[From Schurigio: Lithopogia Historico-Medica, Dresden, 1744]

ANNALS OF MEDICAL HISTORY Third Series , Volume II January , 1940 Numbe r 1

CHARLES GOODALL, M.D., F.R.C.P.

A DEFENDER OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF OF

By SIR , BT., G.C.V.O., K.C.B.

HASLEMERE,

HARLES GOODALL (1642- title page of this printed dissertation, 1712) was ail ardent cham- which is in the , de- pion of the rights of the scribed him as “Carolus Goddal, anglus, Royal College of Physicians Acad. Cant. L. et Coll. Email., ibidem of London and the vigorous opponentnuper alumnus. ” He was incorporated ofC unlicensed “practisers” during most m.d . at Cambridge on November 26 in of his professional life, beginning, by the same year. bringing out a book on the subject, even Settling in London he then attended before he was connected with the Col- the anatomical lectures of Walter Need- lege and lasting until his death when ham (1631-1691?) whom he was des- he was president. He was the son of tined to succeed on April 28, 1691, as Thomas Goodall, of Earl Stonham. Suf- to the Charterhouse where he folk. Admitted a pensioner (an ordinary resided, as the regulations of the foun- undergraduate) at Emmanuel College, dation directed (which Needham had Cambridge, on January 20, 1658-9 he not obeyed), with occasional visits to was licensed to practise (C.L.)* his house in Kensington. This charity in 1665. was founded by Thomas Sutton (1532- On June 21, 1670 he “entered on the 1611), a soldier and the richest com- physic line’’ at Leyden and on July 6 of moner of his day, for eighty poverty- that year obtained the doctorate of med- stricken “gentlemen,” soldiers, mer- icine there with his “Disputatio de chants ruined by piracy or shipwreck, haemorrhageis scorbuticis,” which was and servants of the sovereign, and sec- dedicated to his father, Rev. G. Smyth ondly for the education and mainte- and Richard Lower (1631-1691). The nance of forty boys. The school moved * This licence does not appear to have in 1872 to Godaiming, Surrey, with now been conferred after 1760 and, like the more than 600 boys. W. M. Thackeray licence to practise (M.L.), was abol- (1811-1863), who was educated there, ished in 1859. described it under the name “Grey- friars”; the school buildings were then ident should be chosen anually by the occupied by Merchants Taylors School fellows, but the Statute 14 Henry vm, and when this also moved out of Lon- withdrew this privilege and duty from don a few years ago, by the medical the fellows at large, and directed that school of St. Bartholomew’s hospital. henceforth the president should be an- The establishment for the pensioners nually elected exclusively by eight sen- remains in its original site now in the ior fellows, to be called elects, from busy neighbourhood of Smithfield meat amongst themselves. This imperium in market (opened in 1868), its old build- imperio continued until i860 when the ings resembling those of an Oxford or elects were abolished and the election of Cambridge college. Thackeray made the president reverted to the whole body “Col. Newcome” end his days there and of fellows. The oligarchical method of with his last breath answer “adsum,” as election may throw light on some curi- the pensioners did to their roll-call. ous features in the list of presidents, When in 1889 I was resident, as an as- such as Sir ’s retention sistant to the medical officer, for a few of the chair from 1 820 until his death in months, John Maddison Morton (1811- 1844, and the following alternation of 1891), author of “Box and Cox” (1847), presidents: 1785 Sir George Baker, Bt., was a pensioner, and like them wore a m.d . Cantab. (1722-1809) gown in chapel and hall. The Master of the Charterhouse (Rev. E. Schomberg) 1791 Thomas Gisborne, kindly informs me that the authorized m.d . Cantab. (1726-1806) number of pensioners remains at eighty, 1792 Sir George Baker but that under the scheme from the 1794 Thomas Gisborne Charity Commissioners the number va- 1795 Sir George Baker ries from time to time according to the 1796 Thomas Gisborne finances available, and that at the pres- A portrait of Goodall as a handsome ent time the number is fifty-eight. man in the forties by an unknown artist At the Royal College of Physicians and without any date, was presented to Goodall was admitted a candidate, cor- the College in 1713 by his widow (and responding to the present diplomate or third wife) and hangs on the staircase. member, on June 6, 1676. a few months His son Thomas was admitted a pen- after the publication of his pamphlet sioner at Gonville and Caius College, “The Colledge of Physicians Vindi- Cambridge, on November 11, 1683 and cated” (page 4) and was elected a fel- proceeded to m.a . 