A Study of the Hybrid Genre of Seventeenth-Century Dutch Family
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Familial Identity and Site Specificity: A Study of the Hybrid Genre of Seventeenth-Century Dutch Family-Landscape Portraiture By © 2017 Denise Giannino M.A., University College London, 2005 M.A., Florida State University, 2006 Submitted to the graduate degree program in Art History and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Chair: Linda Stone-Ferrier David Cateforis Stephen Goddard Anne D Hedeman William Keel Date Defended: 3 November 2017 ii The dissertation committee for Denise Giannino certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Familial Identity and Site Specificity: A Study of the Hybrid Genre of Seventeenth-Century Dutch Family-Landscape Portraiture Chair: Linda Stone-Ferrier Date Approved: 3 November 2017 iii Abstract In the seventeenth century, the proliferation of Dutch family portraits among the broad middle class was a distinctive facet of artistic production. Within this visual trend, the vast majority of such paintings present the sitters in outdoor environs rather than the domestic sphere. This dissertation focuses on such images and adopts the term “family-landscape portrait” to highlight the hybrid nature of the images that commemorate a particular family within a specific locale. I consider the particularities of seventeenth-century Dutch family-landscape portraiture as a separate pictorial genre and attend to the ways in which these images construct identity and generate meaning, including through the blending of portraiture and landscape conventions. In order to investigate the complex meanings of family-landscape portraits, this dissertation will consider the images from the perspective of the biographical circumstances of the sitters’ lives; contemporary cultural, socioeconomic and political issues that inflect the choice of symbols or locale; and the pictorial traditions from which the images stem. Chapters divided by commonalities in locale reveal that mercantile or professional identities and values resonated strongly with families pictured along a coast. Kin groups portrayed near urban landmarks tended to highlight communal memory and political or civic values as facets of familial ideals. Groups adjacent to ruins displayed a concern with history, familial memory and cultural sophistication. Families depicted on their country estates highlighted communal and professional identities, earned leisure and hospitality as integral to familial identity. iv Acknowledgements To those who have walked with me along this winding academic and professional journey, and carried me at times, I offer me my deepest gratitude. Thank you to Diantha and Lesley for being my emotional and intellectual bulwarks at Florida State University. Thank you to my study group at the University of Kansas: Meg, Jen, Ellen R., Ellen C., Rebecca and numerous others. You were often my lifeline during the times I felt unmoored. Thank you to Linda Stone-Ferrier for her wise counsel and generous heart. My life has been blessed by your presence in it. Thank you to my family for reminding me to find awe when I only felt disillusioned. And to the many other friends, acquaintances, departments and institutions who have offered me assistance, I am buoyed by the spirit of collaboration you embody during this fraught intellectual climate. v List of Figures Figure 1-1: Hendrick Avercamp. Winterlandscape with Skaters and Family Portrait. 1608–1615 and 1620. Oil on Canvas. 67.5 x 115cm. Schwerin, Gemäldegalerie Figure 1-2: Adam Willaerts. Portrait of a Family on the Maasmond at Den Briel. 1633. Oil on Canvas. 175 x 386 cm. Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, Rotterdam Figure 1-3: Cornelis Adamsz. Willaerts. Portrait of an Unknown Family. c.1635–55. Oil on Canvas. 69.5 x 123.5 cm. Jan de Maere, Brussels Figure 1-4: Jan Daemen Cool. Portrait of the Arckenbout Family. 1633. Oil on Canvas. 108 x 83.2cm (left), 133.4 x 115.6cm (right). National Galleries Scotland Figure 1-5: Isaack Luttichuys. Portrait of an Unknown Family. 1642. Oil on Canvas. 96 x 162 cm. Ostfriesisches Landesmuseum Figure 1-6: Herman Meindertsz. Doncker. Portrait of an Unknown Family. 1645. Oil on Canvas. 85 x 111cm. Private Collection Figure 1-7: Dirck Dircksz Santvoort. Portrait of Otto van Vollenhoven and his Family, 1644. Oil on canvas. 120 x 148 cm. Private collection Figure 1-8: Abraham Willaerts. Portrait of a Shipbuilder and his Family. 1650.Oil on Panel. 86.5 x 130.5 cm. Musée des Beaux-Arts, Valenciennes, France Figure 1-9: Nicolaes Maes. Portrait of the Cuyter Family. 1659. Oil on Canvas. 