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Arthur Lower, Lincoln Colcord, and Ideological Isolationism in Interwar Canada and the United States James Spruce University of Maine, [email protected]

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Arthur Lower, Lincoln Colcord, and Ideological Isolationism in Interwar Canada and the United States James Spruce University of Maine, James.Spruce@Maine.Edu The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Electronic Theses and Dissertations Fogler Library Spring 5-11-2018 Counter Currents: Arthur Lower, Lincoln Colcord, and Ideological Isolationism in Interwar Canada and the United States James Spruce University of Maine, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd Part of the Canadian History Commons, Diplomatic History Commons, Intellectual History Commons, Political History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Spruce, James, "Counter Currents: Arthur Lower, Lincoln Colcord, and Ideological Isolationism in Interwar Canada and the United States" (2018). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 2883. https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd/2883 This Open-Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. COUNTER CURRENTS: ARTHUR LOWER, LINCOLN COLCORD, AND IDEOLOGICAL ISOLATIONISM IN INTERWAR CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES By James Theodore Spruce B.A., University of Maine, 2018 A THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts (in History) The Graduate School The University of Maine May 2018 Advisory Committee: Elizabeth McKillen, Adelaide & Alan Bird Professor of History, Advisor Richard Judd, Professor of History Scott See, Libra Professor Emeritus COUNTER CURRENTS: ARTHUR LOWER, LINCOLN COLCORD, AND IDEOLOGICAL ISOLATIONISM IN INTERWAR CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES By James Theodore Spruce Thesis Advisor: Elizabeth McKillen An Abstract of the Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts (in History) May 2018 This thesis is a comparative study of the ideology of isolationism in interwar Canada and the United States. It proceeds with that comparison using an individual subject from each country as a case study. For Canada, the subject is the historian and social scientist Arthur R.M. Lower; for the United States, it is the journalist and fiction author Lincoln Ross Colcord. Both men are worthy of study as individual isolationists of note, but they are also appropriate for the comparison because of the similarity of their isolationist positions and due to their personal backgrounds. Through the 1930s, Colcord and Lower publicized their support for foreign policies centered on unilateralism, neutrality, a limited but strictly prioritized national interest, and a potent fear of war. But at heart, they each had different ends based on their highest ideals for their respective countries. The core of this project is to explore isolationism as an ideology of North American themes and national variations. Comparing an American and a Canadian example of this mindset also brings a broader perspective to a subject too commonly associated with the United States alone. The parallels between Colcord and Lower show that isolationist thinking was not an American possession, but that its reach extended to the other half of the continent as well. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My thanks go first to my committee-members, Elizabeth McKillen, Richard Judd, and Scott See, for many invaluable hours of seminars and a few hours more of reading my work. Whatever this thesis amounts to in the eyes of others, it would not exist without their guidance. I also thank the staff and volunteers of the Phillips Memorial Library at the Penobscot Marine Museum for being the most accommodating hosts a researcher could ever hope for. They made every one of the days I visited a true joy. My special thanks go to Professor Parker Albee for forwarding me privately held Lincoln Colcord correspondence that, otherwise, I never would have seen. I also thank the late Nina Colcord for welcoming me into her home to see the magnificent Colcord family collection of books and maritime antiques. May she rest in peace. Last but not least, I thank my parents, Kathleen and Peter Spruce, and my grandparents, Helga and Daniel Cross, for helping to make me who I am and everything I will become. No matter what, we carry each other. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................ii INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................1 CHAPTER ONE – LINCOLN COLCORD: EVANGELISM ..............................................12 Introduction ....................................................................................................................12 The Undercurrent, 1883-1916 ........................................................................................16 Fair Winds and Foul, 1917-1918 ...................................................................................29 The Reversing Current, 1919-1924................................................................................47 CHAPTER TWO – LINCOLN COLCORD: APOSTACY ..................................................53 Forward ..........................................................................................................................53 Old Ship, New Current, 1930-1934 ...............................................................................55 Changing Course, 1935-1939 ........................................................................................65 The Whirlpool, 1939-1941.............................................................................................84 CHAPTER THREE – ARTHUR LOWER: APOSTACY.....................................................101 Introduction ....................................................................................................................101 The Undercurrent, 1889-1929 ........................................................................................104 The Tide Comes In, 1930-1933 .....................................................................................117 A Wave Forms, 1934 .....................................................................................................136 CHAPTER FOUR – ARTHUR LOWER: REDEMPTION ..................................................145 Forward ..........................................................................................................................145 The Wave Crests, 1935-1937 .........................................................................................147 Ebb Tide, 1938-1939 .....................................................................................................169 The Reversing Current, 1939-1940................................................................................187 CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................................192 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................................................206 BIOGRAPHY OF THE AUTHOR ........................................................................................216 1 INTRODUCTION For many Americans during the 1930s participation in foreign conflicts was a national dilemma as serious as the Great Depression. As that decade progressed and the possibility of war loomed larger, an ideological battle ensued between two loosely formed yet bitterly hostile camps, one side favoring U.S. isolation, and the other for more active American intervention in the Old World. This period of intense public debate about national foreign policy, however, was not just a phenomenon of the United States. It had a northern counterpart in the country’s closest, most economically important, and least considered foreign relation: Canada. North of the border raged another foreign policy debate, one defined by many of the same military, economic, and moral dilemmas as that in the south, and one likewise divided between roughly formed factions for more versus less involvement in world affairs and world organization. In Canada, as in the United States, the anti-interventionists were resoundingly defeated; ultimately, they were the losers of those struggles to determine the two countries’ national destinies.1 Yet this does not diminish their historical importance for their time or the present day. Although they were the defeated party of the interwar foreign policy debate, the anti- interventionists were nevertheless a recognized faction which deeply carved its positions into the public discourse. Their cohort was diverse, dynamic, and a powerful voice of opposition against the trend toward entanglement in American and Canadian external policy. Their failure is neither a reason to forget their struggle nor to neglect its many faded details. 1 Indeed, one of the pioneer scholars of American isolationism, the late Wayne Cole, claimed that this defeat was nothing short of inevitable, an outcome pre-determined by a simultaneous domestic transition from a rural, insular “old” America to an urban-industrial nation fixed on asserting itself around the world. Wayne S. Cole, Roosevelt and the Isolationists, 1932-1945 (Lincoln, NB.: University of Nebraska Press, 1983), 555-56. 2 This project, however, will not cover the full breadth of American or Canadian anti- interventionists in the decade preceding Pearl Harbor. The existing scholarship on those subjects is substantial in both
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