1691 (J. and J. A. low on April 5, 1680; he delivered the Venn); another son Charles (1671-1689) Goulstonian lectures in 1685 and the in 1694 and again in poet and postmaster (the equivalent of 1709; he was a censor in 1697, 1703, scholar) at Merton College, Oxford, was 1705, 1706, elect from 1704, consiliarius the author of Poems and translations 1708, president from December 23, written on several occasions and to sev- 1708 until his death on August 23, 1712 eral persons “by a late scholar of Eaton,” at his country house in Kensington. A London, 1789 (N. Moore). few lines may be added to explain the Goodall presented to the College on above office of “elect.” By the Letters July 12, 1706 “two ancient” portraits Patent of Henry vm (1518), constituting of Henry vm and Cardinal Wolsey, the College, it was directed that the pres- which hang in the censors’ room. Goodall ’s Writi ng s print. This was the occasion of Good- In contrast with his contemporary, all's first published work in 1676 when (1619-1707), who he “pitched upon” a scandalous pam-

wrote widely 011 religion, philosophy, ph let by Adrian Huyberts, physician: physics, psychology, physiology, anat- A Corner-stone Laid towards the Build- omy, and zoology, in about thirty pub- ing of a New Colledge, (that is to say, a lications, many of which went through new Body of Physicians in London). Upon several editions, Goodall devoted his occasion of the vexatious and oppressive literary energies almost entirely to the proceedings acted in the name of the So- Royal College of Physicians, its defence ciety called the Colledge of Physicians: and the suppression of quackery and ir- For the better information of all men, as regular unlicensed practice in three well as of Physicians, Chirurgians and publications on these subjects. Apothecaries touc hing the unhappy estate of the Art of Physick, here in England. It In the exercise of its disciplinary pow- being an apo logy for the better education ers over the physicians and apothecaries of Physicians. in London and within the seven sur- Rode, caper, vitem; tamen bine in tua rounding miles the Royal College of quod fundi cornua possit, orit. Physicians aroused dislike and resent- 4to London, printed for the author, ment, sometimes expressed freely in •675- This apology of mine shall be divided my profession, to the honour of the Col- into 4 parts: lege and the welfare of the State,” he (1) The occasion of my present perse- did not anticipate the wise dictum of Sir cution. (2) The pretences on which it is Henry Pitman (1808-1908), Registrar grounded: in the disquisition whereof, I (1858-1889) of the College, who, when have discovered under how great a mys- an offensive letter was addressed to the tery of iniquity this art has hitherto been managed, to the abuse and detriment of College and, after a delay of some days, the nobility, gentry and people. (3) The his assistant asked if it should not be manner of the Colledges vexatious pro- acknowledged, replied, “No, a letter ceedings to ruin me. (4) An account of which never ought to have been written myself, as to my education in physick, my ought never to be answered.” The ex- practice both here and beyond-sea, and ample of defending the College had my behaviour towards all English abroad: shortly before been set by some of his especially the friends of his Majesty. seniors, such as Christopher Merrett He stated that when he came to Eng- (1614-1695) in “A short view of the land he successfully cured patients for- frauds, and abuses committed by apothe- merly given over to the grave by physi- caries; as well in relation to patients, as cians who were so annoyed that they physicians: and of the only remedy waited for an opportunity to fall upon thereof by physicians making their own him . . . “To this purpose a Council .” Pp. 53. London, 1669, Jon- was called; a junior doctor of the gang athan Goddard (1617-1675) wrote two they employed to be their pedee-solici- discourses: “A discourse concerning tor, as having a busie humour and but physick and the many abuses thereof by little else to do; and so he is condemned apothecaries,” 8vo. Loud. 1668; and “A to carry the green-bag after the other discourse setting forth the unhappy con- doctor.’’ dition of the practice of physick in Lon- Goodall’s criticism, which was by no don and offering some means to put it means gentle, was set out in “The Col- into a better; for the interest of patients, ledge of Physicians Vindicated and the no less, or rather much more, then of true state of Physick in this nation faith- physicians,” pp. 62 Loud., 1670. There fully represented: An answer to a scan- were other tracts, some anonymous. dalous pamphlet entitled 'Ebe Corner In a preface to “the reader” Goodall Stone,” &c. By Charles Goodall, Dr. of said, physick, 8to, pp. 191. London, 1676. It received an imprimatur signed “Geo. . . . the treatise against which I write, is Hooper, R”10 D"° Arch. Cant, a Sacris so mean in itself that the very answering Domesticis. “20 Dec. 1675, ex Aedib. of it, needeth an apology; for no wise man Lambeth.” Hooper (1640-1727) was is in danger of being taken with so scur- then chaplain to Gilbert Sheldon (1598- rilous a pamphlet, or can think the inter- 1677), Archbishop of Canterbury. It est of the College fit to be put in the scale with it; but the greater part of the world was dedicated to the Right Honourable is not wise, and physick is so abstruce, as Sir Francis North. Lord Chief Justice of to be above the capacity and judgment of the Common Pleas. Though probably the vulgar, and therefore liable to the mis- stimulated by good intentions, like those representation of knaves who with small expressed in this century by the fellows colour of reason and great clamour, can in their declaration of fidelity on admis- breed in the common people what esti- sion to “do everything in the practice of mate of it they please. Goodall continued, by the President and Censors of the Col- Although it hath not yet been my hap- lege and related all the legal documents piness to be a member of the learned So- mentioned above. I bis collection was ciety of Physicians in London yet I profess based on a similar one made in 1660 by myself an honourer of them, and cannot Christopher Merrett. without indignation hold men of so great (ii) “An historical account of the Col- worth and abilities in their faculty, so bar- ledge’s proceedings against empiricks barously assaulted by a wretched combina- and unlicensed practisers in every tion of ignorant and impudent empiricks. Princes reign from their first incorpora- In the introduction he spoke of the tion to the murther of the Royal martyr “Corner-Stone” King Charles the First,” 4to. This trea- tise began with an epistle dedicatory “to . . . which whether written by the club the Right Worshipfull Dr. Whistler, of mountebanks by whom the pretended president, the Censors, and Fellows of author is said to be maintained in the law- the College of Physicians in London,” suit or, whether the fruit of one man's which occupies 25 leaves (without pagi- labour, I know not; but I find it con- taineth the substance of what all of them nation) and is rich in short biographies have hitherto said against the Colledge. of fellows of the College. The record of An answer to this may save us the trouble the Proceedings against empiricks then of writing any more upon this subject; follows on page 305. A copy in the li- nor need that answer be prolix, if we con- brary of the Royal College of Physicians sider all their objections are reducible to contains 12 leaves of manuscript notes these three following questions: (i) inserted after the second treatise, writ- whether the Col ledge of Physicians be ten by Goodall, and consisting of copies established by Act of Parliament, (ii) of counsel’s opinions on College affairs, whether the proceedings of the Colledge bonds, warrants, and forms of licence against empiricks and unlicensed persons (1680), with index. These again are fol- be oppressive, and (iii) whether physicians lowed by 9 leaves of similar matter in educated in Universities, and particularly the Colledge of Physicians in London, another script. Goodall’s handwriting is have been the great hindrance of the art admirably clear, like that of Walter of physick and more especially that of Charleton, to whose “very learned and chymistry. laborious works” and “anatomical pre- lections in the College theatre” he re These questions were answered in fa- ferred, and unlike the script of his sen- vour of the College. ior, William Harvey (1578-1657), to In 1684 Goodall brought out two whom a fine tribute was paid. books which are usually bound up to- “A collection of College Affairs” in gether, (i) “The Royal Colledge of Phy- Goodall’s handwriting was given to the sicians of London founded and estab- College by Sir on Septem- lished by law; as appears