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Units and Equivalents United States Department of National Agriculture Soil Engineering Conservation Service Handbook Section 3 Sedimentation Chapter 9 Units and Equivalents \. ( ( i \., Contents Page General 9-1 Metric system (Sn conversion '. ........................................... .. 9-1 Rules for style and usage. .............................................................. .. 9-2 Conversion factors " 9-2 Other conversions " 9-8 References ............................................................................. .. 9-15 . 9-i Figures Page 9-1. Conversion of tons to acre-feet for various volume-weights. ............................... .. 9-9 Tables Page 9-1. Base units of the International System (S1) . 9-1 9-2. Prefixes for use in multiples of International System (S1) units . 9-2 9-3. Conversion factors for hydraulic volumes . 9-11 9-4. Greek alphabet . 9-11 9-5. Map scales and area equivalents . 9-12 9-6. Volume-weight conversions . 9-13 9-7. Conversion of inches to feet . 9-14 9-ii Chapter 9 Units and Equivalents General Metric System (Sn Conversion Various lists, tables, and charts are included in Most of the procedures, formulas, and tables in this section for the convenience of geologists com­ this handbook are presented in English units. Con­ piling information on rates, volumes, and quan­ version factors are included in this chapter for tities of sediment, rock formations, and geologic those who wish to use the metric system. Table 9-1 processes. The only explanations in the tables and shows pertinent base units of the International charts are those necessary to give the basis for the System of Units (SD, and table 9-2 shows prefixes information presented. The conversion factors to be used with SI units. shown are generally four significant digits; more precise conversion factors of five or more signifi­ cant digits may be needed in some instances. In all Table 9-1.-Base units of the International System (SI) conversions, retain enough significant digits to en­ Base unit sure that accuracy is neither sacrificed nor exaggerated. Quantity Name Symbol Length meter (metre)' m Mass2 kilogram kg Time second s 'Both spelling are acceptable. 2Weight is the commonly used term for mass. 9-1 Table 9-2.-Prefixes for use in multiples of International Rules for Style and Usage System (81) units Mutiplier Prefix Symbol The choice of the appropriate prefix (multiplier) of an SI unit is governed by convenience. The 18 10 exa E multiple chosen for a particular application is the 101& peta P 1012 tera T one that yields numerical values within a practical 109 giga G range. 10" mega M Use a slash (/) to form a compound unit by 10' kilo k a dividing one unit by another, e.g., mis, kg/m'. 10' hecto h Area or volume units are indicated by the ap­ 101 dekaa da 3 10-1 decia d propriat~ superscript, e.g., km' or m • 10-2 centia c Do not use multiple prefixes, such as dkm or /-lm!. 10-' milli m 10-<1 micro 1.1 10-9 nano n 10-1• pico p 10-1& femto f 10-18 atto a ~ese prefixes are generally not recommended. Multiples of 1,000 are preferred. Conversion Factors To Convert Into Multiply By A acre hectares or square hectometers 0.4047 square feet (sq ft)a 43,560. square meters (m') 4,047. square miles (sq mi) 1.562 X 10-3 acre-feet (acre-ft) cubic feet (cu ft) 43,560 cubic yards (cu yd) 1,613. gallons (gal) 325,850. megaliters (ML) 1.234 3 cubic meters (m ) 1,234. 3 cubic dekameters (dam ) 1.234 acre-inches 12.00 acre-feet/square mile cubic feet/acre 68.06 (acre-ft/sq mi) tons/square mile (T/sq mi) See fig. 9-1 tons/acre See fig. 9-1b watershed inches 0.01875 cubic meters/square kilometer (m3/km') 476.3 acre-feet of water tons 1,359. 3 cubic dekameters (dam ) 1.234 megagrams (Mg) 1,234. aThese abbreviations TTUJ.y be used when their meaning is clear; otherwise spell them out. bAfter getting tons/square mile from figure 9-1, multiply by 1.56 x 10-0 to con­ vert ,to tons/acre. 9-2 To Convert Into Multiply By acre-inches acre-feet (acre-ft) 0.08333 cubic feet (cu ft) 3,630. C Celsius (C) Fahrenheit (F) 1.8C + 32 centimeters (cm) feet (ft) 0.03281 inches (in) 0.3937 meters (m) 0.010 millimeters (mm) 10.00 centimeters/second (cm/s) feet/minute (ft/min) 1.197 3 cubic centimeters (cm ) cubic feet (cu ft) 3.531 x 10-6 cubic inches (cu in) 0.06102 U.S. gallons (U.S. gal) 2.642 x 10-4 liters (L) 0.001 U.S. pints 2.113 x 10-3 U.S. quarts 1.057 x 10-3 3 cubic dekameters (dam ) acre-feet (acre-ft) 0.8104 3 cubic feet (cu ft) cubic centimeters (cm ) 28,320. cubic inches (cu in) 1,728. 