110.5 x 151.5 cm. North Carolina Museum of Art Figure 1-10: Detail: Hendrick Avercamp, Winter Landscape with Skaters and Family Portrait, 1608–1615 and 1620 Figure 1-11: After Pieter Bruegel the Elder, engraved by Frans Huys, published by Joannes Galle, Skaters by St. George’s Gate in Antwerp, 1625–70 Figure 1-12: Roemer Visscher. “Het mist en meester wel,” Sinnepoppen. Amsterdam: William Iansz, 1614 Figure 1-13: Roemer Visscher. “Gheoeffent derf,” Sinnepoppen. Amsterdam: William Iansz, 1614 Figure 1-14: Detail: Hendrick Avercamp. Winter Landscape with Skaters and Family Portrait. 1608–1615 and 1620. Oil on Canvas. 67.5 x 115cm. Schwerin, Gemäldegalerie Figure 1-15: Cornelis Bloemaert after Abraham Bloemaert. A Shepherd on a Boulder, from Pastorale scenes (Otia delectant). 1625. Engraving vi Figure 1-16: Detail: Adam Willaerts. Portrait of a Family on the Maasmond at Den Briel. 1633. Oil on Canvas. 175 x 386 cm. Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, Rotterdam Figure 1-17: Detail: Adam Willaerts. Portrait of a Family on the Maasmond at Den Briel. 1633. Oil on Canvas. 175 x 386 cm. Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, Rotterdam Figure 1-18: Rembrandt van Rijn. Portrait of Maria Bockenolle. 1634. Oil on Canvas. 174.9 x 124.1 cm. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston Figure 1-19: Cesaer Ripa. Oeconomia, from Iconologia. 1644. Woodcut Figure 1-20: Claes Jansz. Visscher. Lighthouse at Zandvoort, from Plaisante Plaetsen. 1611–12. Engraving. 102 x 156mm Figure 1-21: Claes Jansz. Visscher. Zandvoort, from Plaisante Plaetsen. 1611–12. Engraving. 102 x 156mm Figure 1-22: Herman Meindertsz. Doncker. Portrait of a Family in an Arcadian Landscape. 1643. Oil on Canvas. 198 x 247.5 cm. Gemeente Enkhuizen Figure 1-23: Jan Steen. Feast of St. Nicholas. 1665. Oil on Canvas. 82 x 70.5cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam Figure 1-24: Cornelis Dusart. L'Enfance, from Les Quatres Ages de la vie humaine. 1675–1704. Mezzotint. 255 x 182mm Figure 2-1: Anonymous. Portrait of an Unknown Family (Possibly Johan van Clarenbeek and His Family). c. 1640s. Oil on Panel. 94.2 x 118.5 cm. Private Collection Figure 2-2: Willem Claesz. Heda. Portrait of an Unknown Family. 1647. Oil on Panel. 106.5 x 129.5 cm. Private Collection Figure 2-3: Bartholomeus van der Helst and Jan Baptist Weenix. Portrait of Jochem van Aras and His Family. 1654. Oil on Canvas. 169.5 x 197.5 cm. Wallace Collection Figure 2-4: Godaert Kamper. Portrait of an Unknown Family. 1643. Oil on Canvas. 93.98 x 124.46 cm. Private Collection Figure 2-5: Johannes Mijtens. Portrait of Rogier van Slijp(e) and His Family. 1647. Oil on Canvas. 155 x 120 cm. Private Collection Figure 2-6: Sybrand van Beest. Portrait of an Unknown Family. c.1650–74. Oil on Panel. 55.2 x 80 cm. Private Collection vii Figure 2-7: Jan van Bijlert and Bernardus Zwaerdecroon. Portrait of Lambert van Kuijk and His Family. c.1650s. Oil on Canvas. 124 x 164cm. Private Collection Figure 2-8: Christiaen van Colenberg. Portrait of a Family with Kasteel Duurstede in the Background. c. 1665. Oil on canvas. 125 x 178.5 cm. Private Collection Figure 2-9 Cornelis Adamsz. Willaerts. Portrait of a Family with Rhenen in the Background. c.1630–1650. Oil on Panel. 70 x 92.5cm. Castello Sforza, Milan Figure 2-10: Jacob Gerritz and Aelbert Cuyp. Portrait of a Family with Rhenen in the Background. 1641. Museo Nacional de Arte Decorativo, Buenos Aires Figure 2-11: Jan Daemon Cool. Eeuwout Prins and His Family. c. 1635. Oil on canvas. 173 x 222cm. Historisch Museum, Rotterdam Figure 2-12: Jacques van der Wijen. Wooded Landscape with a Family. c. 1631. Oil on canvas. 135 x 257.5cm. Private Collection Figure 2-13: Jacob van Ruisdael. Landscape with a View of Haarlem. 1670–75. Oil on Canvas. 52 x 65cm. Gemäldegalerie, Berlin Figure 2-14: Frans Hals. Regents of the St. Elisabeth's Hospital in Haarlem. 1641. Oil on canvas 153 x 252 cm Frans Hals Museum Figure 2-15: Pieter Sluyter. Kaart van Leiden. Copy from the nineteenth century of the ca. 1550 map of the city of Leiden by Pieter Sluyter. The original is kept in the Belgian State Archives Figure 2-16: Pieter Sluyter. Detail of Kaart van Leiden with the Witte Poort or Haagse Poort Figure 2-17: Sybrand van Beest. Vegetable and Fruit Market. 1652. Oil on Panel. 50.5 x 67.5 cm. Museum Boijmans van Beuningen, Rotterdam Figure 2-18: Jan Steen. Baker Arent Oostward and His Wife. 1658. Oil on Panel. 37.7 x 31.5 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam Figure 2-19: Emmanuel de Witte. Portrait of Adriana van Heusden and Her Daughter. 1662. Oil on Canvas. 57.1 x 64.1 cm. National Gallery, London Figure 2-20: Johan Blaeu. Haga Comitis vulgo ‘s Graven-hage from the Atlas van Loon. 1649 Figure 2-21: Frans Hals. Family Group in a Landscape. c. 1647-50. Oil on Canvas. 148.5 x 251 cm. National Gallery, London Figure 2-22: Frans Hals. Portrait of the Van Campen Family in a Landscape. Oil on canvas. 1620s. Toledo Museum of Art and Musées royaux des Beaux-Arts de Belgique, Brussels viii Figure 2-23: Thomas Doesburgh.