DOCSLIB.ORG

Understanding China) “In Association with Britannica Educational Publishing, Rosen Educational Services.” Includes Bibliographical References and Index

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Understanding China) “In Association with Britannica Educational Publishing, Rosen Educational Services.” Includes Bibliographical References and Index Published in 2011 by Britannica Educational Publishing (a trademark of Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.) in association with Rosen Educational Services, LLC 29 East 21st Street, New York, NY 10010. Copyright © 2011 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, and the Thistle logo are registered trademarks of Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. All rights reserved. Rosen Educational Services materials copyright © 2011 Rosen Educational Services, LLC. All rights reserved. Distributed exclusively by Rosen Educational Services. For a listing of additional Britannica Educational Publishing titles, call toll free (800) 237-9932. First Edition Britannica Educational Publishing Michael I. Levy: Executive Editor J.E. Luebering: Senior Manager Marilyn L. Barton: Senior Coordinator, Production Control Steven Bosco: Director, Editorial Technologies Lisa S. Braucher: Senior Producer and Data Editor Yvette Charboneau: Senior Copy Editor Kathy Nakamura: Manager, Media Acquisition Kenneth Pletcher: Senior Editor, Geography and History Rosen Educational Services Alexandra Hanson-Harding: Senior Editor Nelson Sá: Art Director Cindy Reiman: Photography Manager Nicole Russo: Designer Matthew Cauli: Cover Design Introduction by Laura La Bella Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The history of China / edited by Kenneth Pletcher.—1st ed. p. cm.—(Understanding China) “In association with Britannica Educational Publishing, Rosen Educational Services.” Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-61530-181-2 (eBook) 1. China—History—Juvenile literature. I. Pletcher, Kenneth. DS735.H56 2010 951—dc22 2009046655 On the cover: The Great Wall, China’s most famous landmark, was built over a period of more than 2,000 years. © www.istockphoto.com/Robert Churchill Page 14 © www.istockphoto.com/Hanquan Chen. On page 20: The Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests, part of a large religious complex called the Temple of Heaven, was built in 1420 in Beijing. © www.istockphoto.com/Hanquan Chen 25 CONTENTS Introduction 14 Chapter i: The Beginnings of Chinese history 21 Introduction 21 Prehistory 22 Early Humans 22 Neolithic Period 24 Climate and Environment 24 Food Production 25 Major Cultures and Sites 26 Incipient Neolithic 26 Silk 27 Religious Beliefs and Social Organization 32 57 The First Historical Dynasty: The Shang 33 The Advent of Bronze Casting 33 The Shang Dynasty 35 Royal Burials 36 The Chariot 37 Art 37 Late Shang Divination and Religion 38 State and Society 39 Chapter 2: The Zhou and Qin Dynasties 41 The History of the Zhou (1046–256 BC) 41 Zhou and Shang 42 The Zhou Feudal System 44 Social, Political, and Cultural Changes 47 The Decline of Feudalism 47 59 Urbanization and Assimilation 47 The Rise of Monarchy 48 Economic Development 50 Cultural Change 53 The Qin Empire (221–207 BC) 54 The Qin State 54 Struggle for Power 55 The Empire 56 The Great Wall of China 57 73 Chapter 3: The han Dynasty 60 Dynastic Authority and the Succession of Emperors 61 Xi (Western) Han 61 Prelude to the Han 62 The Imperial Succession 63 From Wudi to Yuandi 65 Wudi 65 From Chengdi to Wang Mang 66 Dong (Eastern) Han 67 The Administration of the Han Empire 69 The Structure of Government 69 The Civil Service 69 Provincial Government 71 The Armed Forces 72 81 The Practice of Government 73 Relations with Other Peoples 76 Cultural Developments 78 Chapter 4: The Six Dynasties and the Sui Dynasty 83 Political Developments During the Six Dynasties 83 The Division of China 83 Sanguo (Three Kingdoms; AD 220–280) 84 The Xi (Western) Jin (AD 265–316/317) 84 The Era of Barbarian Invasions and Rule 85 The Dong (Eastern) Jin (317–420) and Later Dynasties in the South (420–589) 85 The Shiliuguo (Sixteen Kingdoms) in the North (303–439) 86 93 Intellectual and Religious Trends During the Six Dynasties 87 Confucianism and Philosophical Daoism 87 Confucius 88 Daoism 90 Buddhism 92 The Sui Dynasty 95 Wendi’s Institutional Reforms 96 Integration of the South 97 Foreign Aff airs Under Yangdi 100 108 Chapter 5: The Tang Dynasty 102 Early Tang (618–626) 102 Administration of the State 