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Determination of Spin Axis Orientation Of DRDC-RDDC-2016-N051 Combined Space-Based Observations of Geostationary Satellites Dr. Robert (Lauchie) Scott, Captain Kevin Bernard Defence R&D Canada Ottawa, 3701 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0Z4 Stefan Thorsteinson Calian Inc. 340 Legget Dr, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K2K 1Y6 Abstract One of the Space Situational Awareness (SSA) science experiments of the NEOSSat mission is to learn the practicalities of combining space-based metric observations with the Sapphire system. To answer this question, an experiment was performed observing clustered Canadian geostationary satellites using both Sapphire and NEOSSat in early 2016. Space-based tracking data was collected during tracking intervals where both NEOSSat and Sapphire had visibility on the geostationary objects enabling astrometric (orbit determination) and photometric (object characterization) observations to be performed. We describe the orbit determination accuracies using live data collected from orbit for different collection cases; a) NEOSSat alone, b) Sapphire alone, and c) Combined observations from both platforms. We then discuss the practicalities of using space-based sensors to reduce risk of orbital collisions of Canadian geostationary satellites by proactively tasking space based sensors in response to conjunction data warnings in GEO. 1. Introduction Space-based space surveillance sensors have shown significant utility in the tracking the geosynchronous space objects [1], and have found a key role in the sustainment of the deep-space space surveillance catalog [2]. These systems often employ small aperture, visible-band space telescopes designed to acquire precision angles-only astrometric (positional) measurements of Resident Space Objects (RSOs). Space-based space surveillance sensors have particular advantages in that they are not interrupted by the day/night cycle, are unaffected by clouds and other weather and that they can track geosynchronous objects at any longitude. Canada has fielded space-based space surveillance capabilities by launching the Canadian Armed Forces’ Sapphire satellite (see Figure 1 left) and the research microsatellite NEOSSat (see Figure 1 right). Sapphire is an operational space surveillance capability which is now a contributing sensor to the US Space Surveillance Network transmitting more than 3000 observations/day to the Joint Space Operations Centre. NEOSSat, with its dual mission of asteroid astronomy and Space Situational Awareness (SSA) experimentation, has produced space surveillance imagery suitable for its experimental mission despite a prolonged commissioning and on-orbit calibration period after its launch. The SSA mission of NEOSSat, known as the High Earth Orbit Space Surveillance (HEOSS) mission, initiated its experimental activities in late 2015. Fig.1. Left: Canadian Armed Forces’ Sapphire space surveillance satellite. Right: NEOSSat microsatellite undergoing mass properties testing at the David Florida Laboratory in Ottawa, Ontario (Image credit: Canadian Department of National Defence. Her majesty the Queen in right of Canada as represented by the Minister of National Defence (2016) Copyright © 2016 Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference (AMOS) – www.amostech.com One of the HEOSS experiment objectives is to perform combined space surveillance observations with Sapphire to examine the practicalities of performing such observations. Sapphire and NEOSSat were not designed to be inherently interoperable with one another; however, using Canadian Armed Forces Sapphire operator know-how, and the research flexibility of the NEOSSat microsatellite, the sensors can be used to approximate combined observation operations. In this paper we show how both NEOSSat and Sapphire were used to track geosynchronous space objects with a view toward performing coordinated orbital tracking and reducing risk of conjunctions of geosynchronous satellites. We discuss the sensors, observing geometry, and tracking data collected by both NEOSSat and Sapphire during a two-day tracking campaign in early 2016. We then examine the characteristics of each sensor’s capability to perform precision orbit estimation either independently, or in a combined manner. Finally, we show how these sensors could be employed in a conjunction derisk scenario and identify the requirements and limitations for such a spaceflight-safety scenario. 