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Pendidikan Agama Buddha BUKU AJAR MATA KULIAH WAJIB UMUM PENDIDIKAN AGAMA BUDDHA Tim Penulis Dr. Ir. J. Effendie Tanumihardja, S.U., M.M. Sapardi, S.Ag., M.Hum. Heryno, M.Kom Direktorat Jenderal Pembelajaran dan Kemahasiswaan Kementerian Riset, Teknologi, dan Pendidikan Tinggi Republik Indonesia 2016 i KATA PENGANTAR Buku materi Mata Kuliah Wajib Umum (MKWU) Pendidikan Agama Buddha ini disusun sebagai panduan bagi mahasiswa yang mengikuti perkuliahan Pendidikan Agama Buddha di perguruan tinggi umum. Buku Pendidikan Agama Buddha untuk Perguruan Tinggi ini berisi 9 bab. Bab 1 dimulai dengan kerangka dan isi kitab suci Tripitaka beserta Sutra-Sutra Mahayana. Bab 2 membicarakan makna agama Buddha dan tujuan hidup umat Buddha. Bab 3 berisi tentang hukum-hukum universal agama Buddha. Bab 4 menjelaskan ketuhanan dalam agama Buddha. Bab 5 menjelaskan sila sebagai landasan dan pola hidup umat Buddha. Bab 6 menjelaskan iptek dan seni yang harmonis dengan ajaran agama Buddha serta sesuai dengan budaya nasional. Bab 7 menjelaskan masyarakat Buddha dan konstruksi kerukunan hidup beragama di Indonesia. Bab 8 menjelaskan budaya dan politik Buddha dalam kaitan dengan pergaulan dunia. Bab 9 menjelaskan pengembangan batin (bhavana). Terakhir, bagian kesimpulan memberikan ringkasan keseluruhan isi buku. Esensi yang terkandung dalam buku ini bukan hanya berisikan ilmu pengetahuan tentang agama Buddha saja, tetapi juga berisikan materi-materi untuk mengembangkan sikap spiritual, sikap sosial, dan keterampilan dalam membangun karakter mahasiswa sebagai kaum intelektual di Indonesia yang peduli terhadap masalah masyarakat, bangsa, dan negara. Materi pendidikan agama Buddha secara konsep membantu pelaksanaan program akademik yang berorientasi pada tercapainya sasaran pembelajaran yang berkualitas. Pendidikan yang dimaksud diharapkan dapat menghasilkan (a) lulusan yang memiliki kualitas intelektual, spiritual, dan kehandalan profesional, serta (b) memiliki komitmen moral dan kepeduliansosial. Mata kuliah Pendidikan Agama Buddha didesain sedemikian rupa sehingga dapat mencapai Kompetensi Inti 1 sampai 4 yang isinya merujuk pada esensi Tujuan Pendidikan Nasional (UU No. 20/2003), Tujuan Dikti (UU No. 12/2012), KKNI (Permendikbud 73/2013), dan SKL (Permendikbud SNPT). Selain itu, mata kuliah ini didesain untuk memenuhi kompetensi dasar yang dalam konteks KKNI sepadan dengan konsep dan posisi capaian belajar. ii Buku materi ini berhubungan dengan tujuan dan sasaran serta capaian dari perkuliahan Pendidikan Agama Buddha yang diharapkan. Dalam pada itu, materi disajikan dengan perubahan paradigma yang selama ini berbasis content based menuju paradigma process based. Demikian buku materi ini disusun sebagai bahan perkuliahan MKWU bagi mahasiswa yang mengikuti perkuliahan Pendidikan Agama Buddha di perguruan tinggi umum. Akhirnya, kritik dan tegur sapa dari pihak manapun yang bermaksud lebih meningkatkan kualitas buku akan disambut dengan senang hati disertai ucapan terima kasih. Jakarta, Mei 2016 Tim Penyusun iii DAFTAR ISI KATA PENGANTAR ............................................................................................................ ii DAFTAR ISI ....................................................................................................................... iv PENDAHULUAN ............................................................................................................... 1 BAB I BAGAIMANA KERANGKA DAN ISI KITAB SUCI TIPITAKA/TRIPITAKA? ................. 11 A. Pengantar .............................................................................................................. 11 B. Menelusuri Kerangka Penyusunan dan Isi Kitab Suci Tipitaka/Tripitaka ....... 12 1. Vinaya Pitaka ................................................................................................... 12 2. Sutta Pitaka ...................................................................................................... 16 C. Menanyakan Validitas dan Pentingnya Memahami Kerangka dan Isi Kitab Suci Tipitaka .......................................................................................................... 28 D. Menggali Sumber Historis tentang Penyusunan Kitab Suci Tipitaka/Tripitaka ................................................................................................. 30 1. Konsili I .............................................................................................................. 31 2. Konsili II ............................................................................................................. 32 3. Konsili III ............................................................................................................ 33 4. Konsili IV ........................................................................................................... 