104 Fiscal and Legal System 105 The Period of Tang Power (626–755) 107 The “Era of Good Government” 107 Rise of the Empress Wuhou 110 Prosperity and Progress 114 Military Reorganization 115 Late Tang (755–907) 117 Provincial Separatism 118 The Struggle for Central Authority 120 Cultural Developments 122 The Infl uence of Buddhism 122 Trends in the Arts 125 123 Du Fu 125 Social Change 126 Decline of the Aristocracy 126 Population Movements 127 Growth of the Economy 128 Chapter 6: Political Disunity Between the Tang and Song Dynasties 130 The Five Dynasties and the Ten Kingdoms 130 The Wudai (Five Dynasties) 131 Huang He 132 The Shiguo (Ten Kingdoms) 133 Barbarian Dynasties 135 The Tangut 135 The Khitan 135 The Juchen 136 124 Chapter 7: The Song Dynasty 138 Bei (Northern) Song (960–1127) 138 Unifi cation 138 Consolidation 140 Reforms 142 Decline and Fall 145 Nan (Southern) Song (1127–1279) 147 Survival and Consolidation 148 Relations with the Juchen 150 160 The Court’s Relations with the Bureaucracy 151 The Chief Councillors 153 The Bureaucratic Style 155 Chinese Civil Service 157 The Clerical Staff 158 The Rise of Neo-Confucianism 159 Internal Solidarity During the Decline of the Nan Song 162 Song Culture 163 Chapter 8: The yuan, or Mongol, Dynasty 168 The Mongol Conquest of China 168 Invasion of the Jin State 168 Genghis Khan 169 179 Invasion of the Song State 170 China Under the Mongols 172 Mongol Government and Administration 172 Early Mongol Rule 172 Changes Under Kublai Khan and His Successors 173 Economy 177 Religious and Intellectual Life 178 Daoism 178 Buddhism 180 Foreign Religions 181 Confucianism 181 Literature 182 The Arts 183 Yuan China and the West 186 The End of Mongol Rule 188 191 Chapter 9: The Ming Dynasty 190 Political History 190 The Dynasty’s Founder 191 Hongwu 192 The Dynastic Succession 192 Government and Administration 196 Local Government 197 Central Government 197 Later Innovations 198 209 Foreign Relations 201 Economic Policy and Developments 205 Population 205 Agriculture 206 Taxation 207 Coinage 208 Culture 208 Philosophy and Religion 209 Fine Arts 211 Literature and Scholarship 211 Chapter 10: The Early Qing Dynasty 214 The Rise of the Manchu 214 Dorgon 217 The Qing Empire 217 210 Political Institutions 218 Foreign Relations 222 Economic Development 223 Qing Society 226 Social Organization 228 State and Society 229 Trends in the Early Qing 230 Chapter 11: Late Qing 231 Western Challenge, 1839–60 231 The First Opium War and its Aftermath 232 The Antiforeign Movement and the Second Opium War (Arrow War) 234 Popular Uprising 236 The Taiping Rebellion 236 The Nian Rebellion 238 215 Muslim Rebellions 239 Eff ects of the Rebellions 240 The Self-Strengthening Movement 240 Foreign Relations in the 1860s 241 Industrialization for “Self-Strengthening” 242 Changes in Outlying Areas 244 East Turkistan 244 Tibet and Nepal 244 Myanmar (Burma) 245 Vietnam 245 251 Japan and the Ryukyu Islands 246 Korea and the Sino-Japanese War 247 Reform and Upheaval 248 The Hundred Days of Reform of 1898 249 The Boxer Rebellion 251 Reformist and Revolutionist Movements at the End of the Dynasty 253 Sun Yat-sen and the United League 254 Sun Yat-sen 255 Constitutional Movements After 1905 256 The Chinese Revolution (1911–12) 257 Chapter 12: The Early Republican Period 259 The Development of the Republic (1912–20) 259 255 Early Power Struggles 259 China in World War I 260 Japanese Gains 260 Yuan’s Attempts to Become Emperor 261 Confl ict Over Entry into the War 262 Formation of a Rival Southern Government 263 Wartime Changes 263 Intellectual Movements 264 An Intellectual Revolution 264 Riots and Protests 265 The Interwar Years (1920–37) 265 Beginnings of a National Revolution 265 The Nationalist Party 265 The Chinese Communist Party 266 Mao Zedong 268 Communist-Nationalist Cooperation 268 267 Reactions to Warlords and Foreigners 269 Militarism in China 270 The Foreign Presence 271 Reorganization of the KMT 271 Struggles Within the Two-Party Coalition 273 Clashes with Foreigners 273 KMT Opposition to Radicals 273 The Northern Expedition 274 Expulsion of Communists from the KMT 275 285 The Nationalist Government from 1928 to 1937 276 Japanese Aggression 278 War Between Nationalists and Communists 278 The United Front Against Japan 280 Chapter 13: The Late Republican Period and the War against Japan 281 The Early Sino-Japanese War 281 Phase One 281 Nanjing Massacre 282 Phase Two: Stalemate and Stagnation 283 Renewed Communist-Nationalist Confl cti 285 The International