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Nová Náboženská Hnutí a Bezpečnostní Politika České Republiky (Magisterská Diplomová Práce)

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Nová Náboženská Hnutí a Bezpečnostní Politika České Republiky (Magisterská Diplomová Práce) Masarykova univerzita Filozofická fakulta Obor Religionistika Nová náboženská hnutí a bezpečnostní politika České republiky (Magisterská diplomová práce) 28.7. 2012 Vedoucí práce: doc. PhDr. Dušan Luţný, Dr. Vypracoval: Bc. Martin Bartoš UČO 180454 Prohlášení: Prohlašuji, že jsem tuto magisterskou diplomovou práci vypracoval samostatně na základě rozhovorů, s použitím literatury a internetových zdrojů uvedených v seznamu literatury. …………………………………………… V Náchodě dne 28. července 2012 Podpis autora práce Poděkování: Chtěl bych zde poděkovat doc. Lužnému za odborné vedení, které mě nasměrovalo k širšímu rozhledu při zpracovávání tématu. Velký dík patří respondentům, kteří obětovali kus svého času k zodpovězení dotazů a dále osobám, které mně ke zpracování poskytly materiály i cenné rady. Obsah Obsah .......................................................................................................................................... 4 1. Úvod ....................................................................................................................................... 6 2. Nová náboţenská hnutí ......................................................................................................... 7 2.1 Stručný přehled nejvýznamnějších NNH působících v ČR ............................................ 10 2.2 Sekta a kult ..................................................................................................................... 12 2.3 Antikultovní hnutí ........................................................................................................... 14 3. Bezpečnostní politika ........................................................................................................... 15 3.1 Bezpečnost ...................................................................................................................... 16 3.2 Bezpečnostní politika v oblasti náboţenství ................................................................... 17 3.3 Aktér bezpečnostní politiky ............................................................................................ 19 3.4 Militantní demokracie ..................................................................................................... 20 3.4.1 Nástroje militantní demokracie ................................................................................ 21 4. Diskursivní analýza .............................................................................................................. 23 4.1 Představení metody ......................................................................................................... 25 4.1.1 Metodické texty ....................................................................................................... 26 4.1.2 Právní texty .............................................................................................................. 28 4.1.3 Texty informativní ................................................................................................... 29 4.2 Aktéři bezpečnostní politiky se zaměřením na náboţenský extremismus – rozhovory . 29 5. Analýza metodických textů .................................................................................................. 32 5.1 Stručný úvod do roku 1989 ............................................................................................ 32 5.2 Porevoluční metodika ..................................................................................................... 37 5.2.1 Umírněná část .......................................................................................................... 45 5.2.2 Radikální část ........................................................................................................... 48 5.2.3 Třetí pozice? ............................................................................................................. 50 6. Analýza právních textů ......................................................................................................... 52 6.1 Kauza Kuřim ................................................................................................................... 53 6.2 Výpovědi kauzy .............................................................................................................. 53 6.2.1 Rozsudek jménem republiky .................................................................................... 55 7. Analýza informativních textů ............................................................................................... 56 8. Jaký je vztah aktérů bezpečnostní politiky státu ČR k NNH (a k antikultovním hnutím)? . 