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Between Imagined Communities and Communities of Practice ommunity and participation have become central concepts in the nomi- 8 Cnation processes surrounding heritage, intersecting time and again with questions of territory. In this volume, anthropologists and legal scholars from France, Germany, Italy and the USA take up questions arising from these in- tertwined concerns from diverse perspectives: How and by whom were these concepts interpreted and re-interpreted, and what effects did they bring forth Between in their implementation? What impact was wielded by these terms, and what kinds of discursive formations did they bring forth? How do actors from lo- Imagined Communities cal to national levels interpret these new components of the heritage regime, and Communities of Practice and how do actors within heritage-granting national and international bodies work it into their cultural and political agency? What is the role of experts and expertise, and when is scholarly knowledge expertise and when is it partisan? Participation, Territory and the How do bureaucratic institutions translate the imperative of participation into concrete practices? Case studies from within and without the UNESCO matrix Making of Heritage combine with essays probing larger concerns generated by the valuation and valorization of culture. ed. by Nicolas Adell, Regina F. Bendix, Chiara Bortolotto and Markus Tauschek Göttingen Studies in Cultural Property, Volume 8 Between Imagined Communities and Communities of Practice Between Imagined Communities and of Practice Nicolas Adell et al. (Ed.) ISBN: 978-3-86395-205-1 ISSN: 2190-8672 Universitätsverlag Göttingen Universitätsverlag Göttingen Nicolas Adell, Regina F. Bendix, Chiara Bortolotto, Markus Tauschek (eds.) Between Imagined Communities and Communities of Practice This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Published in 2015 by Universitätsverlag Göttingen as volume 8 in the series “Göttingen Studies in Cultural Property” Between Imagined Communities and Communities of Practice Participation, Territory and the Making of Heritage Edited by Nicolas Adell, Regina F. Bendix, Chiara Bortolotto and Markus Tauschek Göttingen Studies in Cultural Property, Volume 8 Universitätsverlag Göttingen 2015 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de Printed with funding from the DFG Address of the Editor Prof. Dr. Regina F. Bendix Institut für Kulturanthropologie/Europäische Ethnologie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Heinrich-Düker-Weg 14 D-37073 Göttingen Email: [email protected] This work is protected by German Intellectual Property Right Law. It is also available as an Open Access version through the publisher’s homepage and the Göttingen University Catalogue (GUK) at the Göttingen State and University Library (http://www.sub.uni-goettingen.de). The license terms of the online version apply. Set and layout: Lea Stöver, Jörn Borowski English proofreading: Philip Saunders Cover picture: Gathering of journeymen joiners for Saint Ann’s day, their patronal feast, in Toulouse, France (Copyright: FCMB, Sociétédes compagnonsmenuisierset serruriersdu Devoirde Liberté) Meeting of the Intangible Cultural Heritage Committee at the UNESCO Headquarter in Paris, 2014 (photo: Chiara Bortolotto) © 2015 Universitätsverlag Göttingen http://univerlag.uni-goettingen.de ISBN: 978-3-86395-205-1 ISSN: 2190-8672 „Göttinger Studien zu Cultural Property“ / “Göttingen Studies in Cultural Property” Reihenherausgeber Regina Bendix Kilian Bizer Brigitta Hauser-Schäublin Gerald Spindler Peter-Tobias Stoll Editorial Board Andreas Busch, Göttingen Rosemary Coombe, Toronto Ejan Mackaay, Montreal Dorothy Noyes, Columbus Achim Spiller, Göttingen Bernhard Tschofen, Tübingen Homepage http://gscp.cultural-property.org Contents Nicolas Adell, Regina F. Bendix, Chiara Bortolotto and Markus Tauschek Preface…………………………………………………………………..5 Nicolas Adell, Regina F. Bendix, Chiara Bortolotto and Markus Tauschek Introduction. Between Imagined Communities and Communities of Practice: Participation, Territory and the Making of Heritage………….....7 **** Community Conundrums Ellen Hertz Bottoms, Genuine and Spurious………………………………………..25 Stefan Groth Between Society and Culture: Recognition in Cultural Heritage Contexts……………………………...59 Michael A. Di Giovine The Ethics of Participation, Community Formation, and Governmentality in UNESCO’s World Heritage Program…………83 **** 2 Contents Community and Territory from Legal Perspectives Benedetta Ubertazzi The Territorial Condition for the Inscription of Elements on the UNESCO Lists of Intangible Cultural Heritage………………...111 Sabrina Urbinati The Community Participation in International Law…………………....123 