3 cubic meters (m ) 0.02832 cubic yards (cu yd) 0.03704 U.S. gallons (U.S. gal) 7.481 liters (L) 28.32 cubic feet/acre acre-inches 2.754 x 10-4 acre-feet (acre-ft) 2.296 x 10-5 cubic feet of water pounds Ob) 62.43 2 kilograms/square centimeter (kglcm ) 0.03048 2 kilograms/square meter (kg/m ) 304.8 pounds/square foot (ps£) 62.43 pounds/square inch (psi) 0.4335 cubic feet/second (cfs) acre-feet per day (acre-ft/d) 1.984 acre-feet per year (acre-ft/yr) 724.0 gallons/minute (gpm) 448.8 million gallons/day (mgd) 0.6463 cubic meters/second (m3/s) 0.02832 liters/second (L/s) 28.32 cubic feet/second/square liters/second/square kilometer 0.0915 2 mile (csm) (L/s/km ) cubic feet/second-days cubic feet 86,400. 3 cubic inches (cu in) cubic centimeters (cm ) 16.39 c~bic feet (cu ft) 5.787 x 10-4 3 cubic meters (m ) cubic feet (cu ft) 35.32 U.s. gallons (U.s. gal) 264.2 cubic yards (cu yd) 1.308 cubic meters/second (m 3/s) million gallons/day (M gal/d) 22.83 cubic meters/square acre-feet/square mile 21.0 x 10-4 3 2 kilometer (m /km ) cubic mile (U.S. statute) acre-feet (acre-ft) 3.379 x 106 3 5 cubic yards (cu yd) cubic centimeters (cm ) 7.646 x 10 9-3 ....... : . To Convert Into Multiply By cubic feet (cu ft) 27.0 cubic meters (mS) 0.7646 acre-feet (acre-ft) 6.19 x 10-' D days seconds (s) 86,400. degrees Fahrenheit (F) degrees Celsius (C) (F°-32)0.5556 F Fahrenheit (F) Celsius (C) (F °-32)0.5556 feet (ft) centimeters (em) 30.48 kilometers (km) 3.048 x 10-' feet (ft) meters (m) 0.3048 miles (mi) 1.894 x 10-' feet/minute (fpm) centimeters/second (cm/s) 0.5080 feet/second (fps) 0.01667 kilometerslhour (km/h) 0.01829 mileslhour (mi/h) 0.01136 feet/second (fps) meters/minute (m/min) 18.29 meters/second (m/s) 0.3048 mileslhour (mph) 0.6818 kilometerslhour (km/h) 1.097 G gallons (U.S.) cubic centimeters (emS) 3,785.0 cubic feet (cu ft) 0.1337 cubic inches (cu in) 231.0 cubic meters (mS) 0.003785 gallons-British Imperial 0.8327 (gal Br. Imp.) liters (L) 3.785 gallons of water pounds of water 8.3453 gallons/minute (gpm) cubic feet/second (cfs) 2.228 x 10--3 cubic meters/day (ms/d) 5.451 liters/second (L/s) 0.06308 cubic feetlhour (cu ftIh) 8.0208 grams pounds (lb) 2.205 x 10-3 grams of water cubic centimeters of water 1.0 (at 4°C) (emS of H 2 0) grams/cubic centimeter kilograms/cubic meter (kg/mS) 1,000. (g/cmS) grams/cubic meter (g/mS) parts/million (ppm) 1.0c H hectares acres 2.471 square feet (sq ft) 1.076 x 10-5 hours (h) days (d) 0.04167 weeks (wk) 5.952 x 10-3 CTrue within 1 percent when concentra­ tion is leJis than 1,000 ppm (g/ma = mg/L). 9-4 To Convert Into Multiply By I inches (in) centimeters (em) 2.540 inches (watershed) cubic feet/second/square mile (csm) 13.584 inches eroded tons (t)d 1.815 x volume wt (pet) of up­ land soil K kilograms (kg) pounds, avoirdupois (lb) 2.205 tons (T) 1.102 x 10-3 megagrams (Mg) or tonnes 1 X 10-3 kilograms/second (kg/sec) tons/year (T/yr) 34,786. kilograms/cubic meter pounds/cubic foot (pet) 0.06243 3 (kg/m ) kilometers (km) miles (mi) 0.6214 L 3 liters (L) cubic centimeters (cm ) 1,000. cubic feet (cu ft) 0.03531 gallons (gal) 0.2642 liters/second cubic feet/second (cfs) 0.03531 liters/second/square cubic feet/second/square mile (csm) 10.93 2 kilometer (L/s/km ) M megagrams (Mg) tons (T) 1.1023 megagrams/square kilometer tons/square mile 2.8571 2 (Mglkm ) megaliters (ML) acre-feet (acre-ft) 0.8104 meters (m) yards (yd) 1.094 feet (ft) 3.281 inches (in) 39.37 miles, U.S. Stat. (mi) 6.214 x 10-4 meters/second (mis) feet/second (ft/sec) 3.281 micrometer CJ.tm) meters (m) 1.0 x 10--6 cubic dekameters (damS) 1.0 miles, U.S. Stat. (mi) kilometers (km) 1.609 miles/hour (mph) feet/second (fps) 1.467 milliliters (ml) liters (L) 1.0 x lO-s millimeters (mm) inches (in) 0.03937 micrometers CJ.tm) 1.0 x 10-3 million gallons/day (mgd) cubic feet/second (cfs) 1.547 acre-feet/day 3.069 cubic/meters/minute (ms/min) .2.629 minutes, angular (min) degrees (deg) 0.01667 dTons means short tons (2,000 lb) unless otherwise indicated.
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