" I1V BRJT,m .5 834 MAx; 8 A- 1, 19261 ;-trCAM-nt-bST '^ oresBRIEOG M ftALr WORTHIES. ' I MEDICAL JOUTA.Vkt a. as Liniacre lecturer anid then as riegius professor, by CAMBRIDGE MEDICAL WORTHIES. Johln Haviland (1785-1851). To Haviland, Sir Hunipliry AT the social evening of the Royal Society of Rolleston said, " the owes muclh mnot-e Sir STCLAIR than is Inow realized, for had it not been for hiis in- oen Monday last, when the President, fluence and insistence the medical faculty m-light have THOMSON, received the guests, Sir , beeni abolished, anid it has been said that its subsequenit Regius Professor of Physic, Cambriage, gave an address on success was largely due to his exertionis. He was the first " Some worthies of the Cambridge Medical School." After to give regular courses in patlhology and the practice of observing that of the eighty presidents of the Royal mediciiie, anid to riake the medical examinations a real College of Phlysicians of London since 1518, thirty-seven and rigid test instead of a rather farcical formil, sometimiies held Camiibridge miiedical degrees, he went oni to give it hals been wllispered post-pranidial, at least in point of accounts of woorthies who we-ere resideint members of the tinle. As he wIrote little, anid person-al memories die Uniiversity. He began withi Johln Caims (1510-1573), wvho comparatively younig, his name is seldom mentioned now,V was the founder of scientific in this and but if the doings of the medical sclhool since his time be a country monument to his saving grace, he could hlardly hlave wishe(d a Grecian after the order of Linacre, and, like Linacre, for a greater." Haviland was twelfth w-ranglei, anid the plysician to tlhree sovereignis-Edward VI, Mary, and next worthy mentioned, Sir Thomas Watson, was teith Elizabeth. He was President of the College of wrangler (in 1815). He was also a Fellow of St. Jolhln's, on tlhree occasions, for. niiie years in all, and did much Linacre lecturer, and junior proctor before lie wenit to for the College, founding its annials, designing the symbols London to become to the Middlesex Hospital and insignia, and in particular presenting to it the " staff in 1827. Henry J. Hayles Bond (1801-1883) was regius of silver or caduceus with its head adorned witlh the arms professor for twenty-one years (1851-72) and took the of the College supported by four serpents to remind him rather unusual couirse of resigning twenty-one years before by its material (silver) to govern with patience and his deatlh. His tenure of office was contemporary with a courtesy, and by its symbols (serpents) with judgement gratifying rise in the reputation of the medical school. and wisdom." Caius had been educated at Gonville Hall, This change indeed was urgently needed; for from 1833 Cambridge, of which he became a Fellow in 1533. He to 1858 the average number of M.B. degrees granted in a refounded Gonville Hall as Gonville and Caius College year was less than four. In the fifty years, 1876 to 1925, in the interests of medicine in 1557, and became master in approximately 2,500 first degrees in medicine or 1558. -His dislike of the vandalism of the times caused have been coiifeired, the largest number being 90 in 1903; him to be persecuted by the vice-chlancellor (afterwards in 1917 there were 14, and in 1925 there were 68. Archbishop of Canterbury), and lhe died in London in Coming dowin nearer to our own day, Sir Huniphlry 1573 in penury, for he had spent all his money on1 the Rolleston sketchedl the life of Sir George Paget, eiglhth C'ollege. wrangler, Fellow of Caius, for forty-five years physician; The next namiie mentioned was that of , to Addenbrooke's Hospital, and from 1872 to 1892 Regius, philosopher, physiologist, morbid anatomist, and cliniciani, Professor of Plhysic. He it was who, during Haviland's whlo had described muscutlar irritability, and in 1650 wrote ten-ure of the chair, was instrumental in initiating- clinical hiis book on . His fanmous work Anatoiinia Hepatis examinations for tlle imiedical degree; this was the first (1654) made his name anid capsule familiar to generations regular clinical examiination held in the . of students. " His share in the success of the Medical School has Of William Heberden, who before he removed to probably iiot been justly appreciated, for in