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BLO GSAL GRUB MTHA' <$Ov\Tc*~S<L BLO GSAL GRUB MTHA' <$ov\tc*~S<L # ( by ANNE ELIZABETH MACDONALD B.A., McMaster University, 1979 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES DEPARTMENT OF RELIGIOUS STUDIES We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA November 1988 © Anne Elizabeth MacDonald , 1988 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada Date Clc^f- AD/tfr DE-6 (2/88) ii Abstract Bio gsal grub mtha': Translation and Study of a Fourteenth Century Grub mtha' Text This thesis presents the translation and study of the twelfth section of Bio gsal grub mtha', an early fourteenth century Tibetan text composed by the bKa' gdams pa scholar, dBus pa bio gsal. Bio gsal grub mtha' as a whole represents a distinct sort of scholarly literature known as Grub mtha' that finds its roots in Indian siddhanta literature. Tibetan Grub mtha' texts set forth, as the name in translation reveals, the "established tenets" of various Indian, Tibetan, and occasionally Chinese philosophical schools. The section of Bio gsal grub mtha' translated here presents the tenets of the Madhyamika school of Tibetan Buddhism in general, and their fourteenth century bKa' gdams pa manifestation in particular. The central tenet of Madhyarnika philosophy is that all phenomena are empty of self-nature. Even that which is discovered to be the ultimate - emptiness (stong pa nyid, Hunyata) - is. also said to be devoid of any real self- nature. All phenomena are dependent-arisings, lacking reality, existing like dreams and magical illusions. These assertions are discussed in detail in the translation and in the second part of the introduction. Of special interest to scholars of both Indian and Tibetan Buddhism, however, is dBus pa bio gsal's^classification of the Madhyamika subschools. The early Tibetan Buddhist scholars took upon themselves the task of categorizing and inventing names for the various Madhyamika "schools", and dBus pa bio gsal's classification represents the development of such thought to the fourteenth century. The introduction elucidates both dBus pa bio gsal's divisions of the Madhyamika sub-schools and elaborates on earlier and later classifications set forth by Tibetan scholars. The investigation provides iii insight into both the tenets of the Madhyamika school and the attempts of the Tibetans to arrange the previously unclassified Madhyamika subschools in a manner that would render them more logical and accessible to themselves and to future generations of scholars. iv CONTENTS Abstract ii Contents iv Acknowledgements v List of Abbreviations vi Part I: Introduction The Madhyamika School 1. Inception and Development in India 1 2. Madhyamika into Tibet 7 3. The bKa' gdams pa Sect 12 4. dBus pa bio gsal 14 5. Grub mtha' Literature 16 6. Bio gsal grub mtha' 25 7. Early Categorization of Madhyamika Subschools 28 8. Development of Madhyamika Classification 36 The Madhyamika View 1. The Middle Way 43 2. The Madhyarnika Object of Negation 48 3. The Two Truths 53 4. Real and False Conventional Truths 57 5. Ultimate Truth 59 6. Dependent-Arising 63 7. Divisions of the Madhyamikas: Sauttantika-Madhyamika Yogacara-Madhyamikas, and 'Jig sden grags sde phyod pa 66 8. Svatantrika and Prasangika 69 Part II: Translation Bio gsal grub mtha' XII: Madhyamika 76 Bibliography 164 V Acknowledgements I wish to express my gratitude to Dr. Shotaro Iida for his instruction, advice, and guidance, as well as for his unflagging support and enthusiasm toward this project. I wish to thank Dr. Ashok Aklujkar for his excellent instruction in Sanskrit. I want to thank Dr. Mosca for the efforts he put forth in his role as Graduate Advisor, the other members of the Dept. of Religious Studies at U.B.C. for their support and valuable instruction in the course of my studies, and the University of British Columbia for its financial support. I owe thanks to Gareth Sparham for the many hours he devoted to explanation of the finer points of Madhyarnika philosophy, and for his proof• reading and editing. My thanks to Dr. Ken Bryant for permission to use his Mcintosh Hindustan font. I also wish to express my appreciation to Geshe Tashi Namgyal for the years of patient instruction in Tibetan language and Buddhist philosophy. I thank my parents for their broadmindedness and support, and I thank Michael Madrone for his proofreading, encouragement, and patience. vi ABBREVIATIONS AAA Abhisamayalamkaraloka of Haribhadra, ed. Wogihara (1932). ACS Acintyastava