Alliance Against Japan 286 301 U.S. Aid to China 286 Confl icts Within the International Alliance 287 Phase Three: Approaching Crisis (1944–45) 289 Nationalist Deterioration 290 Communist Growth 290 Eff orts to Prevent Civil War 291 Civil War (1945–49) 291 A Race for Territory 292 Attempts to End the War 293 Resumption of Fighting 294 The Tide Begins to Shift 296 A Land Revolution 297 The Decisive Year, 1948 297 Communist Victory 298 Chapter 14: Establishment 310 of the People’s Republic 300 Reconstruction and Consolidation, 1949–52 302 The Transition to Socialism, 1953–57 305 Rural Collectivization 306 Urban Socialist Changes 307 Political Developments 307 Foreign Policy 310 New Directions in National Policy, 1958–61 311 Great Leap Forward 313 Readjustment and Reaction, 1961–65 316 324 Chapter 15: China Since 1965 323 The Cultural Revolution, 1966–76 323 Attacks on Cultural Figures 323 Attacks on Party Members 325 Red Guards 326 Seizure of Power 327 The End of the Radical Period 328 Social Changes 330 Struggle for the Premiership 331 Consequences of the Cultural Revolution 334 China After the Death of Mao 334 Domestic Developments 335 Readjustment and Recovery 335 Economic Policy Changes 336 Political Developments 338 326 Educational and Cultural Policy Changes 340 International Relations 340 Relations with Taiwan 341 Conclusion 342 Glossary 346 For Further Reading 348 Index 349 339 INTRODuCTION Introduction | 15 n October 1, 2009, the People’s The Qin dynasty (221–207 BC) was ORepublic of China celebrated its so influential that the name “China” is 60th anniversary with a stunning display derived from Qin.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Making the State on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier: Chinese Expansion and Local Power in Batang, 1842-1939
    Making the State on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier: Chinese Expansion and Local Power in Batang, 1842-1939 William M. Coleman, IV Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Columbia University 2014 © 2013 William M. Coleman, IV All rights reserved Abstract Making the State on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier: Chinese Expansion and Local Power in Batang, 1842-1939 William M. Coleman, IV This dissertation analyzes the process of state building by Qing imperial representatives and Republican state officials in Batang, a predominantly ethnic Tibetan region located in southwestern Sichuan Province. Utilizing Chinese provincial and national level archival materials and Tibetan language works, as well as French and American missionary records and publications, it explores how Chinese state expansion evolved in response to local power and has three primary arguments. First, by the mid-nineteenth century, Batang had developed an identifiable structure of local governance in which native chieftains, monastic leaders, and imperial officials shared power and successfully fostered peace in the region for over a century. Second, the arrival of French missionaries in Batang precipitated a gradual expansion of imperial authority in the region, culminating in radical Qing military intervention that permanently altered local understandings of power. While short-lived, centrally-mandated reforms initiated soon thereafter further integrated Batang into the Qing Empire, thereby
    [Show full text]
  • Controls on Modern Erosion and the Development of the Pearl River Drainage in the Late Paleogene
    Marine Geology xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Marine Geology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/margo Invited research article Controls on modern erosion and the development of the Pearl River drainage in the late Paleogene ⁎ Chang Liua, Peter D. Clifta,b, , Andrew Carterc, Philipp Böningd, Zhaochu Hue, Zhen Sunf, Katharina Pahnked a Department of Geology and Geophysics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70803, USA b School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China c Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Birkbeck College, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, UK d Max Planck Research Group for Marine Isotope Geochemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), University of Oldenburg, 26129, Germany e State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China f Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 Xingangxi Road, Guangzhou 510301, China ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: The Pearl River and its tributaries drains large areas of southern China and has been the primary source of Zircon sediment to the northern continental margin of the South China Sea since its opening. In this study we use a Nd isotope combination of bulk sediment geochemistry, Nd and Sr isotope geochemistry, and single grain zircon U-Pb Erosion dating to understand the source of sediment in the modern drainage. We also performed zircon U-Pb dating on Provenance Eocene sedimentary rocks sampled by International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 349 in order to Pearl River constrain the source of sediment to the rift before the Oligocene.