33 E. Membangun Argumen tentang Dinamika dan Tantangan Kitab Suci Tipitaka .................................................................................................................. 35 F. Mendeskripsikan Esensi dan Urgensi Kitab Suci Tipitaka/Tripitaka untuk Saat Ini dan Masa Depan ..................................................................................... 36 G. Rangkuman tentang Hakitat dan Pentingnya Kitab Suci Tipitaka/ Tripitaka ................................................................................................................. 38 H. Tugas Belajar Lanjut: Mari Membaca dan Memahami Kitab Suci Tipitaka/Tri Pitaka ................................................................................................ 39 BAB II BAGAIMANA MAKNA DAN TUJUAN HIDUP MANUSIA YANG BERSUMBER DARI AJARAN BUDDHA? ......................................................................................................... 40 A. Pengantar .............................................................................................................. 40 B. Menelusuri Konsep, Urgensi Makna Agama Buddha, dan Tujuan Hidup Manusia ................................................................................................................. 43 C. Menanyakan Alasan Mengapa Diperlukan Makna Agama Buddha dan Tujuan Hidup Manusia.......................................................................................... 50 1. Kebahagiaan Umum (wajar/biasa) ................................................................ 51 2. Kebahagiaan Tertinggi .................................................................................... 54 iv D. Menggali Sumber Historis, Sosiologis, Politik, dan Filosofis Makna Agama Buddha dan Tujuan Hidup Manusia ...................................................... 55 E. Membangun Hidup ............................................................................................... 55 F. Mendeskripsikan Esensi dan Urgensi Makna Agama Buddha dan Tujuan Hidup Manusia ...................................................................................................... 60 G. Rangkuman tentang Makna Agama Buddha dan Tujuan Hidup Manusia ..... 62 H. Tugas Belajar Lanjut ............................................................................................ 63 BAB III BAGAIMANA PERANAN HUKUM UNIVERSAL BUDDHA DALAM KEHIDUPAN SEHARI-HARI? ................................................................................................................ 64 A. Pendahuluan ......................................................................................................... 64 B. Menelusur Konsep dan Urgensi Hukum Universal Buddha dalam Kehidupan Sehari-Hari ......................................................................................... 67 1. Hukum Dhamma (Hukum Kebenaran) ......................................................... 67 2. Kesunyataan dan Kenyataan ......................................................................... 71 3. Ehipassiko ........................................................................................................ 72 C. Menanyakan Alasan Mengapa Diperlukan dan Harus Dipahami Hukum Universal Buddha dalam Kehidupan Sehari-Hari ............................................. 72 D. Menggali Sumber Historis, Sosiologis, Politik, dan Filosofis tentang Hukum Universal Buddha dalam Kehidupan Sehari-hari ................................ 73 1. Hukum Cattari Ariya Saccani (empat kesunyataan mulia) ......................... 74 2. Hukum Tilakkhana (Tiga corak umum) ......................................................... 85 3. Hukum Paticca samuppada ........................................................................... 87 4. Hukum Karma/Kamma ................................................................................... 89 E. Membangun Argumen tentang Dinamika dan Tantangan Hukum Universal Buddha dalam Kehidupan Sehari-Hari .......................................... 104 F. Mendeskripsikan Esensi dan Urgensi Hukum Universal Buddha dalam Kehidupan Sehari-Hari ...................................................................................... 105 G. Rangkuman tentang Hukum Universal Buddha dalam Kehidupan Sehari Hari ...................................................................................................................... 105 H. Tugas Belajar Lanjut: Mari belajar hukum universal Buddha untuk diterapkan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. ...................................................... 105 BAB IV BAGAIMANA MAKNA KETUHANAN YANG MAHA ESA DALAM AJARAN BUDDHA? ..................................................................................................................... 107 A. Pengantar ..........................................................................................................
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