by Letters ber 30, 1735 to be put in the Archives, Patent, Acts of Parliament, abridged and I am indebted to F. A. Tubbs, the cases &c.” 410. Pp. 288 Loud. Dedicated assistant librarian, for calling my atten- to Francis Lord Guilford (previously Sir tion to this bound folio of 416 pages. It Francis North), Lord Keeper of the consists of extracts from the Annals, re- Great Seal of England (to whom “The ports of legal proceedings, statutes, peti- Colledge of Physicians Vindicated,’’ tions, lists of benefactions, biographies 1676, was dedicated). This was approved of fellows, and documents of all kinds relating to the early history of the Col- Diary preparing a discourse on “Cortex lege. Some of this material was incorpo- peruviana,’’ but it does not appear to rated in Goodall’s two books on the Col- have been printed. lege but the greater part has never been published. On pages 15-17 is “A Note of Goodall in Gart h ’s Disp ensar y such books &c. as were preserved from Goodall has a place in literature as the fire and belonging to the College of Stentor (a Grecian herald, in the Tro- Physicians, London, delivered to the jan War, described by Homer as brazen President on October 22, 1667,” by voiced and able to shout as loud as half Christopher Merrett who was appointed a hundred men) in the Dispensary by his patron and friend, William Har- (1699) of Sir Samuel Garth (1661-1719). vey, as the first keeper of the Library The relations between the Royal Col- and Museum, but was absent in the lege of Physicians and the Apothecaries country during the plague when the Society were difficult and disturbed College was broken into and the treas- during the greater part of the seven- ury chest stolen. He was considered to teenth century, because the apothe- have been responsible for the failure to caries were prone to treat patients and save more of the library and other valu- thus encroach on the preserves of the ables when the College was burnt down physicians. I11 1687 the College gave in the great fire of London in 1666. notice to the Society of Apothecaries Merrett brought an action against the that the College intended to establish a College, and absented himself from the dispensary in the College in Warwick College and his duties; he was therefore Lane with branches in St. Martin’s expelled from the College being de- Lane and in St. Peter’s Alley, Cornhill, clared non socius by the president on where the sick poor within the City of September 30, 1681. There was a prece- London and seven miles around could dent for this in the expulsion on No- obtain the best advice gratuitously and vember 23, 1649, of Peter Chamberlen the medicines prescribed at their in- hi * (1601-1683) and William Goddard trinsic cost. At the comitia majora ordi- (1601-1669) for contumacy and refusal naria of the College on December 22, to attend, though repeatedly summoned 1696 nearly all of the fellows signed by the president, at the College. Pages a document and each subscribed 367-441 contain indexes to the first ten pounds with this object, the list of three volumes of the Annals of the Col- fifty-three fellows being published to lege. There is a Table of Contents at the show that the undertaking had the sanc- front and an index at the back of the tion of the College and was “not a proj- volume, in the hand of J. F. Payne ect carried on by five or six fellows as (1840-1910), Harveian Librarian (1899- those who opposed it unjustly insinu- 1910) and successor of W. Munk (1816- ated.” Eventually about twelve fellows 1898) who had held that office from either stood aside then or actively op- 1857 until his death. In December 1680 posed the scheme. The Society of Goodall was, according to Hooke’s Apothecaries, then a considerable body, having increased its number from 122 * Chamberlen was the son of Peter Cham- in 1617 to about 1000 in 1694 was up berlen, the younger (1572-1626), a member of the family who kept secret their obstetrical in arms against the dispensaries which forceps, physician to three kings and queens opened their doors in February 1697, of England, and a virulent Anabaptist. and were supported by a few fellows: Francis Bernard (1627-1698) who had “Dr. G—th’’ by Charles Boyle, fourth been the apothecary and later physician Earl of Orrery (1676-1731), so the secret to St. Bartholomew’s hospital and phy- of the authorship had become more of a sician in ordinary to James 11, William form than of an impenetrable cloak. An- Gibbons (1649-1728), Sir Richard other dedicatory verse, “to my friend Blackmore (1650-1729), Edward Tyson the author, desiring my opinion of his (1650-1708), William Gould (1654- poem,'’ was signed by Christopher Cod- 1714), and George How (1655-1710). rington: There was thus a want of complete Ask me not, friend, what I approve or blame, unanimity inside the College. Perhaps I know not why I like, or damn; “The Dispensary: a poem’’ in 6 I can be pleased; and I dare own I am. cantos was circulated in manuscript and a few weeks later came out anony- Changes made by Garth in the various mously; in the preface to the Hrst au- editions, were the occasion of the line thorized (but still anonymous) edition compliment that “the public gained dedicated to Anthony Henley (d. 1711), and lost by every edition—gained what Garth wrote: “Since this following the author added and lost by whatever poem in a manner stole into the world, he expunged.’’ There were, however, I could not be surprized to find it in- some adverse criticisms; it was regarded correct: though I can no more say I was as an imitation of “Le Lutrin,’’ a mock a stranger to its coming abroad, than heroic poem, also containing references that I approved of the publisher's pre- to a contemporary battle of doctors, by cipitation in doing it.’’ This account of Nicolas Boileau-Despreaux (1636-1711). a mock Homeric battle was, in Garth’s But Garth tactfully met this by saying: words, “grounded upon a feud that hap- “I am proud of the imputation; unless pened in the dispensary betwixt a mem- their quarrel is that I have not done it ber of the College with his retinue, and enough,” for he admitted that he had some of the servants that attended there done so. though in two or three lines to dispense the medicines; and is so far only. There are several references to real; though the poetic relation is fic- Goodall (Stentor) especially in the fifth titious.’’ The poem went into second canto in which his contest, as the cham- and third editions in the same year, and pion of the physicians with Tyson reached an eleventh in 1768. A copy of (Carus) an advocate of the apothecaries’ the third edition, the property of his case was described: friend Christopher Codrington (1668- From Stentor’s arm a massy opiate flies, 1710), Governor of the Leeward Islands and straight a deadly sleep clos’d Cams’ eyes. as was his father, contains a key to the Loud Stentor to the assembly had access. characters in the poem, in Codrington’s handwriting; this appeared in the fifth A council’s call’d, and Stentor first was heard; edition in 1703 as “the compleat key.’’ His labouring lungs the thronged practorium A letter from Garth to Arthur Charlett rent, (1655-1722), Master of University Col- addressing tints the passive president. lege, Oxford, gives a key somewhat dif- Opposition to the charity gradually ferent from those previously current. died down and it continued until 1725, The third edition was still anonymous, and anticipated the present out-patient but it contained verses addressed to departments of hospitals. Goodall ’s Fri ends and Enemi es papers entituled “A reply to Mr. Richard Boulton &c.,” writ by the aforesaid hon- Thomas Sydenham (1624-1689) dedi- oured Charles Leigh by name, m.d ., resi- cated to him the last of the five works, dent in Manchester, not far from the Well published during his life time, “Sched- near Haigli, and the well prope Boulton ula monitoria de novae febris ingressu” in Lancashire. (1686), and here repeated the warm gratitude he had previously expressed as by R. Boulton, of Brazen-nose College follows: “Dr. Goodall was the friend who, in Oxford, London 1699. This obvi- when many men ventured to assert that ously contentious pamphlet of 28 pages I had done but little in the investiga- came from the author of ten other tion and cultivation of medicine threw published works, chiefly medical and himself in the way of my maligners, noticed in the “Dictionary of National and defended me with the zeal and af- Biography,” who fell on evil financial fection of a son towards a father” (Epist. days. The argument is difficult to fol- Diss. 1682). When praising as the best low, especially as the letter from Good- of volatile spirits as a restorative what all is not in the British Museum or the were known as “Dr. Goddard’s drops,” College library. A postscript runs: Sydenham wrote in 1676, “They are “Since the three former sheets were prepared by Dr. Goodhall, a learned printed I hear that Dr. Goodall is very man and a skilful investigator both of angry that I should offer to answer his methods and remedies.” Jonathan