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BLO GSAL GRUB MTHA' <$ov\tc*~S<L # ( by ANNE ELIZABETH MACDONALD B.A., McMaster University, 1979 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES DEPARTMENT OF RELIGIOUS STUDIES We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA November 1988 © Anne Elizabeth MacDonald , 1988 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada Date Clc^f- AD/tfr DE-6 (2/88) ii Abstract Bio gsal grub mtha': Translation and Study of a Fourteenth Century Grub mtha' Text This thesis presents the translation and study of the twelfth section of Bio gsal grub mtha', an early fourteenth century Tibetan text composed by the bKa' gdams pa scholar, dBus pa bio gsal. Bio gsal grub mtha' as a whole represents a distinct sort of scholarly literature known as Grub mtha' that finds its roots in Indian siddhanta literature. Tibetan Grub mtha' texts set forth, as the name in translation reveals, the "established tenets" of various Indian, Tibetan, and occasionally Chinese philosophical schools. The section of Bio gsal grub mtha' translated here presents the tenets of the Madhyamika school of Tibetan Buddhism in general, and their fourteenth century bKa' gdams pa manifestation in particular. The central tenet of Madhyarnika philosophy is that all phenomena are empty of self-nature. Even that which is discovered to be the ultimate - emptiness (stong pa nyid, Hunyata) - is. also said to be devoid of any real self- nature. All phenomena are dependent-arisings, lacking reality, existing like dreams and magical illusions. These assertions are discussed in detail in the translation and in the second part of the introduction. Of special interest to scholars of both Indian and Tibetan Buddhism, however, is dBus pa bio gsal's^classification of the Madhyamika subschools. The early Tibetan Buddhist scholars took upon themselves the task of categorizing and inventing names for the various Madhyamika "schools", and dBus pa bio gsal's classification represents the development of such thought to the fourteenth century. The introduction elucidates both dBus pa bio gsal's divisions of the Madhyamika sub-schools and elaborates on earlier and later classifications set forth by Tibetan scholars. The investigation provides iii insight into both the tenets of the Madhyamika school and the attempts of the Tibetans to arrange the previously unclassified Madhyamika subschools in a manner that would render them more logical and accessible to themselves and to future generations of scholars. iv CONTENTS Abstract ii Contents iv Acknowledgements v List of Abbreviations vi Part I: Introduction The Madhyamika School 1. Inception and Development in India 1 2. Madhyamika into Tibet 7 3. The bKa' gdams pa Sect 12 4. dBus pa bio gsal 14 5. Grub mtha' Literature 16 6. Bio gsal grub mtha' 25 7. Early Categorization of Madhyamika Subschools 28 8. Development of Madhyamika Classification 36 The Madhyamika View 1. The Middle Way 43 2. The Madhyarnika Object of Negation 48 3. The Two Truths 53 4. Real and False Conventional Truths 57 5. Ultimate Truth 59 6. Dependent-Arising 63 7. Divisions of the Madhyamikas: Sauttantika-Madhyamika Yogacara-Madhyamikas, and 'Jig sden grags sde phyod pa 66 8. Svatantrika and Prasangika 69 Part II: Translation Bio gsal grub mtha' XII: Madhyamika 76 Bibliography 164 V Acknowledgements I wish to express my gratitude to Dr. Shotaro Iida for his instruction, advice, and guidance, as well as for his unflagging support and enthusiasm toward this project. I wish to thank Dr. Ashok Aklujkar for his excellent instruction in Sanskrit. I want to thank Dr. Mosca for the efforts he put forth in his role as Graduate Advisor, the other members of the Dept. of Religious Studies at U.B.C. for their support and valuable instruction in the course of my studies, and the University of British Columbia for its financial support. I owe thanks to Gareth Sparham for the many hours he devoted to explanation of the finer points of Madhyarnika philosophy, and for his proof• reading and editing. My thanks to Dr. Ken Bryant for permission to use his Mcintosh Hindustan font. I also wish to express my appreciation to Geshe Tashi Namgyal for the years