61 8.1 Bezpečnostní politika a antikultovní hnutí ..................................................................... 61 8.2 Bezpečnostní politika a nová náboţenská hnutí ............................................................. 62 4 9. Vyhodnocení záměru práce .................................................................................................. 64 Seznam pouţité literatury: ........................................................................................................ 67 Abstrakt .................................................................................................................................... 82 Abstract .................................................................................................................................... 83 Přílohy: ..................................................................................................................................... 84 5 1. Úvod Můj záměr vede k problematice nových náboţenských hnutí (dále NNH). Od 90. let v českém (zprvu československém) prostředí NNH dlouhodobě vzbuzují (nejen mediální) pozornost. Neustálá aktuálnost této náboţenské oblasti mne přivedla k myšlence pokusit se podívat, jak je na NNH nahlíţeno aktéry bezpečnostní politiky. Tématem NNH se zabývá řada autorů z různých pohledů. V posledním desetiletí bylo v České republice vydáno několik publikací věnujících se současné religiozitě nejen na jejím území. Nejvíce prací vzniklo patrně v oblasti sociologie náboţenství. Jsou k dispozici práce Zdeňka R. Nešpora (2004, 2004a), Dušana Luţného (1997, 2004, 2008), Davida Václavíka (2007, 2010) a Milana Fujdy (2010). Náboţenství (nikoliv pouze NNH) z pohledu legislativy popisují Stanislav Přibyl (2007), Jiří R. Tretera (2002) a Petr Jäger (2006) a z pohledu politologie Dominika J. Ondráčková (2009) a Marek Suchánek (2003). Právě téma NNH v optice politologie (bezpečnostní politiky) mi daly největší impuls. Zejména práci D. Ondráčkové povaţuji za podnětnou, ale vidím v ní řadu problémů, které se zde pokusím aktualizovat, zasadit do kontextu a upřesnit. V práci se hovoří o náboţenském extremismu jako o hrozbě. K tomuto představuje umístění problematiky do rámce bezpečnostní politiky a podává přehled vybraných náboţenských skupin, s nimiţ byly řešeny nějaké problémy kvůli jejich postojům, názorům a aktivitám. Práce je pojata z pole politologie a já jsem přesvědčený o tom, ţe je zde obrovský prostor pro uplatnění religionistiky. A to z toho důvodu, ţe práce vůbec nezjišťuje, nezamýšlí se nad tím, proč je popisovaný vztah bezpečnostní politiky právě takový, jaký je. Proč je aktéry bezpečnostní politiky uţíván (v dnešní době negativní) pojem „sekta“ namísto korektnějšího označení náboţenská hnutí či náboţenské subjekty? Co je náplní tohoto pojmu? Jak se liší jeho náplň (význam) od prostředí sociologie? Co je důvodem těchto odlišností? Tato diplomová práce je rozdělena do 9 kapitol. V čtyřech jsou představeny a vysvětleny stěţejní termíny „bezpečnost“, „bezpečnostní politika“, „diskursivní ochrana“, „nová náboţenská hnutí“, „sekta/kult“ apod. Je zde představena diskursivní analýza jako optimální nástroj ke zkoumání diskursivní ochrany demokracie. Hlavní část metody je věnována zkoumání textů a je doplněna o rozhovory, pomocí nichţ budu textovou analýzu doplňovat. V praktické části jsem rozřadil zkoumané texty do třech částí (metodické, právnické, informativní) podle toho, jakému čtenáři jsou určené. Na závěr shrnuji zjištění ke dvěma otázkám, které jsem si stanovil, abych mohl odpovědět na hlavní otázku této práce, 6 která zní: Jaký je vztah aktérů bezpečnostní politiky státu ČR k NNH (a k antikultovním hnutím)? Zkoumané výpovědi se pokouším vyloţit tak, jak vznikaly ve své naléhavosti, co se od nich patrně očekávalo a jak vyznívají z úst aktérů bezpečnostní politiky České republiky v dějinném vývoji a úrovních. To vše, abych se pokusil odhalit pravidla jejich vzniku a podoby. Textová úprava vychází z mého postoje k tématu. Pokud se v textu objevují výrazy jako např. „sekta“, je slovo či větší větný celek vyznačen uvozovkami ze dvou důvodů. S termínem, jak je v kontextu výpovědi jednotlivých subjektů pouţit, buď nesouhlasím, nebo jsem jej do textu umístil já, ale je nezbytné vnímat takové slovo či výraz s rezervou (nikoliv absolutně). Kurzívou jsou vyznačené doslovné citace a části rozhovorů, jejichţ kompletní přepis je umístěn mezi přílohy na závěr celé práce. 2. Nová náboženská hnutí Religionistika jako kaţdá věda se snaţí uchopit a popsat jevy v maximální šíři své optiky. S tím jsou spojena mnohá úskalí a podobně to je i s terminologickým vymezením. Dalo by se říct, ţe co badatel, to vlastní taxonomické a typologické uchopení. Problémem terminologického vymezení se zabývá např. David Václavík v Sociologii nových náboženských hnutí a Břetislav Horyna v článku Nová religiozita a možnosti její religionistické reflexe (1994). Tento problém se promítá i do
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