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Disenchanting Patriarchal Fairy Tales Through Parody in Angela Carter's Hacettepe University Graduate School of Social Sciences Department of English Language and Literature DISENCHANTING PATRIARCHAL FAIRY TALES THROUGH PARODY IN ANGELA CARTER’S THE BLOODY CHAMBER AND OTHER STORIES AND EMMA DONOGHUE’S KISSING THE WITCH: OLD TALES IN NEW SKINS Cemre Mimoza BARTU Master’s Thesis Ankara, 2014 DISENCHANTING PATRIARCHAL FAIRY TALES THROUGH PARODY IN ANGELA CARTER’S THE BLOODY CHAMBER AND OTHER STORIES AND EMMA DONOGHUE’S KISSING THE WITCH: OLD TALES IN NEW SKINS Cemre Mimoza BARTU Hacettepe University Graduate School of Social Sciences Department of English Language and Literature Master’s Thesis Ankara, 2014 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest appreciation and thanks to my supervisor Assoc. Prof. Dr. Aytül ÖZÜM who has supported me with all her heart, put up with my endless questions, provided me with her invaluable comments and criticism. Without her deep sincerity, likable personality, endless patience, genuine encouragement and belief in me this thesis would not be possible. Besides her academic side, she has been a mother figure and a friend to me with her concern and support whenever I needed. She is my role model for my future career. I hope that one day I would become as good a teacher to my students as she has been to me. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Prof. Dr. Burçin EROL, the Head of the Department of English Language and Literature, for her support, endless experience, and motivation from the very first day I came to the department as a research assistant. I would also like to thank my committee members, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Lerzan GÜLTEKİN, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hande SEBER and Assist. Prof. Dr. Sinan AKILLI for serving as my committee members. I also want to thank them for letting me experience how to be an academic, how to prepare an academic research and for their thought- provoking comments and suggestions. I would especially like to thank to Assist. Prof. Dr. Sinan AKILLI who has guided me for the better and appreciated my efforts in this thesis. I am indebted to him for the supports and hours he spent on this thesis. Moreover, I am also grateful to The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK) for providing me financial support with the graduate scholarship during my Master studies. I would like to extend my gratitude to the members of the Department of English Language and Literature and my friends, each one of whom has supported and encouraged me during the writing process of my thesis. I owe many thanks to Özlem ÖZMEN, Hakan YILMAZ, İmren YELMİŞ, Ömer Kemal GÜLTEKİN, Seda ÖZ, Adem BALCI, Selen SEPETOĞLU, Hande DİRİM and Şeyma ARAZ for helping me stay happy, optimistic and motivated through this journey. iv I also owe the greatest thanks and appreciation to my family who have always believed in me and supported me even in the hardest times I have gone through. I have always felt their presence and love even though we are kilometres away from each other. I am indebted to mother, Zuhal Betül BARTU and my father, İsmail BARTU in achieving the life I am leading now, without them not only this thesis but also my whole being and the things which make me who I am would not be the same. I also would like to express my heart-felt gratitude to my sister Cerensu BARTU and my aunt Funda Ebru ŞERBETCİ. I warmly appreciate the generosity and understanding of my extended family. Last but not least, I am too much grateful to my friend Engin ESEN who has never lost his faith in me, put up with me through the stressful times, shared every moment of joy and sorrow and always made me laugh whenever I needed a spark of hope. I cannot express my appreciation and gratitude with the words. I greatly value his friendship and deeply appreciate his support. v ÖZET BARTU, Cemre Mimoza. Angela Carter’ın The Bloody Chamber and Other Stories (Kanlı Oda) ve Emma Donoghue’ nun Kissing the Witch: Old Tales in New Skins (Cadıyı Öpmek: Eski Masallar Yeni Bedenlerde) Eserlerinde Ataerkil Peri Masallarının Büyüsünün Parodi Yoluyla Bozuluşu. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara, 2014. Peri masallarının başlangıcının insanlığın başlangıcıyla aynı zamana rastladığına inanılmaktadır. Bu masallar sözlü edebiyata dâhil oldukları için zaman içerisinde türlü değişikliklere uğramışlardır. Gelişimleri ve değişimleriyle beraber, peri masalları hâlâ dünya edebiyat tarihinin ayrılmaz bir parçası olarak kabul edilir. Özellikle klasik Avrupa peri masalları ulusların kültürel, sosyal ve toplumsal cinsiyet özelliklerini yansıtan başlıca edebi türlerden biridir. Sözlü edebiyattan yazılı edebiyata geçişte, kadına özgü işlerle bağdaştırılan sözlü peri masalları, erkek yazarlar ve koleksiyoncular tarafından yazıya geçirilmiştir. Bu nedenle, yazıya geçiriliş aşamasında eril söylem ve ataerkil ideolojiden etkilenmişlerdir. Kadın karakterlerin genelde masalların başkahramanları olmasına rağmen, yazılı versiyonlarında ses, cinsellik ve özgür irade konularında önemleri azımsanmıştır. Mevcut ataerkil söylemden ötürü, peri masallarının kadın karakterleri erkek karakterlere göre ikincil olarak temsil edilmiş ve hem yazarların hem de karakterlerin cinsiyetçi tutumlarına maruz kalmışlardır. Peri masallarının ayrımcı niteliğini gören yirminci yüzyıl kadın yazarları cinsiyetçi ideolojiyi değiştirmek için geleneksel masallara el atmışlardır. Buna bağlı olarak, bu tez peri masallarının cinsiyetçi ve geleneksel öğelerinin yeniden yazım yoluyla biçim ve içerik açısından parodisini Angela Carter’ın The Bloody Chamber and Other Stories ve Emma Donoghue’nun Kissing the Witch: Old Tales in New Skins eserlerinde incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. İncelenen bu yeniden yazılmış peri masalları koleksiyonlarında parodi farklı amaçlarla kullanılmıştır. The Bloody Chamber and Other Stories (1979)’ da Angela Carter kadın konusunda cinsellik, arzu ve özgürleşme bağlamlarını altüst ederken, Emma Donoghue Kissing the Witch: Old Tales in New Skins’ de lezbiyen arzu, kadın dayanışması ve masallardaki kadın karakterlerin özgürleşmesini yeniden tanımlamak için parodiyi kullanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, hem Carter hem de Donoghue klasik Avrupa peri masallarını ataerkil ideolojiyi altüst etmek ve kadın temsilini yüceltmek için yeniden yazmışlardır. Bu nedenle, bu yazarlar kadın karakterler için vi barışçıl ve eşitlikçi bir sonuç evresi sunan alternatif sonsuza kadar mutlu bitimini yeniden hayal etmişlerdir. Anahtar Sözcükler: Peri masalları, yeniden yazım, parodi, Angela Carter, The Bloody Chamber, Emma Donoghue, Kissing the Witch: Old Tales in New Skins. vii ABSTRACT BARTU, Cemre Mimoza. Disenchanting Patriarchal Fairy Tales through Parody in Angela Carter’s The Bloody Chamber and Other Stories and Emma Donoghue’s Kissing the Witch: Old Tales in New Skins. Master Thesis, Ankara, 2014. It has been believed that the beginning of the fairy tales is as old as mankind. Due to the fact that they previously belonged to oral literature and later became part of the literary tradition, the formal and thematic qualities have gone through various changes in time. With their development and transformation, fairy tales are accepted as the integral part of the literary history of the world. Especially, the classical European fairy tale is one of the major genres which reflect the cultural, social and gender characteristics of the nations. At the turn of the transition from oral to literary tradition, oral fairy tales, which are associated with women and their works, were transcribed by male writers and compilers. Therefore, since they were transcribed by the male scribes, the tales were under the influence of patriarchal ideology and discourse. Although female characters were mostly the protagonists of the classical fairy tales, in terms of voice, sexuality and free will they were underestimated. Because of the prevalent patriarchal discourse, the female characters in fairy tales were represented as secondary to the male characters and they were exposed to the sexist attitude of both male writers and fairy tale heroes. Having seen the discriminative nature of the fairy tale genre, twentieth century women writers took interest in the traditional tales in order to change the sexist ideology. Thus, this thesis aims to study the rewriting of sexist and conventional elements of fairy tales through thematic and stylistic parody in Angela Carter’s The Bloody Chamber and Other Stories (1979), and Emma Donoghue’s Kissing the Witch: Old Tales in New Skins (1997). In the rewritten fairy tale collections that have been examined, parody is used for different aims. In The Bloody Chamber and the Other Stories Angela Carter subverts the themes of sexuality, desire and liberation in relation to women by parodying the conservative fairy tale genre. In Kissing the Witch: Old Tales in New Skins, Emma Donoghue employs parody to redefine the lesbian desire, sorority and liberation of female fairy tale characters. As a result, both Carter and Donoghue rewrite the classical European fairy tales to subvert the patriarchal ideology and to promote the viii female agency in various aspects. Therefore, they reimagined alternative ‘happily ever after’ which offers a peaceful and egalitarian final state for the female characters. Key Words: Fairy Tales, parody, rewriting, Angela Carter, The Bloody Chamber and Other Stories, Emma Donoghue, Kissing the Witch: Old Tales in New Skins. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS KABUL VE ONAY ………………………………………………………………........i BİLDİRİM……………………………………………………………………...………ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………...…………....…iii ÖZET…………………………………………………………………...……………….v
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