of patient instruction in Tibetan language and Buddhist philosophy. I thank my parents for their broadmindedness and support, and I thank Michael Madrone for his proofreading, encouragement, and patience. vi ABBREVIATIONS AAA Abhisamayalamkaraloka of Haribhadra, ed. Wogihara (1932). ACS Acintyastava of Nagarjuna, Tib. ed., reconstructed Sanskrit. Patel (1932). ADSPP AstMaSasahasrika-prajnliparanuta. AK Abhidhaimakos'a(karika) of Vasubandhu, Sanskrit ed. with AKBh, cf. Gokhale (1946); Tib. ed. of chap. MIL Fukuhara (1973). AKBh Abhidharmakos'abhasya of Vasubandhu, Skt. ed. Pradhan (1967). AMN Aksayamatinirdes'a. AP Alambanapanksa of Dignaga, Tib. ed., frag, and reconstructed Sanskrit by S. Yamaguchi (1953) pp. 1-13. AS AntaraSloka BCA Bodhicaryavatara of Santideva, Skt. Tib. ed. by V. Bhattacharya (1960). BCAP BodhicaryavatarapafTjika of PrajHakararnati, Skt. ed. by Vaidya (1960). BCV Bodhicittavivarana of tan trie Nagarjuna. BriK I First Bhavanakrama of Kamalasila, Skt. Tib. ed. by Tucci (1958). BhKN Bhavanakrama of tan trie Nagarjuna. BMP Bodhimargapradlpapahjika of Atisa. BPP Bodhipathapradlpa of AtlSa, Tib. ed. by Eimer (1978). BSGT Bio gsal grub mtha' of dBus pa bio gsal. C. or [C] Co ne edition. The numbers in parentheses immediately after C. indicate the inventory number in Mibu (1959) for the bKa' 'gyur. CKGT ICang sky a grub mtha', Sarnath ed. vii CS Catuhs'ataka of Aryadeva, Tib ed., frag, and reconstituted Skt. by Vaidya (1923). DBh Das~abhumika, Skt. ed. by Rahder (1926). D. or [D] sDe dge edition. The numbers in parentheses immediately after D. indicate the inventory number in Tohoku. H. or [H] lHa sa edition. The numbers in parentheses immediately after H. indicate the inventory number in Takasaki (1965). JIP Journal of Indian Philosophy. JNA Jilana§rimitranibandhavali, ed. by Thakur (1959). JNA (SSS) SakarasiddhiSastra of Jffimasnrrutra. JNA (SSS) Sakarasamgrahasutra of Jnlinas'iimitra. JSS Jffanasarasamuccaya of Aryadeva, Tib. ed. with JSSN. JSSN Jflanasarasamuccaya-nibandhana of Bodhibhadra, Tib. ed. in Mimaki (1976). k karika KP KaSyapaparivarta, Skt. Tib. Chin. ed. by Stael- Holstein (1977). Lank Lankavatarasutra, ed. by Vaidya (1963). LAS Lokatitastava of Nagajuna, reconstructed Skt. by Patel (1932), Tib. ed. by LVP.Q913). LRCM Lam rim chen mo of Tsong kha pa, Peking ed. LS Drang nges legs bshad nyings po of Tsong kha pa, Sarnath ed. LS(R) dGe bshes Rab brtan's commentary on the LS, see Drang nges mam 'byed...see Tib. Bibl. LVP la Vallee Poussin, Louis de MA Madhyamakalankara of Santaraksita. MAI Madhyamakaloka of KamalaSlia. MAM Madhyamakalamkara-vrtti- madhyamakapratipadasiddhi of RatnakaraSanti. MAP Madhyamakalankarapanjika of Kamalaslla. viii MAS Madhyamakarthasamgraha of the second (?) Bhavaviveka, Tib. ed. in Ejima (1980). MAU MadhyamakalamkaropadeSa of Ratnakara^anti. MAV Madhyamakalankaravrtti of Santaraksita. MAv Madhyamakavatara of Candraklrti, Tib. ed. with MAvBh. MAvBh Madhyamakavatarabhasya of Candraklrti, Tib. ed by LVP (1907-1912). MH Madhyamakahrdaya of Bhavaviveka, chap. III. MM Mulamadhyamakakarika of Nagarjuna, Skt. ed. by De Jong (1977), Tib ed. in LVP's notes (1903-13). MsTH Manuscripts of Touen-houang. Mtyut Mahavyutpatti. N. or [N] sNar thang edition. The numbers in parentheses immediately after N. indicate the inventory number in Nagashima (1975) for the bKa. 'gyur and Miby (1967) for the bsTan 'gyur. NB Nyayabindu of Dhannaklrti, ed. with NBT. NBh Nyayabhasya of Paksilasvamin. NBT Nyayabindudka of Dharmottara, Skt. ed. by Stcherbatsky (1918), Tib. ed. by Stcherbatsky (1904). NVT Nyayavarttikatatparyanka of Vacaspatimisra. P. or [P] Peking edition. The numbers in parentheses after P. indicate the volume and the reproduction number. PPS Pitaputrasamagamasutra. PPU Prajhliparamitopades'a of Ratnakarasanti. PrasP Prasannapada of Candraklrti, Skt. ed. by LVP (1903-13), Tib. ed. by De Jong (1949) and May (1959). PS Pramanasamuccaya of Dignaga, Tib. ed. chap. I by Hattori (1968), chap. II, III, IV, VI (partial) by Kitagawa (1965). ix PV Pramanavarttika of Dharmaklrti, Skt. Tib. ed. Miyasaka (1971-2). PVV Pramanavarttikavrtti of Manorathanandin, Skt. ed. by D. Shastri (1968). PVSPP Paffcavims~atisaliasrika-prajhliparamita. RA Ratnavali of Nagarjuna, Skt. Tib. ed. by Hahn (1982). RGSG Ratnagunasamcayagatha, Tib. ed. by Obermiller (1960), Skt. ed. by Yuyama (1976). SDVK Satyadvayavibhangakarika of JHanagarbha. SDVV Saryadvayavibhangavrtti of Jfianagarbha. SDVP Satyadvayavibhahgapahjika of Santaraksita. Siddhi La Vallee Poussin (1928-9). SMVK Sugatamatavibhangakarika of Jitari. SMVBh Sugatamatavibhangabhasya of Jitari. SNS Samdhinirmocanasutra, Tib. ed. by Lamotte (1935). SR Samadhirajasutra, ed. by Vaidya (1961). SS Siksasamuccaya of Santideva, ed. by Bendall (1897-1902). SS
