineering, University of Michigan 5 Science Advice to the President and the Role of PCAST Years of Race/ Position Name Gender Highest Degree Experience Expertise Service Ethnicity (at time of service) Virginia V. Weldon 1994-2001 F White Senior Vice President for M.D., State Academia; Bio/Med Public Policy, Monsanto University of New Industry Company; Director, York at Buffalo Center for the Study of American Business, Washington University in St. Louis Lilian Wu 1994-2001 F Asian Member, Research Staff, Ph.D., Applied Academia Eng Thomas J. Watson Mathematics, Research Center, IBM; Cornell University Research Scientist and Consultant, Corporate Technical Strategy Development, IBM John A. Young* 1994-2001 M White Former President and M.B.A., Stanford Industry Eng CEO, Hewlett-Packard University Co. President G.W. Bush F. Duane Ackerman 2006-2009 M White Former Chairman and M.S., Industry Eng CEO, BellSouth Management, Corporation Massachusetts Institute of Technology Paul M. Anderson 2006-2009 M White Chairman of the Board, M.B.A., Stanford Industry Eng Spectra Energy University Corporation 6 Science Advice to the President and the Role of PCAST Years of Race/ Position Name Gender Highest Degree Experience Expertise Service Ethnicity (at time of service) Charles J. Arntzen 2001-2009 M White Director, Arizona Ph.D., Cell Academia Bio/Med Biomedical Institute and Physiology, The Florence Ely Nelson Purdue University Presidential Chair, Department of Plant Biology, Arizona State University Norman R. 2001-2009 M White Former Chairman and B.S.E., Industry; Eng Augustine CEO, Lockheed Martin Aeronautical Ex-Government Corporation Engineering, Princeton University Carol Bartz 2001-2009 F White Executive Chairman of B.S., Computer Industry Eng the Board, President, and Science, CEO, Autodesk, Inc. University of Wisconsin- Madison M. Kathleen 2001-2009 F White Managing Director, RS Ph.D., Industry Bio/Med Behrens Investments; General Microbiology, Partner, RS & Co., University of Venture Partners California, Davis Erich Bloch 2001-2009 M White Corporate R&D B.S., Electrical Industry; Eng Management Consultant, Engineering, Ex-Government The Washington University of Advisory Group; Buffalo Director, The Washington Advisory Group Robert Brown 2006-2009 M White President, Boston Ph.D., Chemical Academia Eng University Engineering, University of Minnesota 7 Science Advice to the President and the Role of PCAST Years of Race/ Position Name Gender Highest Degree Experience Expertise Service Ethnicity (at time of service) Stephen B. Burke 2001-2005 M White President, Comcast Cable M.B.A., Harvard Industry Eng Communications University G. Wayne Clough