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Supplementary Material Supplementary Material Population characteristics Site ASD Controls (N = 636 [86 ♀, 550 ♂]) (n = 839 [202 ♀, 637 ♂]) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ BNI 1 (n = 58, [58♂]) N= 29 [29♂] N = 29 [29♂] ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ETH 1 (n = 31, [31♂]) N = 9, [9♂] N = 22, [22♂] ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ GU 1 (n = 78, [50♂, 28♀]) N = 32 [27♂, 5♀] N = 46 [23♂, 23♀] ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ IP 1 (n = 6, [4♂, 2♀]) N =4 [3♂, 1♀] N = 2 [1♂, 1♀] ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ IU 1 (n = 7 [5♂, 2♀]) N = 1[1♀] N = 6 [5♂, 1♀] ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ KKI 1 (n = 122 [79♂, 43♀]) N= 32 [24♂, 8♀] N = 90 [55♂, 35♀] ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ KKI 2 (n = 49 [35♂, 14♀]) N = 12 [8♂, 4♀] N = 37 [27♂, 10♀] ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ KKI 3 (n = 57 [39♂, 18♀]) N = 15 [12♂, 3♀] N = 42 [27♂, 15♀] ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ NYU (n = 227 [186♂, 41♀]) N= 101 [86♂, 15♀] N = 126 [100♂, 26♀] ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ OHSU (n = 117 [82♂, 35♀]) N = 47 [41♂, 6♀] N = 70 [41♂, 29♀] ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ OLIN 1 (n = 20 [17♂, 3♀]) N = 9 [8♂, 1♀] N= 11 [9♂, 2♀] nd​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ONRC_2 :OLIN 2 sample​ (n = 48 [32♂, N = 17 [14♂, 3♀] N = 31 [18♂, 13♀] ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 16♀]) ​ ​ SDSU (n = 67 [55♂, 12♀]) N = 32 [25♂, 7♀] N = 35 [30♂, 5♀] ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ TRINITY (n = 47 [47♂]) N = 24 [24♂] N = 23 [23♂] ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ TCD_1 (TRINITY 2nd sample) (n = 36 N = 16 [16♂] N = 20 [♂, ♀] ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ [36♂]) ​ ​ UCD 1 (n = 27 [20♂, 7♀]) N = 15 [12♂, 3♀] N = 12 [8♂, 4♀] ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ UCLA Abide1 (n = 83 [71♂, 12♀]) N = 46 [40♂, 6♀] N = 37 [31♂, 6♀] ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ UCLA Abide2 (n = 19 [15♂, 4♀]) N = 9 [9♂] N = 10 [6♂, 4♀] ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ USM (n = 125 [120♂, 5♀]) N = 67 [65♂, 2♀] N = 58 [55♂, 3♀] ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ CALTECH (n = 34 [27♂, 7♀]) N = 15 [12♂, 3♀] N = 19 [15♂, 4♀] ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ CMU (n = 22 [16♂, 6♀]) N = 11 [8♂, 3♀] N = 11 [8♂, 3♀] ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ LEUVEN (n = 58 [51♂, 7♀]) N = 28 [26♂, 2♀] N = 30 [25♂, 5♀] ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ MAX MUN (n = 35 [28♂, 7♀]) N = 14 [11♂, 3♀] N = 21 [17♂, 4♀] ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ PITT (n = 54 [46♂, 8♀]) N = 27 [23♂, 4♀] N = 27 [23♂, 4♀] ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ UM (n = 24 [20♂, 4♀]) N = 11 [8♂, 3♀] N = 13 [12♂, 1♀] ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ YALE (n = 24 [17♂, 7♀]) N = 13 [10♂, 3♀] N = 11 [7♂, 4♀] ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Supplementary Table 1: Distribution of Patients and Controls by Centres. 