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Appearance Off3-Endorphin-Like Immunoreactivity in Human Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 75, No. 10, pp. 5170-5172, October 1978 Medical Sciences Appearance of f3-endorphin-like immunoreactivity in human ventricular cerebrospinal fluid upon analgesic electrical stimulation (fi-endorphin/analgesia) HUDA AKIL*t, D. E. RICHARDSONt, JACK D. BARCHAS*, AND CHOH HAO LI§ * Nancy Pritzker Laboratory of Behavioral Neurochemistry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 945; Department of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70024; and § Hormone Research Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143 Contributed by Choh Hao Li, July 17, 1978 ABSTRACT jt-Endorphin-like immunoreactivity in human stimulation of periventricular medial thalamus in human pa- ventricular cerebrospinal fluid was measured with a specific radioimmunoassay. The subjects were undergoing a surgical tients leads to the release of (3-endorphin-like immunoreactivity procedure for relief of chronic intractable pain. This procedure into the third ventricle. involved the focal stimulation of a medial thalamic site adjacent Electrical stimulation of the brain has been shown to elicit to the wall of the third ventricle. Samples were collected before analgesia in rat (26) and cat (27). This analgesia bears many of and during the analgesic stimulation. No f-endorphin-like im- the characteristics of opiate action, including partial reversal munoreactivity could be detected prior to stimulation, with the opiate antagonist naloxone (28-30) and the develop- suggesting that baseline levels are below 25 fmol/ml of cere- brospinal fluid. Electrical stimulation led to substantial in- ment of tolerance to and cross-tolerance with morphine (31). creases (13- to 20-fold) in immunoreactive material in every However, these effects are only partial, suggesting a role of subject. These results suggest that ,kendorphin-like material can nonopiate as well as opiate mechanisms in this method of pain be released into the ventricular system and may contribute to control. This work has been extended to the human clinical the pain blockade that results from periventricular stimula- situation. Patients suffering from chronic intractable pain derive tion. long-term relief from the stimulation of medial thalamic and The isolation and characterization of f3-endorphin from camel periaqueductal sites (32, 33). Stimulation of a site in the vicinity (1), sheep (2), and human (2, 3) pituitaries rapidly led to its of the posterior commissure, immediately adjacent to the identification as an endogenous opioid (1-4). Administration ventricular wall at the level of the nucleus parafascicularis, has of this 31-amino-acid peptide to laboratory animals results in been found to combine excellent analgetic effectiveness with phenomena like those associated with opiates, including nal- minimal side effects. The characteristics of the pain relief ob- oxone-reversible analgesia (5-10), tolerance (8-11), and de- tained from such stimulation have been described (32, 33). This pendence (8, 11). A number of other phenomena have been stimulation-induced analgesia in man also appears to have an described, including dramatic motor effects (12, 13) and the opioid component, because it has been shown to be naloxone production of limbic seizures (14). f3-Endorphin has also been reversible (34, 35) and to be accompanied by a rise in en- administered to several groups of human subjects. Some of its kephalin-like opioid material in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) effects include pain blockade upon intravenous (15) and in- (36). Because the stimulation site in humans is homologous to traventricular (16) administration and suggestion of alterations a region in rodents particularly rich in (3-endorphin activity, in affect and mood' in manic, depressed (17), and schizo- we have examined the effect of its stimulation on (3-endorphin phrenic (17) patients. Most of these reported effects are long- immunoreactivity in CSF. lasting, with durations ranging up to several days. While- it was readily apparent that the pharmacological ef- METHODS fects of fl-endorphin were at least partially mediated by the Surgery and Collection of Samples. The subjects (5 males) central nervous system, it was not clear whether the brain was were part of a series of 30 patients suffering from severe, in- primarily a target organ for pituitary release of the opioid, or tractable pain who underwent stereotaxic surgery for electrode whether it produced its own fl-endorphin. During the past year implant in the periventricular gray region. The surgical pro- a nonpituitary, brain fl-endorphin system has been described cedure and its overall clinical success for the first 8 patients have (18-20). This system also exhibits j3-lipotropin immunoreacti- been described (33). The first stage of the surgery consisted of vity (21, 22) and corticotropin (ACTH)-like immunoreactivity stereotaxically implanting a multipolar electrode at a site near (20, 23), suggesting the existence in brain of the common 31,000 the posterior aspect of