God- letter in vindication of myself: and I dard (1617-1675) who was a censor at am likewise told, that a certain friend the Royal College of Physicians and a of Dr. Leigh’s thinks, I have used him stickler for etiquette, manufactured too hard.” “arcana” or secret remedies of which The other tract also of 28 pages was, “Guttae Goddardianae vel anglicanae,” perhaps wisely, written under the pseu- donym Lysiponius Geller, m.d .l . The as they were known on the continent, identity of the author is not known: were the most famous. At that time there was not any disapproval of secret The late censors deservedly censored; remedies. Sir Hans Sloane (1660-1753), and their spurious litter of libels against who was a kind of house-pupil under Dr. Greenfield and others justly expos’d to contempt: by the following answer to Sydenham’s care, and many other fel- all, but especially the last, intituled, “A lows of the Royal College of Physicians reply to the reasons against the censors of were on very friendly terms with the College of Physicians, &c.” Humbly Goodall. offer’d to the perusal On the other hand his long campaign Thomas Burwell' against “empirics and unlicensed prac- .. Richard Tories . . ol l)r. Ithe late censors tises” involved him in vigorous contro- William Daws versies, two examples of which are the [ Thomas Gill following: and to the expiring censure of Dr. Charles A letter to Dr. Charles Goodall, physi- Goodall. 4m. London, 1698. cian to the Charter-house occasioned by his late letter, entituled, “A letter from John Groenveldt (?i 647-1710?), who the learned reverend Dr. Charles Goodall was born at Deventer in Holland, set- to his honoured friend Dr. Leigh &c.” To tled as a specialist in stone and gout in which is annexed an answer to a sheet of London in 1683 and on April 2 of that year was admitted a licentiate of the sons he has cut and others. Absolutely nec- Royal College of Physicians, and hence- essary to be read by persons labouring forth often called himself Greenfield. under that dangerous and dreadful dis- He was twice summoned before the ease, or the suspicion thereof. London. Censors’ Board for mala praxis on ac- In the preface he complained that he count of the internal use of cantharides; had been maliciously described as dead first in 1693 when he was not punished, or (piite senile, whereas he was per- and again in April 1697, a female pa- fectly well. He referred to Mr. Ben- tient having brought an action against jamin Marten, physician, his able assist- him for the administration of 36 grains ant from whom he had not kept any of the drug. On this occasion he was secret either in physic or lithotomy. He hued and committed to Newgate mentioned “My very good friends of prison, but was soon released. In 1700 the College, with whom 1 am in great he unsuccessfully sued the College for amity and of which Society I have the wrongful imprisonment. honour of being a member.” The Col- In 1710 there appeared with the fol- lege library has five other publications lowing title page his by him. including “De tute canthari- Compleat treatise of the stone and duni in medicina usu interno,” 12 mo. gravel comprising its origin, symptoms, London, 1698; this was translated into best way of easing, true method of cutting English with additions by John Marten, and divers remarkable histories of cutting surgeon, 8V0 London, 1706; 2nd edition, many afflicted patients. With an ample 1715. The tract on his behalf was ven- discourse on lithontriptick or stone-break- omous and extremely offensive. He was, ing medicines. By John Greenfield of the College of Physicians, London. The whole like Boulton, included in the “Diction- illustrated with proper figures of the oper- ary of National Biography” as the au- ation and descriptions on copper-plates of thor of medical publications mainly on some uncommon stones taken from per- his specialty.

Rf . FERENCES Hooke , R. Diary. Edited by H. W. Robinson dents of Medicine at the University of Ley- and W. Adams. London, 1935. den, 1932. Moore , N. Charles Goodall: Dictionary of Sydenham , T. Sydenham Society Works National Biography. London. Translation (R. G. Latham), Preface to the Munk , W. Roll of the Royal College of Phy- 3rd edition of Medical Observations. Vol. sicians of London. 1878. 11, p. 23 and Ibid. Epistolary Dissertation, Osle r , W. Bibliotheca Osleriana, No. 4839. Vol. 11, p. 83, 1848. Oxford, 1929. Venn , J. and J. A. Alumni Cantabrigienses. Smit h , R. W. Innes. English-speaking Stu- Part 3, Vol. 11, p. 233, Cambridge.