Lauso Zagato The Notion of “Heritage Community” in the Council of Europe’s Faro Convention. Its Impact on the European Legal Framework……...141 **** Cultural Values and Community Involvement beyond UNESCO Cyril Isnart Self Heritage-Making and Religious Minority in Greece: An Ethnography of Heritage Activities outside of the Cultural Institutions………………………………………………..171 Monika Salzbrunn The Place-Making of Communities in Urban Spaces: The Invention of the Village Saint-Louis Sainte-Marthe…………………..185 Noël Barbe, Marina Chauliac and Jean-Louis Tornatore Intangible Cultural Heritage Exposed to Public Deliberation: A Participatory Experience in a Regional Nature Park………………....201 Regina F. Bendix Patronage and Preservation: Heritage Paradigms and Their Impact on Supporting “Good Culture”…………………………219 **** Reflections on Heritage Experts and Decision Makers Nicolas Adell Polyphony vs. Monograph: The Problem of Participation in a French ICH Dossier…………………………………………………..237 Contents 3 Chiara Bortolotto UNESCO and Heritage Self-Determination: Negotiating Meaning in the Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of the ICH..……………………………………...249 Christoph Brumann Community as Myth and Reality in the UNESCO World Heritage Convention…………………………………………...273 **** Markus Tauschek Imaginations, Constructions and Constraints: Some Concluding Remarks on Heritage, Community and Participation…………………..291 **** Topics and Papers of the Three Trilateral Conferences………………….....307 Contributors……………………………………………………………….313 Preface Nicolas Adell, Regina F. Bendix, Chiara Bortolotto and Markus Tauschek The present volume is the result of two parallel endeavors. Between 2009 and 2012, the editors planned and carried through three trilateral conferences focused on the overall theme of “Institutions, Territories, and Communities: Perspectives on Intangible Cultural Heritage” and held under the auspices of Villa Vigoni. Sup- ported by funds from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), the Fondation Maison des Sciences de l’Homme and Villa Vigoni, anthropologists, European ethnologists and legal scholars from Germany, France and Italy, augmented by a few participants from Switzerland and the USA, we had the opportunity to explore thematically linked questions concerning the heritage complex in a location and atmosphere highly conducive to intensive exchange. The German delegation for these meetings was largely drawn from the second undertaking, namely the research unit “The Constitution of Cultural Property,” funded from 2008-2014 by the DFG as well, and focused in part on research questions dovetailing those proposed for the trilat- eral meetings. To these sponsors we express our sincere thanks. Not all of the papers presented at the Villa Vigoni conferences are represented in this volume. A number of them have been integrated into the volume Heritage Regimes and the State (volume 6 of the present series). Others have seen publication in other venues. The full list of participants of the three conferences appears at the end of the introduction, providing the titles in the languages they were presented in, and stating where available their places of publication. We would like to thank all contributors for their engagement in this endeavor: the trilateral exchange has contributed to a better awareness of what kinds of research clusters and thematic priorities exist within our respective countries and has intensified the linkage be- 6 Nicolas Adell, Regina F. Bendix, Chiara Bortolotto and Markus Tauschek tween German speaking and Romance language scholars in the field of critical heritage studies. The participation of legal scholars, furthermore, has broadened the mutual understanding of the differences entailed in approaching heritage mak- ing, its constituent terminology and its consequences depending on one’s scholarly tradition and standing vis-à-vis society. In preparing the volume, we were able to rely on Philip Saunders’ skills in smoothing different kinds of English into a more consistent form. Lea Stöver (Göttingen) and Jörn Borowski (Kiel) carried out copy editing and formatting tasks. Many thanks to them as well. Göttingen, March 2015 Introduction. Between Imagined Communities and Communities of Practice: Participation, Territory and the Making of Heritage Nicolas Adell, Regina F. Bendix, Chiara Bortolotto and Markus Tauschek Seeking a title for the present collection, two relatively recent coinages proved to aptly encapsulate the entanglement of heritage ideologies and practices addressed in the assembled papers. In its 19th century emergence, heritage making is pro- foundly linked to nation-building. Vestiges of culture, from language to cultural
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