    [Show full text]
  • Imagining a Universal Empire: a Study of the Illustrations of the Tributary States of the Myriad Regions Attributed to Li Gonglin
    Journal of chinese humanities 5 (2019) 124-148 brill.com/joch Imagining a Universal Empire: a Study of the Illustrations of the Tributary States of the Myriad Regions Attributed to Li Gonglin Ge Zhaoguang 葛兆光 Professor of History, Fudan University, China [email protected] Abstract This article is not concerned with the history of aesthetics but, rather, is an exercise in intellectual history. “Illustrations of Tributary States” [Zhigong tu 職貢圖] as a type of art reveals a Chinese tradition of artistic representations of foreign emissaries paying tribute at the imperial court. This tradition is usually seen as going back to the “Illustrations of Tributary States,” painted by Emperor Yuan in the Liang dynasty 梁元帝 [r. 552-554] in the first half of the sixth century. This series of paintings not only had a lasting influence on aesthetic history but also gave rise to a highly distinctive intellectual tradition in the development of Chinese thought: images of foreign emis- saries were used to convey the Celestial Empire’s sense of pride and self-confidence, with representations of strange customs from foreign countries serving as a foil for the image of China as a radiant universal empire at the center of the world. The tra- dition of “Illustrations of Tributary States” was still very much alive during the time of the Song dynasty [960-1279], when China had to compete with equally powerful neighboring states, the empire’s territory had been significantly diminished, and the Chinese population had become ethnically more homogeneous. In this article, the “Illustrations of the Tributary States of the Myriad Regions” [Wanfang zhigong tu 萬方職貢圖] attributed to Li Gonglin 李公麟 [ca.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecosystem Services Changes Between 2000 and 2015 in the Loess Plateau, China: a Response to Ecological Restoration
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Ecosystem services changes between 2000 and 2015 in the Loess Plateau, China: A response to ecological restoration Dan Wu1, Changxin Zou1, Wei Cao2*, Tong Xiao3, Guoli Gong4 1 Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing, China, 2 Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing, China, 3 Satellite Environment Center, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Beijing, China, 4 Shanxi Academy of Environmental Planning, Taiyuan, China a1111111111 a1111111111 * [email protected] a1111111111 a1111111111 a1111111111 Abstract The Loess Plateau of China is one of the most severe soil and water loss areas in the world. Since 1999, the Grain to Green Program (GTGP) has been implemented in the region. This OPEN ACCESS study aimed to analyze spatial and temporal variations of ecosystem services from 2000 to Citation: Wu D, Zou C, Cao W, Xiao T, Gong G 2015 to assess the effects of the GTGP, including carbon sequestration, water regulation, (2019) Ecosystem services changes between 2000 soil conservation and sand fixation. During the study period, the area of forest land and and 2015 in the Loess Plateau, China: A response grassland significantly expanded, while the area of farmland decreased sharply. Ecosystem to ecological restoration. PLoS ONE 14(1): services showed an overall improvement with localized deterioration. Carbon sequestration, e0209483. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0209483 water regulation and soil conservation increased substantially. Sand fixation showed a decreasing trend mainly because of decreased wind speeds. There were synergies Editor: Debjani Sihi, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, UNITED STATES between carbon sequestration and water regulation, and tradeoffs between soil conserva- tion and sand fixation.
