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National Speleological Society Cave Diving Section u D NATIONAL SPELEOLOGICAL SOCIETY CAVE DIVING SECTION VOLUME 19, NUMBER 6 - NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 1992 UNPERWATER SPELEOLQGY TABLE OF CONTENTS The official publication of the Cave Diving Section SECTION NEWS of the National Speleological Society, Incorporated. Guidelines & Maintenance in Mexico ............................... 11 written by James G. Coke IV P.O.OOX 950, BRAJIFORD, FL 32008-0950 Obituary: Ja11es Welborn Storer .............................•.... .12 written by Sheck Ex ey NSSCDS Warning Sigl) Report ...................................... .12 Editor: Carl sutton submitted by Philip Sirota 5721 NW 84 Terrace Gainesville, FL 32606-3824 904-374-8168 (h) 9u4-377-28221 (w) SAFETY Safety RecoDaendations for Extended Range Diving .••....•........ 3-5 by Michael Menduno &Capt. Billy Deans BOARQ OF DIRECTQRS FEATURE ARTICLE Chairperson: Dan Lins Dean's Blue Hole: Deepest in the World ......................... 6-10 P.O. Box 211, Ocala, FL 32678-0221 904-629-9749 (h) LETTER TO THE EDITOR •Aussie• 'lbank You ............................................... 12 Vice-Chair~rson: Mark Leonard Rt. 141 Box 136j Lake City, FL 32055 EDITORIALS 904-75d087 (w Cooperation Between the Cave Diving Organizations .•.•............ 13 written by R.D. Milhollin Treasurer: Eric Tasso Memorati ve ....................................................... 14 3535 NW 54 Lanel Gainesville, YL 32605-0808 written by Ian Jones 904-378-5207 (h PLEASE REMEMBER THAT ALL Secretary: Gene Broom EDITORIALS ARE THE OPINION & P.O. Box 822, Branford FL 32008-0822 KNOWLEDGE OF THE AUTHOR AND NOT 904-935-1141 (w) 904-9J5-01461 (h) NECESSARILY THOSE SHARED BY UWS. Training Chairperson: Lamar Hires IF YOU HAVE A COMPLAINT ... WRITE Rt. 14 Box 16r. Lake City YL 32055 AN EDITORIAL AND SEND IT IN. 904-75~-1087 (wl 904-755-5913 (h) YOUR SUPPORT OF UNDERWATER Leadership Coordinator: VACANT SPELEOLOGY THROUGH SUBMITTING JUST ABOUT ANYTHING THAT IS Director at Large: Kelly Brady PRINTABLE AND RELATIVE TO THE P. 0. Box 4278 Gainesville, FL 12613 PHILOSOPHY OF CAVE DIVING ... IS 904-372-3819 /eve) C01puserve 76100,2213 GREATLY APPRECIATED . .. THANK YOU FOR YOUR CONTRIBUTIONS. Program Coordinators Abe Davis Award ......................................... Wendv Short Accident Files ............................................ Joiln Crea Activities Coordinator ..• •.•.•••••.•....•..••••••.•..•... ~ic Tasso BiolQCJY ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••• Dr. J1ll Yager Bonaire Speleological Survey •••.••......••.••.••••••••••• John Burge Calendar Coordinator .•••.•.•.••.•.......••.•.••••.•• Randy Christian Cartography ..... , ...................................... Ftank Howard Cave Files Coordinator ....•••.......•••••••...•••••••• Tot Gilleland Cotputer ~plications •••••••.•••••••••....••••••••• , •. To1 Gillela~d Cons~rvatlQD: •••••••••••••••••••••• , ••••••••••••••••••••• Tom Morr~s Foreign Maillngs ........................................ Mary Garvin ICDSA ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Wenay Short International Infomtion Contact .••.•.••••••••••..••••••• Pete Butt International Correspondent ••••..•.•....•••••••••.••••.••.•..••... ? Ma~ ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ~ ••••• , ••••••••••••• Frank Howard Photography ............................................. Bob Janoski Pro!l(!ity Manager ........................................ Lal!ar Hires Publications Chairperson •••....•••••••....••••••••••.••. Lal!ar Hires Publications Coordinator •••...•••••••....••••.....••••• Gene Hellwig Quintana Roo Speleological Survey •••••••..••..•...••• : ••••• Jim Co~e Lorie Beth Conlin RescuejRecovery Teat .......................... Capt. Henry Nicholson Safety Cooittee !Mexico) ................................. ,Ji1 Coke Safety Colllttee Horthl .......................... Randy Kwiatkowski Safety CoiiJI.ittee South ................................ Wendy Short Science CoiiJI.ittee ........................................ Toll Morris SUIIp Diving Project ................................... John Schw~yen Survey .................................................. Lal!ar Hires Techn1ques .............................................Woody Jasper Yana Springs Project Coordinator •••.....••••.•..•.