8 centres participated to Abide 1 and Abide 2 data: in bold in ​ the table. Abbreviations corresponding to the centres: BNI_1 (Barrow Neurological Institute), ETH_1 (ETH Zurich), GU (Georgetown University), IP_1 (Institut Pasteur and Robert Debre Hospital), IU_1 (Indiana University), KKI_1 (Kennedy Krieger Institute), NYU (NYU) Langone Medical Center), OHSU (Oregon Health and Science University), OLIN_1 and OLIN_2 (ONRC: Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living at Hartford Hospital, samples 1 and 2), SDSU (San Diego State University), TRINITY (Trinity Center for Health Sciences), UCD_1 (University of California Davis), UCLA_1 (University of California Los Angeles, sample 1), UCLA_2 (University of California Los Angeles, sample 2), USM (University of Utah, School of Medicine), CALTECH ( California Institute of Technology), CMU (Carnegie Mellon University), LEUVEN_1 (University of Leuven, sample 1), LEUVEN_2 (University of Leuven, sample 2), MAX_MUN (Ludwig Maximilians University Munich), PITT (University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine) , UM (University of Michigan), Yale (Yale Child Study Center) Comorbidities ASD Controls ADHD (n = 96) N = 94 N = 2 Phobia (n = 40) N = 28 N = 12 ODD (n = 12) N = 11 N = 1 Anxiety Disorder (n = 34) N = 31 N = 3 Mood Disorder (n = 12) N = 12 Enuresis / Encopresis (n = 12) N = 10 N = 2 Troubles des conduites (n = 2) N = 2 Obsessions (n = 21) N = 13 N = 8 Compulsions (n = 1) N= 1 PTSD (n = 8) N = 7 N = 1 Somatization Disorder (n = 1) N = 1 Schizoid Personality (n = 1) N = 1 Manic episode (n = 1) N = 1 Supplementary Table 2: Summary of comorbidities identified in the studied population. ADHD = Attention Deficit with Hyperactivity ​ Disorder. The phobia item includes patients suffering from social phobia and specific phobia. ODD: Oppositional Defiant Disorder. The "anxiety disorder" item includes patients with anxiety, separation anxiety, and generalized anxiety disorder. The 3 identified controls had a generalised anxiety disorder. Regarding the Enuresis / Encopresis item: 9 individuals had enuresis (7 ASD patients and 2 controls), and 3 ASD patients had encopresis. PTSD = Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. No comorbidities of schizophrenia, antisocial personality disorder, anorexia nervosa, bulimia, or substance abuse were found in either controls or ASD subjects. Cortical regions with GWPC differences between individuals with ASD and controls Depth of GMI Cortical regions Hsph Number of Number of Cluster Mean chosen for vertex resolution corrected difference GWPC points éléments p-value (%) calculation 0% precuneus, cuneus, isthmus of the R 865 2.589 6.81e-03 0.261 cingulate cortex, pericalcarine region 10% Pericalcarine region, precuneus, L 2521 6.131 0.352 cuneus, lingual cortex 4.91e-08 Paracentral fissure, precuneus, L 2209 3.688 0.364 posterior cingulate cortex 1.5e-4 Upper and transverse temporal gyrus, L 1451 3 0.385 insula, supramarginal gyrus 1.44e-03 Lateral occipital cortex, cuneus, L 1072 2.538 6.58e-03 0.381 pericalcarine region precuneus, cuneus, pericalcarine R 1176 2.787 2.9e-03 0.37 region, isthmus of the cingulate gyrus, lingual cortex 20% Lateral occipital cortex, pericalcarine L <1e-100 0.455 region, lingual cortex, precuneus, 5395 12.078 cuneus, lower parietal cortex Upper and transverse temporal gyrus, L 3238 0.502 upper temporal sulcus, supramarginal 6.278 2.76e-8 gyrus, insula, middle temporal gyrus Paracentral sulcus, precentral and L 2398 3.679 1.41e-04 0.479 postcentral gyrus, precuneus, posterior cingulate cortex Lateral occipital cortex, cuneus, R 1655 3.601 1.82e-04 0.446 pericalcarine precuneus, cuneus, pericalcarine R 1276 2.799 2.54e-03 0.476 region, lingual gyrus, isthmus of the cingulate gyrus 30% Lateral occipital cortex, pericalcarine L <1e-100 0.537 region, lingual cortex, precuneus, 7093 15.072 cuneus, lower parietal cortex Upper temporal gyrus, lower parietal L 3958 7.79e-10 0.565 gyrus, transverse temporal gyrus, 7.356 upper temporal sulcus, supramarginal gyrus, insula Paracentral fissure, pre- and L 2643 5.52e-05 0.561 postcentral gyri, precuneus, posterior 3.957 cingulate cortex Occipital lateral gyrus, cuneus, R 1999 