    [Show full text]
  • Optical and Physical Characteristics of the Lowest Aerosol Layers Over the Yellow River Basin
    atmosphere Article Optical and Physical Characteristics of the Lowest Aerosol Layers over the Yellow River Basin Miao Zhang 1,*, Jing Liu 2, Muhammad Bilal 3,* , Chun Zhang 1, Feifei Zhao 1, Xiaoyan Xie 4,5 and Khaled Mohamed Khedher 6,7 1 School of Environmental Science and Tourism, Nanyang Normal University, Wolong Road No.1638, Nan Yang 473061, China; [email protected] (C.Z.); zff@nynu.edu.cn (F.Z.) 2 Lingnan College, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; [email protected] 3 School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 2100444, China 4 South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China; [email protected] 5 College of Marine Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China 6 Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia; [email protected] 7 Department of Civil Engineering, Institut Superieur des Etudes Technologiques, Campus Universitaire Mrezgua, Nabeul 8000, Tunisia * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.Z.); [email protected] (M.B.) Received: 17 September 2019; Accepted: 19 October 2019; Published: 22 October 2019 Abstract: Studying the presence of aerosols in different atmospheric layers helps researchers understand their impacts on climate change, air quality, and human health. Therefore, in the present study, the optical and physical properties of aerosol layers over the Yellow River Basin (YERB) were investigated using the CALIPSO Level 2 aerosol layer products from January 2007 to December 2014. The Yellow River Basin was divided into three sub-regions i.e., YERB1 (the plain region downstream of the YERB), YERB2 (the Loess Plateau region in the middle reaches of the YERB), and YERB3 (the mountainous terrain in the upper reaches of the YERB).
    [Show full text]
  • Compact Explicit Matrix Representations of the Flexoelectric Tensor and a Graphic Method for Identifying All of Its Rotation and Reflection Symmetries H
    Compact explicit matrix representations of the flexoelectric tensor and a graphic method for identifying all of its rotation and reflection symmetries H. Le Quang, Q.-C. He To cite this version: H. Le Quang, Q.-C. He. Compact explicit matrix representations of the flexoelectric tensor and a graphic method for identifying all of its rotation and reflection symmetries. Journal of Applied Physics, American Institute of Physics, 2021, 129 (24), pp.244103. 10.1063/5.0048386. hal-03267829 HAL Id: hal-03267829 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03267829 Submitted on 22 Jun 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Compact explicit matrix representations of the flexoelectric tensor and a graphic method for identifying all of its rotation and reflection symmetries H. Le Quang1, a) and Q.-C. He1, 2 1)Universit´eGustave Eiffel, CNRS, MSME UMR 8208, F-77454 Marne-la-Vall´ee, France. 2)Southwest Jiaotong University, School of Mechanical Engineering, Chengdu 610031, PR China. (Dated: 17 May 2021) Flexoelectricity is an electromechanical phenomenon produced in a dielectric material, with or without cen- trosymmetric microstructure, undergoing a non-uniform strain. It is characterized by the fourth-order flexo- electric tensor which links the electric polarization vector with the gradient of the second-order strain tensor.
