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Sārnate: Living by a Coastal Lake During the East Baltic Neolithic

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Sārnate: Living by a Coastal Lake During the East Baltic Neolithic B 86 OULU 2008 B 86 UNIVERSITY OF OULU P.O.B. 7500 FI-90014 UNIVERSITY OF OULU FINLAND ACTA UNIVERSITATIS OULUENSIS ACTA UNIVERSITATIS OULUENSIS ACTA SERIES EDITORS HUMANIORAB Valdis Bērziņš ASCIENTIAE RERUM NATURALIUM B Valdis Professor Mikko Siponen SĀRNATE: LIVING BY BHUMANIORA A COASTAL LAKE DURING ē University Lecturer Elise Kärkkäinen rzi ņ THE EAST BALTIC NEOLITHIC CTECHNICA š Professor Hannu Heusala DMEDICA Professor Olli Vuolteenaho ESCIENTIAE RERUM SOCIALIUM Senior Researcher Eila Estola FSCRIPTA ACADEMICA Information officer Tiina Pistokoski GOECONOMICA University Lecturer Seppo Eriksson EDITOR IN CHIEF Professor Olli Vuolteenaho PUBLICATIONS EDITOR Publications Editor Kirsti Nurkkala FACULTY OF HUMANITIES, GENERAL ARCHAEOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF OULU ISBN 978-951-42-8940-8 (Paperback) ISBN 978-951-42-8941-5 (PDF) ISSN 0355-3205 (Print) ISSN 1796-2218 (Online) ACTA UNIVERSITATIS OULUENSIS B Humaniora 86 VALDIS BĒRZIŅŠ SĀRNATE: LIVING BY A COASTAL LAKE DURING THE EAST BALTIC NEOLITHIC Academic dissertation to be presented, with the assent of the Faculty of Humanities of the University of Oulu, for public defence in Keckmaninsali (Auditorium HU106), Linnanmaa, on November 28th, 2008, at 12 noon OULUN YLIOPISTO, OULU 2008 Copyright © 2008 Acta Univ. Oul. B 86, 2008 Supervised by Professor Milton Núñez Reviewed by Professor Kjel Knutsson Doctor Ilga Zagorska ISBN 978-951-42-8940-8 (Paperback) ISBN 978-951-42-8941-5 (PDF) http://herkules.oulu.fi/isbn9789514289415/ ISSN 0355-3205 (Printed) ISSN 1796-2218 (Online) http://herkules.oulu.fi/issn03553205/ Cover design Raimo Ahonen OULU UNIVERSITY PRESS OULU 2008 Bērziņš, Valdis, Sārnate: living by a coastal lake during the East Baltic Neolithic Faculty of Humanities, General Archaeology, University of Oulu, P.O.Box 1000, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland Acta Univ. Oul. B 86, 2008 Oulu, Finland Abstract This study is a re-analysis of the material from the wetland settlement of Sārnate, excavated between 1938 and 1959 by Eduards Šturms and Lūcija Vankina. The site, dated to the Neolithic of the East Baltic, is located on a former lakeshore in the littoral belt of the Kurzeme Peninsula, western Latvia. First, the many separate dwelling assemblages of material were arranged into three major groups on the basis of their pottery: dwellings with Comb Ware (undated), dwellings with Early Sārnate Ware (c. 4365–3780 cal BC) and dwellings with Late Sārnate Ware (c. 3630–2850 cal BC). The Comb Ware from Sārnate represents a heterogeneous and poorly-preserved corpus. Early and Late Sārnate Ware are seen as belonging to a tradition of shell-tempered, low-fired vessels that served mainly as cooking pots. Ceramic bowls, represented in Late Sārnate Ware, are interpreted as fat-burning lamps. The dwellings with Early and Late Sārnate Ware have produced a range of net fishing gear, as well as components of eel clamps and fish-screens. The houses of the Early and Late Sārnate Ware groups were quite substantial post-built structures, but