addition to Lonidon was Linacro lecturer at St. John's College, being the quiet but moving force behind his two prede. Cambridge (1734-38), it was said: " He took careful notes cessors he was inistrumenital in establislhing the Naturial of hiis patients, reading them over every montlh and then Sciences Tripos in 1851, anid took ani active part in the writing down in a kind of medical common-place book ear ly examinations. Further, it was duriing his terni of wlhatever he thought worthy of preservationi; in this way office that the D.P.H. was started, and thus set an he produced by the time he was 72 years of age his examiiple to other uniiversities and examining bodies." celebrated Com,in enta ii dle Morboruit Historia et Cura- Going on then to Sir George Murray Humphry, he saidl tionle, which he entrusted to hiis son, William Heberden that it was near ly thiirty years since his death, yet his (thie younger), with the injunction that it was not to be pupils had an extremely vivid recollection of the most published until after his death." It was the last important impressive teacher they ever had. " They recall him iedical treatise written in Latini. perched on his stool in the Museum, or leaning on his stick Robert Glynn, afterwards Clobery, was born in Cornwall outside Addenbrooke's, with his mobile features, aquiline in 1719, anid educated at Eton and Kinig's, which caused nose, glittering eye, and black hair, recalling Rembrandt's lhim when in practice to refuse to take fees from Corniish- picture of the Jewish Rabbi, and by compelling attention miien and Etonians. He had a great objection to opium the Ancient Mariner.' " " . . . He had the genius, and mercury, and wlhen once was taken ill away from perseverance, and collecting talent of the Chosen People. liome he said to his physician that he was going to be very . . . He found the Medical School insignificant, but ill, but was on no account to be given any of " that vile left it what it is. . . . A great anatomist, his book on (rug, opium, or any preparation of it." When he re- the Humn^n Skeleton (1858) made the dry bones to live, covered he asked whether his injunction had been obeyed, and was a quarry from which much ore was extracted by and the reply he received from his physician was, " If I others." As a practitioner he was wonderfully shrewd, hia1dnot you would not have been here to ask the question." and many were the favourite aphorisms, such as " Eyes Sir Busick Harwood (1745-1814), a personi of somewhat first, fingers next, ears last," that were remembered violent manners, was, next mentioned; he was a Fellow- even now. commoner of Christ's College, and became enthusiastic After a brief reference to William Harvey (1578-1657), on tlle subject of blood transfusion, upon whicl, in 1785 the lectnirer passed on to Sir Michael Foster, who, he the year after he was elected F.R.S., he wrote his M.B. said, "by creating the Cambridge School of Physiology,- thesis. He was appointed professor of aniatomy in 1785 carried out Harvey's precept ' to search and study out and retained the office until his death, although from the secrets of Natuire by way of experiment,' and with 1800 to 1814 he was also Downing Professer of Medicine. Sir George Paget and Slr George Humphry created tlle He vrote a well illustrated System of Coimzparative modern Cambridge Scllool of Medical Science." When hie A4,natomy and Physiology (1795). He quarrelled with and went to Cambridge hlis laboratory was at first half a room' challenged to a duel one of his colleagues (Sir Isaac in the New Museums, his companion being the Pluniiau' Pennington) at Addenbrooke's Hospital, who treated the Professor of Astronomiiy James Challis (1803-1881). message with contempt and never aiiswered. Pennington " Foster, ever ainxious to encourage research and not (1754-1817) was fifteenth wrangler in 1767; he waas without wise lhumiour, iniitiated an investigation into the p)rofessor of clhemistry for twenty years anldRegius dissociationi products of protein, which entailed the pro- Professor of Plysic from 1793 until his deatlh, a"nd for longed concentbration of odoriferous iluids; not oniy did fifty y ears Linacre lecturer. He was succee(led, first the Plumiani Professor vacate hiis share of the premiseA, g 8 'AND 15, 1926] ROYAL -COT1tBGE,-OF -SU,OGEONS OF 'EDINBURGH. [ ,s z but he spread about the tale of his experience, and, post instruietion of the members of the craft. An important or propter, Foster got progressively more elbow room." provision which indicates a high standard relative to the Of Professor Alexander Macalister (1844-1919), who general intellectual advancemenit of the time was that I O succeeded Sir George Humphry as Professor of Anatomy master of the craft was to take an apprelntice in surgery and held the chair for thirty-six years, the lecturer said unless hie could both 'read and write. The craft also that he " took a very broad view of hluman anatomy, like obtained an important privilege which at the present day his successor, including embrvologv, histology, and anthropo- would hlave been of great financial value, that no man or logy, and was at once one of the most learned and woman within the burgh was to make or sell any aqua(t most truly modest of men." Finally the lecturer said ritae, except the masters and freemiien- of the said craft of a few words about his immediate predecessor in the surgeons. Regius chair, Sir , declarinig that, thoutgh Privileges of Barber-Surgeons. wise with long experience, he " remained youthful in Wlhen the barber-surgeons thutis became one of the recog- minid till the end, ever open to wlhat was new as long nized crafts or guilds of the city, they stood ninth or tentlh as it was true, and yet he neve'r seems to lhave made a in order of seniority, the eldest being the Hatmakers, whlo mistake by backing some fallacious, thouigh at first sight had been inicorporated since 1473. By 1582 we find that promising, departure. For sixty years he contributed to the Barber-surgeons took precedeniee as the premier guild medical science, and much of what he pointed out has been among the crafts, which now numbered fourteen. The so incorporated in common knowledge that his share is guilds asseiiibled at intervals for the discussion of questions forgotten. He thought and worked on big lines, had high relating to the riights and privxileges of the trades, their ideals, and was- a most modest gentleman. His fame will place of meeting being the Magdalel Chapel in the increase when with the passage of years hiis work is seen in Cowgate, wlich belonged to the Hammermen, and which due l)erspective." is still extanit. Under the famous " blue blanket," tlle Sir WILLIAM HALE-WHITE, proposing a vote of tlhanks tradesmen's banner, the surgeons often rendered valuable to Sir- Humphry Rolleston, contributed further anecdotes, service ini the fneld in the troublouis times of the sixteenth including the tale of Sir George Murray Humphry's centurv occasioned by wars against " our auld inemies cf sstematic collection of centenarians who spurned neither Inglanid." George Leitlie, a deacon of the barber- wine nor tobacco; the polican in St. James's Park which, surgeons in 1527, received a vearly fee and pension by- Act having swallowed a Foreign Office paper believed to bo of Parliament for his services, and in 1542 we find that lie important, was conveyed to a medical consulting room for again was oine of those who received a grant for " passand( an emetic; and the black-boned pigeons which, having to the bordori-is for curing of all persoiiis that hapnit to figured in laboratory studies of Mendelian principles, sub- be lhurt be tile Inglis menne." In 1558, the country being sequettly formed part of Sunday dinners at Cambridge. threatened by an invasion fromii the south, the coiiuncil Dui-ing the evening various interesting exhibits were was hastily summoned to take steps for the protection displayed and a programme of orchestral music was of thie city. Robert Hendersoni, deacon of the barbers, performed. and seven othiers were selected as a committee to arrange for putting the town in a state of defence, and the surgeon- barbers' inicor-poration undertook to supply 717 men, 'of whom 27 were barbers, in case of attack. A special charter granted by Mary- Queen of Scots oni May 1lth, 1567, shows that the suirgeons had by this time become indispensable EARLY DAYS OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF to the army- in the exercise of thieir craft. This " letter of SURGEONS OF EDINBURGH. exeBmption," as it is generally called, states that the