    [Show full text]
  • Cataloguing Chinese Art in the Middle and Late Imperial Eras
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations Spring 2010 Tradition and Transformation: Cataloguing Chinese Art in the Middle and Late Imperial Eras YEN-WEN CHENG University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Asian Art and Architecture Commons, Asian History Commons, and the Cultural History Commons Recommended Citation CHENG, YEN-WEN, "Tradition and Transformation: Cataloguing Chinese Art in the Middle and Late Imperial Eras" (2010). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 98. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/98 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/98 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Tradition and Transformation: Cataloguing Chinese Art in the Middle and Late Imperial Eras Abstract After obtaining sovereignty, a new emperor of China often gathers the imperial collections of previous dynasties and uses them as evidence of the legitimacy of the new regime. Some emperors go further, commissioning the compilation projects of bibliographies of books and catalogues of artistic works in their imperial collections not only as inventories but also for proclaiming their imperial power. The imperial collections of art symbolize political and cultural predominance, present contemporary attitudes toward art and connoisseurship, and reflect emperors’ personal taste for art. The attempt of this research project is to explore the practice of art cataloguing during two of the most important reign periods in imperial China: Emperor Huizong of the Northern Song Dynasty (r. 1101-1125) and Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty (r. 1736-1795). Through examining the format and content of the selected painting, calligraphy, and bronze catalogues compiled by both emperors, features of each catalogue reveal the development of cataloguing imperial artistic collections.
    [Show full text]
  • Historiography and Narratives of the Later Tang (923-936) and Later Jin (936-947) Dynasties in Tenth- to Eleventh- Century Sources
    Historiography and Narratives of the Later Tang (923-936) and Later Jin (936-947) Dynasties in Tenth- to Eleventh- century Sources Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Philosophie an der Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München vorgelegt von Maddalena Barenghi Aus Mailand 2014 Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Hans van Ess Zweitgutachter: Prof. Tiziana Lippiello Datum der mündlichen Prüfung: 31.03.2014 ABSTRACT Historiography and Narratives of the Later Tang (923-36) and Later Jin (936-47) Dynasties in Tenth- to Eleventh-century Sources Maddalena Barenghi This thesis deals with historical narratives of two of the Northern regimes of the tenth-century Five Dynasties period. By focusing on the history writing project commissioned by the Later Tang (923-936) court, it first aims at questioning how early-tenth-century contemporaries narrated some of the major events as they unfolded after the fall of the Tang (618-907). Second, it shows how both late- tenth-century historiographical agencies and eleventh-century historians perceived and enhanced these historical narratives. Through an analysis of selected cases the thesis attempts to show how, using the same source material, later historians enhanced early-tenth-century narratives in order to tell different stories. The five cases examined offer fertile ground for inquiry into how the different sources dealt with narratives on the rise and fall of the Shatuo Later Tang and Later Jin (936- 947). It will be argued that divergent narrative details are employed both to depict in different ways the characters involved and to establish hierarchies among the historical agents. Table of Contents List of Rulers ............................................................................................................ ii Aknowledgements ..................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Discovery of Chinese Logic Modern Chinese Philosophy
    The Discovery of Chinese Logic Modern Chinese Philosophy Edited by John Makeham, Australian National University VOLUME 1 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.nl/mcp. The Discovery of Chinese Logic By Joachim Kurtz LEIDEN • BOSTON 2011 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kurtz, Joachim. The discovery of Chinese logic / by Joachim Kurtz. p. cm. — (Modern Chinese philosophy, ISSN 1875-9386 ; v. 1) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-17338-5 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Logic—China—History. I. Title. II. Series. BC39.5.C47K87 2011 160.951—dc23 2011018902 ISSN 1875-9386 ISBN 978 90 04 17338 5 Copyright 2011 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. CONTENTS List of Illustrations ...................................................................... vii List of Tables .............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 4936418 Yijingli Graduati ... 112913.Pdf
    Graduation Plan Master of Science Architecture, Urbanism & Building Sciences M a s t e r o f S c i e n c e A r c h i t e c t u r e , U r b a n i s m & B u i l d i n g S c i e n c e s Graduation Plan: All tracks Submit your Graduation Plan to the Board of Examiners (Examencommissie- [email protected]), Mentors and Delegate of the Board of Examiners one week before P2 at the latest. The graduation plan consists of at least the following data/segments: Personal information Name Yijing Li Student number 4936418 Telephone number Private e-mail address Studio Name / Theme Pear River Delta Main mentor Steffen Nijhuis Landscape Architecture Second mentor Lei Qu Urbanism Argumentation of choice In my bachelor study, I was always interested in the urban of the studio problems with the development of fast urbanization. I had lived in Beijing for seven years, and have a deep understanding of city disease. I have interest in how to tackle with or alleviate these problems from a landscape perspective. Through researching in this lab, I hope I can find some landscape principles or strategies for urban problems. Graduation project Title of the graduation Identify/ explore landscape based strategies and design principles project for water resilient industrial transformation in Shunde District Goal Location: Shunde district, Foshan city, Guangdong Province, China The posed Shunde is located in the middle of Pearl River Delta plain, where Xi river and problem, Bei river merged.