not true pile dwellings. The hearths consisted of a bed of sand, with a substructure of timber and bark. Experimental work suggests that food was cooked by standing the pointed base of the pot in the sand of the hearth and building up the fire around it. Spatial analysis of the structural remains and artefact distributions in the best-preserved dwellings with Late Sārnate Ware, aligned with their long axes perpendicular to the former shoreline, revealed the concentration at one end of the hearth of tools and refuse connected with activities relating mainly to food processing, i.e. a ‘kitchen area’. For the Early and Late Sārnate phases, we can reconstruct the basic settlement-subsistence pattern, characterised by utilisation of a diverse range of subsistence resources, mainly those of the eutrophic lagoonal lakes, and a semi-sedentary or sedentary pattern of life, with a permanent occupation at Sārnate. A similar mode of subsistence and settlement was probably practiced at other lagoonal lakes along the East Baltic coast. Keywords: archaeology, economic prehistory, fishing, Latvia, Neolithic, pottery, spatial analysis Bērziņš, Valdis, Sarnate: elämää rannikolla sijaitsevan järven rannalla Itä-Baltian neoliittisella kaudella Humanistinen tiedekunta, Yleinen arkeologia, Oulun yliopisto, PL 1000, 90014 Oulun yliopisto Acta Univ. Oul. B 86, 2008 Oulu Tiivistelmä Tutkimuksessa analysoidaan uudelleen Eduard Sturmsin ja Lucija Vankinan vuosina 1938–1959 kaivaman Sarnaten suoasuinpaikan materiaali. Itä-Baltian neolitikumiin ajoittuva asuinpaikka sijaitsee muinaisen järven rannalla Kurzemen niemen rantavyöhykkeellä Latvian länsiosassa. Useista erillisistä asumuksista kerätty materiaali järjestettiin kolmeen pääryhmään niissä esiintyvän keramiikan perusteella: asumukset joissa esiintyi kampakeramiikkaa (ajoittamaton- ta), asumukset joissa oli varhaista Sarnaten keramiikkaa (n. 4365–3780 eKr.) ja asumukset jois- sa oli myöhäistä Sarnaten keramiikkaa (n. 3630–2850 eKr.). Sarnaten kampakeramiikka on hete- rogeenistä ja huonosti säilynyttä. Varhaisen ja myöhäisen Sarnaten keramiikan arvioidaan kuulu- van simpukankuorisekoitteisten, matalapolttoisten astioiden traditioon. Näitä astioita käytettiin etupäässä keittoastioina. Myöhäisen Sarnate-keramiikan keramiikkakulhot on tulkittu rasvaa polttaviksi lampuiksi. Varhaisen ja myöhäisen Sarnate-keramiikan asuinpaikoilta on löydetty kalastusverkkoja sekä ankeriaankalastusvälineen ja liistekatiskan osia. Varhaisen ja myöhäisen Sarnate-keramiikan piiriin kuuluvat talot olivat melko kookkaita paaluille pystytettyjä rakennelmia, mutta eivät varsinaisia paaluasumuksia. Liedet muodostuivat hiekkakerroksesta, jossa oli puusta ja kaarnasta tehty rakennelma. Kokeiden perusteella arvel- laan, että ruoka valmistettiin asettamalla astian terävä pohja lieden hiekka-alustalle ja polttamal- la tulta astian ympärillä. Parhaiten säilyneiden myöhäistä Sarnate-keramiikkaa edustavien, pitkä akseli kohtisuorassa muinaiseen rantaviivaan nähden olevien asumusten rakenteiden ja esinei- den spatiaalinen analyysi paljasti etupäässä ruuan valmistamiseen liittyviin toimintoihin yhdis- tettävien työkalujen ja jätteiden keskittyvän lieden toiseen päähän, toisin sanoen ”keittiöön ”. Varhaiselle ja myöhäiselle Sarnate-vaiheelle voidaan rekonstruoida asutus- ja