of Nagarjuna, Tib. ed., reconstructed Sanskrit. Patel (1932). ADSPP AstMaSasahasrika-prajnliparanuta. AK Abhidhaimakos'a(karika) of Vasubandhu, Sanskrit ed. with AKBh, cf. Gokhale (1946); Tib. ed. of chap. MIL Fukuhara (1973). AKBh Abhidharmakos'abhasya of Vasubandhu, Skt. ed. Pradhan (1967). AMN Aksayamatinirdes'a. AP Alambanapanksa of Dignaga, Tib. ed., frag, and reconstructed Sanskrit by S. Yamaguchi (1953) pp. 1-13. AS AntaraSloka BCA Bodhicaryavatara of Santideva, Skt. Tib. ed. by V. Bhattacharya (1960). BCAP BodhicaryavatarapafTjika of PrajHakararnati, Skt. ed. by Vaidya (1960). BCV Bodhicittavivarana of tan trie Nagarjuna. BriK I First Bhavanakrama of Kamalasila, Skt. Tib. ed. by Tucci (1958). BhKN Bhavanakrama of tan trie Nagarjuna. BMP Bodhimargapradlpapahjika of Atisa. BPP Bodhipathapradlpa of AtlSa, Tib. ed. by Eimer (1978). BSGT Bio gsal grub mtha' of dBus pa bio gsal. C. or [C] Co ne edition. The numbers in parentheses immediately after C. indicate the inventory number in Mibu (1959) for the bKa' 'gyur. CKGT ICang sky a grub mtha', Sarnath ed. vii CS Catuhs'ataka of Aryadeva, Tib ed., frag, and reconstituted Skt. by Vaidya (1923). DBh Das~abhumika, Skt. ed. by Rahder (1926). D. or [D] sDe dge edition. The numbers in parentheses immediately after D. indicate the inventory number in Tohoku. H. or [H] lHa sa edition. The numbers in parentheses immediately after H. indicate the inventory number in Takasaki (1965). JIP Journal of Indian Philosophy. JNA Jilana§rimitranibandhavali, ed. by Thakur (1959). JNA (SSS) SakarasiddhiSastra of Jffimasnrrutra. JNA (SSS) Sakarasamgrahasutra of Jnlinas'iimitra. JSS Jffanasarasamuccaya of Aryadeva, Tib. ed. with JSSN. JSSN Jflanasarasamuccaya-nibandhana of Bodhibhadra, Tib. ed. in Mimaki (1976). k karika KP KaSyapaparivarta, Skt. Tib. Chin. ed. by Stael- Holstein (1977). Lank Lankavatarasutra, ed. by Vaidya (1963). LAS Lokatitastava of Nagajuna, reconstructed Skt. by Patel (1932), Tib. ed. by LVP.Q913). LRCM Lam rim chen mo of Tsong kha pa, Peking ed. LS Drang nges legs bshad nyings po of Tsong kha pa, Sarnath ed. LS(R) dGe bshes Rab brtan's commentary on the LS, see Drang nges mam 'byed...see Tib. Bibl. LVP la Vallee Poussin, Louis de MA Madhyamakalankara of Santaraksita. MAI Madhyamakaloka of KamalaSlia. MAM Madhyamakalamkara-vrtti- madhyamakapratipadasiddhi of RatnakaraSanti. MAP Madhyamakalankarapanjika of Kamalaslla. viii MAS Madhyamakarthasamgraha of the second (?) Bhavaviveka, Tib. ed. in Ejima (1980). MAU MadhyamakalamkaropadeSa of Ratnakara^anti. MAV Madhyamakalankaravrtti of Santaraksita. MAv Madhyamakavatara of Candraklrti, Tib. ed. with MAvBh. MAvBh Madhyamakavatarabhasya of Candraklrti, Tib. ed by LVP (1907-1912). MH Madhyamakahrdaya of Bhavaviveka, chap. III. MM Mulamadhyamakakarika of Nagarjuna, Skt. ed. by De Jong (1977), Tib ed. in LVP's notes (1903-13). MsTH Manuscripts of Touen-houang. Mtyut Mahavyutpatti. N. or [N] sNar thang edition. The numbers in parentheses immediately after N. indicate the inventory number in Nagashima (1975) for the bKa. 'gyur and Miby (1967) for the bsTan 'gyur. NB Nyayabindu of Dhannaklrti, ed. with NBT. NBh Nyayabhasya of Paksilasvamin. NBT Nyayabindudka of Dharmottara, Skt. ed. by Stcherbatsky (1918), Tib. ed. by Stcherbatsky (1904). NVT Nyayavarttikatatparyanka of Vacaspatimisra. P. or [P] Peking edition. The numbers in parentheses after P. indicate the volume and the reproduction number. PPS Pitaputrasamagamasutra. PPU Prajhliparamitopades'a of Ratnakarasanti. PrasP Prasannapada of Candraklrti, Skt. ed. by LVP (1903-13), Tib. ed. by De Jong (1949) and May (1959). PS Pramanasamuccaya of Dignaga, Tib. ed. chap. I by Hattori (1968), chap. II, III, IV, VI (partial) by Kitagawa (1965). ix PV Pramanavarttika of Dharmaklrti, Skt. Tib. ed. Miyasaka (1971-2). PVV Pramanavarttikavrtti of Manorathanandin, Skt. ed. by D. Shastri (1968). PVSPP Paffcavims~atisaliasrika-prajhliparamita. RA Ratnavali of Nagarjuna, Skt. Tib. ed. by Hahn (1982). RGSG Ratnagunasamcayagatha, Tib. ed. by Obermiller (1960), Skt. ed. by Yuyama (1976). SDVK Satyadvayavibhangakarika of JHanagarbha. SDVV Saryadvayavibhangavrtti of Jfianagarbha. SDVP Satyadvayavibhahgapahjika of Santaraksita. Siddhi La Vallee Poussin (1928-9). SMVK Sugatamatavibhangakarika of Jitari. SMVBh Sugatamatavibhangabhasya of Jitari. SNS Samdhinirmocanasutra, Tib. ed. by Lamotte (1935). SR Samadhirajasutra, ed. by Vaidya (1961). SS Siksasamuccaya of Santideva, ed. by Bendall (1897-1902). SS
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