2. Sensor Descriptions NEOSSat is a microsatellite designed to perform SSA experimentation and asteroid astronomy [3]. NEOSSat is a joint project between Defence R&D Canada and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) where the CSA performs satellite operations and DRDC performs mission scientific planning and tasking. NEOSSat’s weighs 72 kg with overall dimensions of 1.4 x 0.8 x 0.4 m. The microsatellite is equipped with an attitude control system optimized for asteroid astronomy and space surveillance. NEOSSat carries a 15 cm visible-band Maksutov telescope with a beveled baffle designed to enable tracking of objects within 45 degrees of the Sun. NEOSSat is in a 785 km-altitude dawn-dusk, sun-synchronous orbit and was launched 25 February 2013. Sapphire is the operational space surveillance capability of the Canadian Armed Forces and is a contributing sensor to the US Space Surveillance Network [4]. Sapphire is based on a Surrey SSTL-150 satellite bus with overall mass of 148 kg and is ~1 m3 in size. The payload is a 13 cm, three-mirror, visible-band anistigmat telescope designed to track deep space objects in GEO and Highly Elliptical Orbit (HEO). Sapphire performs catalogue maintenance by responding to sensor tasking issued by the Joint Space Operations Center (JSpOC) via the Canadian Armed Forces Sensor System Operations Centre (SSOC) located at Royal Canadian Air Force Base 22-Wing North Bay, Ontario. Sapphire is owned by the Canadian Armed Forces and is operated under contract by MacDonald Detwiller and Associates (MDA) who performs scheduling, data reduction and system maintenance of Sapphire’s ground and space segment. Both Sapphire and NEOSSat track deep-space RSOs by slewing along the direction of relative motion of the targeted RSO and exposing their CCD detectors. Sapphire and NEOSSat are sensitive to objects to magnitude 16 at geosynchronous ranges. Both systems transmit observations to their respective ground segments using S-band radio communication links where astrometric processing is performed and observations are formed. Both NEOSSat and Sapphire follow nearly identical orbital trajectories. During the interval of 3-4 February 2016 when both sensors were performing this experiment, Sapphire was leading NEOSSat in orbit by approximately 4700 km (see Figure 2). Both NEOSSat and Sapphire generally track objects in the antisolar direction to a) benefit from favorable illumination phase angles, and b) reduce the slewing demand such that the satellites work productively on orbit which reduces the slewing intervals for the satellites. Both NEOSSat and Sapphire generally track geostationary satellites in the anti-solar direction. For the tracks acquired on the Anik F2 cluster both space-based sensors detected the target RSOs simultaneously within the field of view of their instruments (See Figure 3). This tracking approach reduces the amount of “step and stare” motions that the spacecraft need to perform to track the objects. Her majesty the Queen in right of Canada as represented by the Minister of National Defence (2016) Copyright © 2016 Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference (AMOS) – www.amostech.com Fig.2. Observing geometry of NEOSSat and Sapphire on the Anik F2 cluster. Sapphire and NEOSSat’s orbital motion is counterclockwise in this view. The angle between Sapphire, the Anik F2 cluster and NEOSSat is ~6°. Wildblue-1 Wildblue-1 Anik F2 Anik F2 Fig.3. (Left): Sapphire image of the Anik F2 and Wildblue-1 geosynchronous satellites. (Right): NEOSSat image of the same cluster approximately 5 minutes later (From [5]). 3. SSA Data Processing Images collected by the space-based sensors are formed by exposing their frame-transfer CCDs for approximately 4 seconds or more. This enables RSO signal to be integrated on a small patch of CCD pixels while simultaneously streaking background stars. Both point-source RSOs and streaked stars are centroided to measure observer-based J2000 right ascension and declination measurements required for astrometric tracking of the objects’ orbital motion. These observations are location-stamped with the precision position of the observing platform derived from Sapphire’s and NEOSSat’s onboard GPS receivers. The observations are corrected for annual and orbital aberration prior to transmission to the space surveillance Network. Sapphire and NEOSSat use pixel clustering techniques to centroid both RSOs and star-streaks to form observations. Open filter photometric (magnitude) information is simultaneously formed after image processing in each respective ground system. For this experiment, space-based observations of the Anik F2 / Wildblue-1 cluster which resides at 111.1° west longitude were collected. NEOSSat and Sapphire were configured to acquire metric observations on the cluster during the time period of 3-4 February 2016. In order to increase the imaging cadence on the NEOSSat instrument, NEOSSat collected 2x2 binned CCD imagery to increase the rate of image acquisition. This has the effect of lowering the metric accuracy of the instrument but increases the imaging cadence in an attempt to match Sapphire’s imaging rate of one
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