elinkeinomalli, jolle on ominaista erilaisten, pääasiassa eutrofisten laguunien, toimeentuloresurssien hyväksi- käyttö sekä puolipysyvä tai pysyvä elintapa Sarnaten ollessa jatkuvasti asutettu. Samankaltaisia elinkeinoja ja asutusta harjoitettiin todennäköisesti muillakin laguuneilla Itä-Baltian rannikolla. Asiasanat: arkeologia, esihistoriallinen ekonomia, kalastus, keramiikka, Latvia, neolitikum, spatiaalinen analyysi Bērziņš, Valdis, Sārnate: dzīve piejūras ezera krastā Austrumbaltijas neolīta laikā Humanitāro zinātņu fakultāte, vispārējā arheoloģija, Oulu universitāte, PL 1000, FI-90014 Oulu universitāte, Somija Acta Univ. Oul. B 86, 2008 Oulu Kopsavilkums Darbā no jauna izanalizēts materiāls, kas iegūts starp 1938. un 1959. gadu Eduarda Šturma un Lūcijas Vankinas vadītajos izrakumos Sārnates mitrzemes apmetnē. Apmetne attiecināma uz Austrumbaltijas neolīta laiku. Tā atrodas Rietumlatvijā, Kurzemes pussalas piejūras joslā, sen- ezera krastā. Kolekciju veido materiāls no daudzām atsevišķām mītnēm, kuras vispirms apvienotas trijās galvenajās grupās, vadoties pēc keramikas rakstura: mītnes ar ķemmes un bedrīšu keramiku (nav datētas), mītnes ar agro Sārnates tipa keramiku (ap 4365–3780 kal. g. pr. Kr.) un mītnes ar vēlo Sārnates tipa keramiku (ap 3630–2850 kal. g. pr. Kr.). Sārnates apmetnē iegūtā ķemmes un bedrīšu keramika ir neviendabīga, turklāt slikti saglabājusies. Savukārt agrā un vēlā Sārnates tipa keramika pieskaitāma keramikas tradīcijai, kuras raksturīgās iezīmes ir māla masas lie- sināšana ar gliemežvākiem un apdedzināšana zemā temperatūrā. Māla trauki izmantoti galve- nokārt vārīšanai. Māla bļodiņas, kas pārstāvētas vēlajā Sārnates tipa keramikā, uzskatāmas par tauku lampiņām. Mītnēs ar agro un vēlo Sārnates tipa keramiku iegūti dažāda veida zvejas tīklu piederumi, kā arī zušu žebērkļu un zvejas aizsprostu sastāvdaļas. Agrās un vēlās Sārnates tipa keramikas darinātā ji cēluši samērā fundamentālas konstrukcijas stabu celtnes. Nav pamata tās uzskatīt par pāļu būvēm. Mītnēm raksturīgi smilšu pavardi, kuru pamatā ir koku un mizu konstrukcija. Pēc arheoloģisko eksperimentu rezultātiem secināts, ka vārāmo trauku nedaudz iedziļināja pavarda smiltīs un uguni kūra ap to. Pievēršot uzmanību mītnēm ar vislabāk saglabājušos materiālu, kas orientētas ar garenasi perpendikulāri senajai krasta līnijai, analizēta konstruktīvo palieku un senlietu planigrāfija. Šīm mītnēm vienā pavarda galā konstatēta galvenokārt ar pārtikas gatavošanu saistītu rīku un atkritumu koncentrācija (t.s. virtuves zona). No mītnēm ar agro un vēlo Sārnates keramiku iegūtais materiāls ļauj pamatvilcienos rekonstruēt iedzīvotāju saimniecību. Izmantota daudzveidīga pārtikas resursu bāze, bet īpaši nozīmīgi bijuši resursi, kas iegūstami no eitrofajiem lagūnu ezeriem. Sārnates apmetne bijusi apdzīvota cauru gadu, tās iedzīvotāji piekopuši daļēju vai pilnīgu vietsēdību. Līdzīgs dzīvesveids, domājams, bijis lagūnu ezeru krastos mītošām kopienām arī citviet Austrumbaltijas piekrastes joslā. Atslēgas vārdi: arheoloģija, keramika, Latvija, neolīts, saimnieciskā aizvēsture, telpas analīze, zveja Preface There seems to be something uniquely exciting, something immensely satisfying, about a major ethnographic study of one particular community –
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