    [Show full text]
  • Dengfeng Observatory, China
    90 ICOMOS–IAU Thematic Study on Astronomical Heritage Archaeological/historical/heritage research: The Taosi site was first discovered in the 1950s. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, archaeologists excavated nine chiefly tombs with rich grave goods, together with large numbers of common burials and dwelling foundations. Archaeologists first discovered the walled towns of the Early and Middle Periods in 1999. The remains of the observatory were first discovered in 2003 and totally uncovered in 2004. Archaeoastronomical surveys were undertaken in 2005. This work has been published in a variety of Chinese journals. Chinese archaeoastronomers and archaeologists are currently conducting further collaborative research at Taosi Observatory, sponsored jointly by the Committee of Natural Science of China and the Academy of Science of China. The project, which is due to finish in 2011, has purchased the right to occupy the main field of the observatory site for two years. Main threats or potential threats to the sites: The most critical potential threat to the observatory site itself is from the burials of native villagers, which are placed randomly. The skyline formed by Taer Hill, which is a crucial part of the visual landscape since it contains the sunrise points, is potentially threatened by mining, which could cause the collapse of parts of the top of the hill. The government of Xiangfen County is currently trying to shut down some of the mines, but it is unclear whether a ban on mining could be policed effectively in the longer term. Management, interpretation and outreach: The county government is trying to purchase the land from the local farmers in order to carry out a conservation project as soon as possible.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Article
    Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 310 3rd International Conference on Culture, Education and Economic Development of Modern Society (ICCESE 2019) “Pipa in the Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms” in Music Pictures Xiao Wang College of Music Sichuan Normal University Chengdu, China Abstract—This paper tries to analyze the music images of the kingdoms tend to uphold the concept of "keeping the people at five dynasties and Ten Kingdoms through the combination of ease" and "emphasizing agriculture and suppressing military historical facts, from the angle of the music images, and briefly Force", kingdoms were basically at peace, and encouraged and discusses the characteristics of the five dynasties and ten urged farmers to plant mulberry trees and raise silkworms, kingdoms pipa. This paper probes into the scope of application, built and repaired water conservancy, attracted business travel. form, playing method in the image data of five dynasties and ten kingdoms, and the position of pipa in the instrumental music of Later, the leader of the northern regime — Taizu of the five dynasties and ten kingdoms post-Zhou Dynasty led the troops to destroy the Han Dynasty and establish the kingdom, and after the succession of Shizong Keywords—Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms; pipa; music Chai Rong, in the course of his subsequent development, he picture ; "Han Xizai’s Night Banquet Picture"; "Chorus Picture"; perfected the law and economic and political system, and Gile stone carving of the Seven Treasure Pagodas in Shanxi constantly expanded the territory of his rule, China, which had Pingshun Dayun Temple; Wang Jian's tomb of former-Shu been divided for a long time, begun to show a trend of reunification.
    [Show full text]