the third ventricle medial to the nucleus molecular weight precursor of (3-lipotropin/corticotropin that parafascicularis and in close proximity to the posterior com- has been described in pituitary (24, 25). The brain f(-endor- missure (Schatelbrand and Bailey coordinates: Fp = 10, Ht = phin/corticotropin system is easily distinguished from en- 0, Lat = 2-5). During this stage, the patient was under local kephalin systems. It arises from a single cell group in the hy- anesthesia and was able to report on the intensity of pain before, pothalamic periarcuate region and projects long pathways into during, and after stimulation. The site was chosen empirically, various brainstem structures, including the nucleus accumbens, such that its stimulation produced the most potent relief of pain basal septum, amygdala, periventricular thalamus, central grey, with the least side effects. The electrode was then secured to and locus coereleus. The functions of this system remain un- the skull but remained externalized for several days to permit known and the potential role of brain #-endorphin as a neuro- further testing. The second stage was then carried out with the transmitter remains unexplored. We now report that electrical patient under general anesthesia. At that point, the electrode was internalized and connected to a Medtronics receiver im- The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. This article must therefore be hereby marked "ad- Abbreviation: CSF, cerebrospinal fluid. vertisement" in accordance with 18 U. S. C. §1734 solely to indicate t Present address: Mental Health Research Institute, Department of this fact. Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109. 5170 Downloaded by guest on September 24, 2021 Medical Sciences: AU et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75 (1978) 5171 Table 1. Electrical stimulation increases f3-endorphin-like immunoreactivity in ventricular CSF (results given in fmol of f3-endorphin equivalents per ml) Baseline before Time after onset of stimulation Patient stimulation 0-5 min 5-10 min 10-15 min 15-20 min Nm <25 250 450 500 B <25 750 300 250 325 S <25 Not collected 250 400 Ns <25 575 270 270 LB <25 350 325 350 Mean <25 481.25 319.0 354.0 ± SEM + 112.44 ± 35.16 i 45.45 planted in the chest pectoralis region. A Medtronics stimulator RESULTS was then given to each patient to allow him to self-administer 1 the current at the desired parameters. Several days of work with Table summarizes the effects of electrical stimulation of ,B- the patient were used to select the specific current parameters endorphin-like immunoreactivity in each of the samples. As (amplitude, frequency, etc.) for each subject that produced can be readily seen, baseline samples did not exhibit any de- good analgesia with little or no discomfort. tectable immunoreactivity. Because we assayed 0.1 ml, and the All patients studied here reported significant or complete smallest detectable amount is 2.5 fmol, this means that baseline pain relief with periventricular stimulation. In these and other levels in these subjects were below 25 fmol of f(-endorphin (or patients, the procedure has proven useful for several months its equivalent immunoreactivity) per ml of CSF. However, or years. analgetic electrical stimulation led to a substantial rise in the In the present study, the CSF samples were collected in stage levels of immunoreactive material at each time point and in 1 via an intraventricular catheter introduced into the third each subject. The amounts measured ranged between 319 ± ventricle so that we could inject a Conray dye and visualize the 35 and 481 + 45 fmol of (3-endorphin equivalents per ml, commissures for the purposes of the stereotaxic implant. Four suggesting 13- to 20-fold increase above the maximum possible to five samples of ventricular fluid (approximately 3 ml each) baseline levels (25 fmol/ml). Because the antibody used in this were withdrawn. The first sample was obtained prior to any study exhibits partial crossreactivity with fl-lipotropin, it is electrical stimulation and constituted the baseline control. All possible that the rise seen could be due to f3-lipotropin release. the other samples were collected at intervals of approximately However, this would require an even more dramatic rise in 5 min during the course of electrical stimulation. Some vari- (3-lipotropin levels in the CSF, because this molecule is ability in the procedure was dictated by the patient's response 1/6th-1/lOth as active in binding the antibody. and the necessity to adjust the stimulation parameters. Still, all patients exhibited significant analgesia to the stimulation during DISCUSSION the procedure as determined from testing their responsiveness The increase in ,B-endorphin-like immunoreactivity observed to acute pain and their reports of chronic pain. in this study suggests that brain (3-endorphin is releasable with The CSF samples were frozen immediately after being col- electrical stimulation-an important criterion towards iden- lected. Prior to assay they were immersed in a boiling water tifying it as a putative neurotransmitter.
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