•••••• Gene Broo11e 2 VOLUME 19, NUMBER 6 NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 1992 UNDERWATER SPELEOLOGY ~~[F~UW [ru~©@UYAJ0¥1J~~[Q)~lr~@~~ [F@[R1 uu~)MF~~[Q)~[Q) [R1~~@~uu [Q)~W~~@ WRITTEN BY: Michael Menduno and Captain Billy Deans Reprint from a support docunent for •Blueprint for Survival Part n• presentation at the NAUI ICUE in October 1992 Definitions: Technical diving is a discipline that utilizes special methods, equipment, training and skills to improve underwater safetr and performance, enabling divers to explore a wide range of underwater environ­ ments and perform tasks beyond the scope of recreational diving. This typically involves "atended range'' exposures outside the recreational envelope (no-stop dives in the 0-130 fsw range) and is usually conducted in the "overhead envfromnent'' of a cave, wreck or decompression ceiling where the diver cannot freely ascend to the surface. Requirements For Conducting "Extended Range" Divesl. A-Attitude: Why Are You Doing This? K-Knowledge: Without Knowledge You Have No Options. T-Training: Skills Must Become Second Nature ('"muscle memory"). E-Experienc::e:""Exposure & Enviro11meutal Spedfic"-Takes Time To Build. E-Equipment: The '"Right"" Tools For The Job. Safety Recommendations: Training 1. Always oe prepared and "trained" for the dive you plan to conduct. Ask yourself if you, and your partner, meet the "AKTEE" criteria. 2. Review and practice "emergency procedures" frequently so that they become second nature. Gas Supply 3. Always dive a •redundant'' breathing system2 in an "overhead environment," or when diving beyond about 60 fsw. 4. Pre-plan and "calc::ulate" the gas required to conduct the dive (gas requirements= planned consumption plus suffident reserves) and dive your plan. Always dive your bottom gas using at least ''7he Rule of Jldrds'' in an overhead environment, or a suitable equlvalent3 in open water, depending on the operation. S. Plan at least a 33% reserve (1.5 x planned usage) for your decompression gas (equipped with redun­ dant regulators). 6. When possible4, carry all the gas you will need for the dive unless it can be "safely staged," depending on the operation and environment. Gas Mix 7. Always plan and dive the ''safest possible " mix( es) for the dive you are conducting. 8. Always aru~lyze and hillel your gas before making the dive. Make sure you know what mix you are breathing, and its operating parameters. 9. Maintain your P02s below l.S atm (recommended: 1.2-1.45 atm depending on workload)5 dur­ ing the "working phase" of the dive and anytime more than ''light work" is being done, boosting oxygen levels to a maximum of 1.6 atm, with care, during resting decompression. Take regular •air hrealcs" as a safety hedge every 20-25 minutes when breathing oxygen. 10. "Just Say No" to nitrox mixes, spec::ific::ally "air," beyond about 180-200 fsw or less, depend­ ing on the operation and environment. UNDERWATER SPELEOLOGY VOLUME 19, NUMBER 6 NOVEIIBEPIDECEAIBER 1992 3 ... cotttiltud .tro- ~ 3 Deco•pression 11. Always plan your decompression, and use appropriate and reliable decompression methods and tools for the dive your planning to conduct, and be conservative. 12. Utilize a ''hJ'Pef'oxiC mh " for decompression (ex. suitable EAN mix (es) and/or oxygen) whenever an equivalent "air decompression" would exceed aboutlS-20 minutes6. 13. Limit oxygen decompression to 20 fsw or less and use care. 14. Plan for and always be prepared to deal with decompression illness (DCI). In particular have plenty 7 of oxygen immediately available for treatment during any diving operation and know how to use it. Equlp•ent IS. Always use the best possible equipment, that is well-maintained and appropriate for the dive you plan to conduct and the environment. Redundancy on all essential subsystems is key. In particular, always carry appropriate emergency equlpment8 and know how to use ft. For example: • Three lights (overhead environment) • Decompression reel & lift bag (open water) • Bail-out bottles (a "team of one") • Surface signaling device (open water) 16. Always use a "continuous guideline" when diving in an "overhead environment", and/or a suit­ able"decompre.ssfon line system" when conducting extended and/or deep open water dives9. 17. (Emerging technology) When possible, wear "breathing equipment" that allows you to survive an underwater convulsion/loss of consdousness, such as a full face mask system or retaining strap. Operations to 18. Pre-plan all aspects of the dive you intend to conduct. Design your "operation" with the goal of being able to provide "effective and Immediate assistance to a diver In distress at any point ln the dive." In particular, "be prepared for the worst," and always have plenty of 02 on hand. 19. Always dive as a "team 11," and utilize surface support personnel, ami when appropriate, in-water support divers, whenever possible. In particular, designate an "Operations Manager'' who is responsible for overseeing diver safety and keep "good records." Always honor rule number one of team diving,"Anyone can "call" the dive at any time for any reason." 20. Utilize an effective "communications system" between the dive and support team whenever possi­ ble. In the future, wireless communications systems will become the standard. 21. Remember, YOU, and YOU ALONE, are responsible for your own safety. Never permit
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  • Bothwell Stories
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