0.525 pericalcarine region, lingual cortex, 4.089 3.56e-05 superior parietal gyrus precuneus, cuneus, pericalcarine R 1562 3.368 0.531 region, lingual cortex, isthmus of the 3.8e-04 cingulate cortex 40% Lateral occipital cortex, pericalcarine L 8397 17.122 0.574 region, lingual cortex, precuneus, <1e-100 cuneus, inferior and superior parietal gyrus Upper, middle and transverse L 3898 7.361 7.74e-10 0.588 temporal gyrus, upper temporal sulcus, lower parietal gyrus, supramarginal cortex, insula Paracentral, pre- and postcentral gyri, L 2913 4.369 1.44e-05 0.605 precuneus, posterior cingulate cortex Lateral occipital cortex, cuneus, R 0.576 2138 4.249 2.12e-05 pericalcarine region, lingual cortex, superior parietal cortex precuneus, pericalcarine region, R 0.537 1885 4.017 4.54e-05 lingual cortex, cuneus, isthmus of the cingulate cortex 50% Lateral occipital cortex, pericalcarine L 8463 17.067 <1e-100 0.591 region, precuneus, cuneus, lingual cortex, upper and lower parietal cortex Paracentral, pre- and postcentral gyri, L 3111 4.862 2.91e-06 0.614 precuneus, posterior cingulate cortex Upper and transverse temporal gyri, L 1318 2.58 0.00526 0.607 insula, supramarginal gyrus Lower parietal gyrus, middle temporal L 1098 2.113 0.0243 0.58 gyrus, superior temporal sulcus Pre- et postcentral gyri L 1094 1.925 0.045 0.721 Lateral occipital cortex, cuneus, R 0.603 2094 4.038 4.33e-05 pericalcarine region, lingual cortex, superior parietal cortex precuneus, cuneus, pericalcarine R 0.579 1226 2.517 0.00639 region, isthmus of the cingulate cortex 60% Lateral occipital cortex, pericalcarine L 7346 14.01 <1e-100 0.598 region, inferior and superior parietal cortex, precuneus, cuneus, lingual cortex, Paracentral fissure, precuneus, L 1798 2.837 0.00229 0.562 posterior cingulate cortex Lateral occipital cortex, cuneus R 1574 2.75 0.00301 0.621 precuneus, cuneus, pericalcarine R 904 1.943 0.0425 0.561 region, isthmus of the cingulate cortex Supplementary Table 3: Clusters with Significant Increase in GWPC in ASD Patients. The number of resolution elements corresponds to ​ the number of independent observations within the cluster. Hsph = Hemisphere, L = Left, R = Right Supplementary figure 1 : Map of the difference in GWPC in ASD patients compared with control subjects with inclusion of estimated motion as covariate in the linear model (GMI measured at 30% cortical thickness). Only significant results at 5% after correction for ​ multiple RFT tests are shown. From left to right: left hemisphere lateral and medial view, right hemisphere lateral and medial view 2 Main cortical region Hemisphere Number of vertex Surface (mm )​ Cluster corrected Mean difference ​ points p-value (%) lateral occipital Left 1631 1332.30 0.00020 0.4962 pericalcarine Left 1118 602.02 0.00080 0.4448 superior temporal Left 1183 496.43 0.00539 0.5611 precentral Left 1034 433.18 0.01316 0.6525 precentral Left 955 406.64 0.02010 0.5613 lateral occipital Right 770 624.82 0.00020 0.5021 precuneus Right 1019 507.36 0.00120 0.5077 precentral Right 1152 426.14 0.00699 0.5364 precentral Right 747 333.91 0.03921 0.6133 Supplementary Table 4: Clusters with Significant Increase in GWPC in ASD Patients with inclusion of cortical thickness as a covariate of the linear model (GMI measured at 30% cortical thickness). The number of resolution elements corresponds to the number of ​ independent observations within the cluster. Differences between females and males 30% 40% 50% 60% -1,50 -0,50 0 0,50 1,50 ​ GWPC difference (in%) Supplementary Figure 2: Map of the difference in GWPC among females compared with males with inclusion of cortical thickness as a ​ ​ covariate of the linear model.
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