ThzE Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh owes a debt chirurgeonis are no longer required of giratitude to the late Mr. Clarendon Hyde Creswell, " to bear armour nior pass in battle in our lhosts, raids, gatherilngs, fornmerly officer and sub-librarian of the College, for the assembles, weaponshawings, or wars to be made by us or our pJainstakiing work which has gone to produce the successors . . by land and sea within this our sald realms or volume without the same; and also from all compearance and passinig of historical nlotes dealing with the fortunes of that upoIn any inquests or assizes on actionis criminal or civil.... institution from 1505 to 1905.' Provided always thiat they be presenit with our armies ready to Although the origin of barbers as a distinct craft may do their cure anid duty to all such per-sons as shall have want be traced back to 1092, when monks were forbidden to wear tliereof." beards and members of the monasteries were trained in the arts of 1'Professiotal Remneraboation i d Craft Fees. shaving and bleeding, and although two There were ranks were recognized, from the beginning of the thirteenth nulmerous records, in the early days of the century, in clerical barber-surgeons and lay barbers, the incorporation, of grants for special services, such as that official already mentioned. James Heniderson, deacon of surgeonts recognition of this calling in Edinburgh does not in 1587, was entrusted emerge until 1504. An extract from the burgh records by the town council with the duty of Edinburgh shiows, that of visiting " all persons who shall be infected with tho however, by this year the barber sickness of for whiell lie was craft was a flourishing fraternity possessingf a special altar lestilence," to receive a in the Kirk of St. Giles yearly stipenid of £20. James Henderson was thus tlho for whicl -they maintained a first medical officer of health in and his chaplain. The " seal of cause " or charter granted by Edinburghi, duties the town council to were p)erformed. with so much satisfaction to the couincil the barber-surgeons in the following that it exeised him from of year contains a statement of their privileges and regula- payment any taxes levied tions. Every freeman of the craft was to pay one penny onl inhabitants of the burgh during his life. About the weekly and year 1581 the entrance fees to tIme incorl)oration were for every servant or apprentice of the craft one £60 and for barbers £40. An halfpenny towards the uipkeep of these religious obser- surgeons (Scots) apprentice vances. Before admission as a when lie was " inibooked " had to pay 40s., and there was member of the craft each also a from master and candidate required to be a burgess of the city and to be quarterly subscription every free- examined man of the craft amounting to 6s. 8d. The incorporationl appears to hla-e obtained a considerable amount of revenule " that he knaw anotamea nature and coniplexioun of every member from fines imposed on its members for various offences, In manis bodie. And in lykewayes lie *knaw all the vayniis of the samyn -thatt he may mak flewbothomea in dew tyme. Anid als thatt £5, for exaimiple, being the fine once paid by a member he knaw in quhilk member the signe hes domination for the tyme for utterinig " ulnrevelant speeches " against the deaconi, for every man aucht to knaw the niature and substance of every deforcing the officer, and leaving the meeting without thing tljatt he wirkis or ellis lie is negligenit." permission, For the more serious offence of haviiug rhe town council was also to provide oiice in the year "beaten and stricken the deacon's wife, his children, anld a dead body of a criminal for the purpose of the mutual serv.ant,and for having offered to put violent hands on the I Francis Easton, ThelaRyl College of Surgeo,,s of Edinbtrgh: Ilistorical Notes from dleacon himself," apprentice to the deacon, 7505 to'1 W)Q6. By Carendon Hyde Creswell, F.83.A.Scot., late Officer and was fined £50, as well as being obliged to sign a very Sub-librarian of the College. Edinburgh and. London: Privately printed humble apology. Another of the sources from the for the College by Oliver and Boyd. 1926. (Med. 8vo, pp. - whichl jUlustrated. los. ne.) xv 262; Lcalling derived an income is deservinlg of special menltion.