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Global Strategy Amidst the Globe's Cultures

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Global Strategy Amidst the Globe's Cultures Global strategy amidst the globe’s cultures: Cultures in individual cognition, states and the global system Nicholas D. Wright – v1 September 2019 – The research described in this report was sponsored by the United States Department of Defense Joint Staff Strategic Multilayer Assessment Group, and requested by the Joint Staff J-39 in collaboration with USEUCOM, USINDOPACOM, USCENTCOM, USSOCOM, the Services, Department of Homeland Security, Department of State, and the Office of the Director of National Intelligence. Further information may be obtained from Intelligent Biology (www.intelligentbiology.co.uk). A FAMILY OF PRODUCTS TO CREATE INFLUENCE This report is part of a coherent family of products that together provide a framework for successful influence across the spectrum of competition, including the Grey Zone. All are available from www.intelligentbiology.co.uk.They include: Principles of Grey Zone influence: • Wright, ND (2019) From Control to Influence: Cognition in the Grey Zone, Intelligent Biology. Outer space competition: • Wright, ND (2019) MindSpace: Cognition in space operations, Intelligent Biology. • Ed. Wright, ND (2018) Outer Space; Earthly Escalation? Chinese Perspectives on Space Operations and Escalation, U.S. Dept. of Defense Joint Staff. North Korea and Grey Zone competition: • Wright, ND (2018) Getting Messages Through: The cognition of influence with North Korea and East Asia, Intelligent Biology. Artificial Intelligence in the global competition for influence: • Ed. Wright ND, (2018) AI, China, Russia and the Global Order: Technological, Political, Global, and Creative Perspectives, U.S. Dept. of Defense Joint Staff. About the author Dr Nicholas Wright is affiliated with Georgetown University, University College London (UCL), Intelligent Biology and New America. He combines neuroscientific, behavioural and technological insights to understand decision-making in politics and international confrontations, in ways practically applicable to policy. He regularly works with Governments. He has numerous academic and general publications. He received a medical degree from UCL, a BSc in Health Policy from Imperial College London, has Membership of the Royal College of Physicians (UK), has an MSc in Neuroscience and a PhD in Neuroscience both from UCL. Page I TABLE OF CONTENTS Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................ II LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................. IV LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................. IV LIST OF BOXES ................................................................................................................... V EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................................................................... VI Report overview ............................................................................................................................VII Part I Global strategy and the globe’s cultures .............................................................................VII Part II Culture in the individual’s mind and brain ...........................................................................XI Part III Chinese and U.S. strategic cultures: different minds, different strategy? ....................... XIV PART I GLOBAL STRATEGY; THE GLOBE’S CULTURES .................................................. 1 Chapter 1 What global does (and doesn’t) mean ............................................................... 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 What does global mean? ................................................................................................................ 2 The global system ........................................................................................................................... 4 The ‘global order’: the global system’s political face ...................................................................... 6 Globalisation: change in the degree that the human is global ........................................................ 7 Concluding remarks ........................................................................................................................ 9 Chapter 2 Global confrontations: a history since 1492 ..................................................... 10 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 10 Looking across the historical record: themes and trends ............................................................. 12 Methods in this chapter ................................................................................................................. 14 1500-1753: European confrontations and growing global capabilities ......................................... 15 1754-1939: Eurocentric global confrontations .............................................................................. 19 1939-present: Global confrontations waged with culturally non-European great powers ............ 26 Chapter 3 Making global strategy .................................................................................... 31 What global strategy does (and doesn’t) mean ............................................................................ 31 What ‘global great powers’ (i.e. superpowers) have existed – and what global strategies? ........ 33 How does one make global strategy? ........................................................................................... 35 Chapter 4 Cultures and global strategy ............................................................................ 40 Introduction and key messages .................................................................................................... 40 Culture at the different scales of human life- and some commonly made points ......................... 42 Individual scale: Cross-cultural cognition ...................................................................................... 44 Between individual and state scales: (I) Organisational culture in management studies ............. 46 Between individual and state scales: (II) Groups and communities in anthropology and sociology ...................................................................................................................................................... 49 State scale: The state and its two faces ....................................................................................... 53 State scale: (I) A state’s domestic face – ‘political cultures’ and domestic security cultures ....... 54 State scale: (II) A state’s second face: Externally facing competitive cultures ............................. 57 Between state and global scales: Global regions, groupings and ‘clashes of civilisations’ .......... 62 Global scale cultures ..................................................................................................................... 65 Policy recommendations ............................................................................................................... 67 PART II CULTURE IN THE INDIVIDUAL’S MIND AND BRAIN ........................................... 68 Chapter 5 Robust evidence about cross-cultural cognition .............................................. 68 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 68 The replication crisis and convergent evidence ............................................................................ 70 A multi-faceted approach: three cuts ............................................................................................ 70 Chapter 6 First cut: Behavioural economics laboratory studies directly comparing East Asia and the West ........................................................................................................... 73 Page II Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 73 Methods overview ......................................................................................................................... 74 General results .............................................................................................................................. 75 Non-social decisions ..................................................................................................................... 76 Social decisions ............................................................................................................................ 81 Brain imaging studies of value-based CHOICE between East Asia and the West ...................... 88 Discussion of behavioural economics tasks between cultures ..................................................... 88 Chapter 6 annex: Methods for the behavioural economics systematic review ............................. 90 Chapter 7 Second cut: More traditional cross-cultural psychology experiments ............... 93 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 93 Methods overview ........................................................................................................................
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