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Sectaire Et « Inter-Dit » Université de Montréal Sectaire et « inter-dit ». Introduction de la dimension du croire dans l’écoute du dire des personnes ayant vécu une expérience sectaire par Marie-Ève Garand Faculté de Théologie et de Sciences des Religions Thèse présentée à la Faculté de Théologie et de sciences des religions en vue de l’obtention du grade de doctorat en Sciences des religions Mai 2013 ©Marie-Eve Garand, 2013 i ii Université de Montréal Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales Cette thèse intitulée : Sectaire et « inter-dit ». Introduction de la dimension du croire dans l’écoute du dire des personnes ayant vécu une expérience sectaire présentée par : Marie-Eve Garand a été évaluée par un jury composé des personnes suivantes : Jean-Marc Charron, président-rapporteur Guy-Robert St-Arnaud, directeur Jean-Paul Gilson, membre du jury Raymond Lemieux, examinateur externe Jean-Marc Charron, représentant du doyen de la Faculté des études supérieures iii iv RÉSUMÉ La thèse questionne les conditions d’écoute des témoignages des personnes ayant vécu une expérience sectaire, ainsi que les enjeux éthiques et méthodologiques qui découlent de la manière dont la littérature propose de comprendre le dire de ces personnes. Une revue de littérature permet de montrer que les principaux cadres théoriques utilisés pour expliquer le sectaire (aliénation, manipulation mentale, addiction) déterminent la manière dont est entendu le dire des personnes. De cette façon, le sens du sectaire n’oriente pas seulement la compréhension que nous avons des personnes. Il trace aussi les conditions de l’écoute. Le postulat de base de la thèse est que l’introduction de la « dit-mention » du croire comme carrefour interprétatif permet de développer une écoute qui concerne à la fois le sujet parlant et la dimension de l’être. À partir d’une théorisation du croire comme mouvement du vivant distinct de la religion, de la spiritualité, de la croyance et de la mystique, la thèse déplace la problématique de l’expérience sectaire de sa structure polémique pour donner pleine valeur au dire des personnes. Ainsi, en situant l’écoute sous le versant symbolique, soit dans un rapport qui prend en compte le rapport du sujet à l’Autre, le sens produit par un acte d’écoute du croire ne prend plus appui sur un sens extérieur pour expliquer et rendre compte d’une expérience sectaire. Il est produit par la liaison des signifiants entre eux, ce qui ouvre un espace de recherche pour que du sujet puisse advenir. L’hypothèse d’un sujet à croire sur parole se présente alors comme fondement d’un acte d’écoute différentiel, dans la mesure où il permet l’élaboration d’un savoir efficace, soit un savoir qui déplace, qui surprend, et qui relance le sujet. Mots-clés : sectes, croire, croyance, sujet, inconscient, intervention, lecture discursive. v vi ABSTRACT The thesis questions the conditions of listening concerning the testimonies of people who lived a sectarian experience, as well as the ethical and methodological issues arising from the way literature proposes to understand the telling of these people. A literature review shows that the main theoretical frameworks used to explain the sectarian (alienation, mental manipulation, addiction) determine the way the telling of these people is listened. Thereby, the meaning of the sectarian directs not only our understanding of people, but it also outlines the conditions of the listening. The premise of the dissertation is that the introduction of the « dit-mention » (the mension of the telling) of the believe as an interpretative intersection leads to develop a listening concerning both the speaking subject and the dimension of the being. From a theorization of believe as a movement of the living distinct from religion, spirituality, belief and mysticism, the dissertation moves the problematic of a sectarian experience from its polemic structure to give full value to the telling of people. Thus, by setting the listening on its symbolic side, that is in a way that takes into account the subject's relation to the Other, the meaning produced by an act of listening to a believe does not rely anymore on an external meaning to explain and report a sectarian experience. It is produced by the binding of the signifiers together, which opens a research space where something of the subject can happen. The hypothesis of a subject « à croire sur parole » (which words must be believed) then offers a basis for a differential act of listening, since it allows the working out of an effective knowledge, a knowledge that moves, surprises, revives the subject. Keywords : sects, sectarian, believe, belief, subject, unconscious, intervention, discursive reading, vii viii TABLE DES MATIÈRES RÉSUMÉ.................................................................................................................................................. v ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................... vii TABLE DES MATIÈRES....................................................................................................................... ix LISTE DES ABRÉVIATIONS ............................................................................................................. xiii Introduction ............................................................................................... Erreur ! Signet non défini. 0.1- L’actualité d’une réflexion sur l’écoute du croire dans la problématique sectaire.......................... 3 0.1.1- Le service d’accompagnement du CINR dans les années 80-90 ............................................ 5 0.1.2- Le tournant des années 2000 : du CINR au CSRM, puis du CSRM au CINR ..................... 14 0.1.3- L’état de la question. De la pratique à la littérature : amorce d’une recherche de compréhension du sectaire ................................................................................................... 17 0.1.4- Introduction de la nosographie de l’addiction dans le champ d’études du sectaire ............. 21 0.1.5- Retour à une théorie de la manipulation mentale ................................................................. 24 0.1.6- Enjeux soulevés par la littérature clinique portant sur l’accompagnement des personnes en cause dans le sectaire ............................................................................................................ 27 0.2- Orientation précise de recherche ................................................................................................... 29 0.2.1- Actualité de la recherche ...................................................................................................... 30 0.2.2- Question de recherche et hypothèses de travail ................................................................... 30 0.3- La démarche réflexive et méthodologique .................................................................................... 31 0.3.1- Présentation de la première partie de la thèse : les abords du sectaire. Enjeux méthodologiques et éthiques ................................................................................................ 32 0.3.2- Présentation de la deuxième partie. Le croire en questions : passage du collectif au singulier ........................................................................................................................... 33 0.3.3- Présentation de la seconde partie : perspectives d’écoutes. L’enjeu soulevé par l’analyse / d’un témoignage .................................................................................................................. 34 0.4- Stratégies méthodologiques et éthique de la recherche................................................................. 36 0.4.1- Éthique de recherche ............................................................................................................ 37 0.4.2- Limite de notre perspective .................................................................................................. 40 0.5- Synthèse inductive et point d’entrée dans la démarche réflexive ................................................. 41 Première partie. Les abords du sectaire : enjeux méthodologiques et éthiques ........................ 43 Chapitre I Lieux et places du religieux en modernité .............................................................................. 45 1.1- L’équivoque sectaire : la démarche scientifique en questions ...................................................... 52 1.2- Recherche de définition de l’objet secte : considérations étymologiques ..................................... 54 1.3- D’une recherche de définition à une prise en compte de la structuration des débats. Quelle place pour le témoignage des personnes en cause? ................................................................................ 59 1.4- Représentation des sectes dans les médias .................................................................................... 63 1.5- D’une critique du discours médiatique à une prise en compte de nos drames de civilisation : l’énigme suscitée par la mort de certains adeptes. ....................................................................... 69 1.6- Sectes, médias et recherche : quelle place pour le dire des anciens adeptes? ............................... 76 1.7- Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 84 Chapitre II Le danger sectaire en question : analyse d’un
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