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    TBRC Tranche 3 Collection 1 CANON, CANONICAL WORKS, AND MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS W27919 LCCN 83-907127 number of volumes: 1 a mdo rwa rgya'i bka' 'gyur gyi dkar chag (bde bar gsegs pa'i gsung rab gans can gyi skad du 'gyur ro cog gi phyi mo par du bskrun pa'i dkar chag mdo rgyud chos kyi sgo brgya cig car 'byed pa'i lde mig) main author: bstan pa'i nyi ma (paN chen 04 bstan pa'i nyi ma) b. 1782 d. 1853 publication information: dharamsala: library of tibetan works & archives, 1983 subject classification: bka' 'gyur (rwa rgya); dkar chag Notice of contents and historical background of the Ragya Monastery blocks of the Tibetan Kangyur; no set of this 19th century redaction survives. W23702 LCCN none number of volumes: 226 bstan 'gyur (gser gyi lag bris ma) subject classification: canonical publication information: 18th century manuscript 18th century manuscript Tanjur. The Tanjur comprises Tibetan translations of commentaries and supporting texts to the Kanjur. These were originally written in Sanskrit and translated into Tibetan W23190 LCCN 77-902297 number of volumes: 1 sgom rim thog mtha' bar gsum (the five bhavanakrama of kamalasila and vimalamitra : a collection of texts on the nature and practice of buddhist contemplative realisation) main author: kamalasila b. 7th cent. publication information: gangtok: gonpo tseten, 1977 subject classification: sgom rim thog mtha' bar gsum (khrid) Five treatises on meditation and the Madhyamika approach by Kamalasila and Vimalamitra W23203 LCCN 83-907117 number of volumes: 1 dkyil chog rdo rje phreng ba dang rdzogs pa'i rnal 'byor gyi 'phreng ba (the vajravali and nispannayogavali in tibetan : a reproduction of the mandala texts of abhayakaragupta in their tibetan tranalation from ancient manuscripts from hemis monastery in ladakh ; with manikasrijnana's topical outline to the vajravali) main author: a bha yA kA ra gupta b.
  • MM and Kagyu Lineage

    MM and Kagyu Lineage

    MAHAMUDRA AND THE KAGYU LINEAGE KHENCHEN THRANGU RINPOCHE It has been some years since the Buddhist teachings have spread to the West, and in that time many people have engendered a deep faith and confidence in the teachings of the Buddha. For those with such great faith and confidence, the practice of Mahamudra is very appropriate because Mahamudra is a particularly convenient practice to do, and at the same time it is extremely beneficial. For students following the path of Mahamudra, it will be very helpful to know and understand something about the history of this lineage. Three Lifestyles of Mahamudra Practitioners In terms of the history of Mahamudra practice throughout India and Tibet, and in particular in India, there are the renowned 84 mahasiddhas who were practitioners of Mahamudra. These 84 mahasiddhas, or great accomplished ones, led many types of lifestyles. For example, we can look at Indrabodhi, a great and powerful king of India who had a wealth of enjoyments and pleasures. He was also skilled at cultivating and sustaining his kingdom in a vast way. Even though he exerted himself at cultivating and sustaining his kingdom and enjoyed the many pleasures of a king, along with that, he meditated on Mahamudra. Due to his Mahamudra meditation, he attained great accomplishment. If we look at a second category of practitioner, we can take the example of the great protector Nagarjuna. Nagarjuna was a great scholar and a wise master who was learned in all of the Buddhist reasonings. He had an extremely sharp intellect and a great ability to compose Buddhist texts and treatises.