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East Timor November 2000 Building Blocks for a Nation

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East Timor November 2000 Building Blocks for a Nation East Timor November 2000 Building Blocks for a Nation The Common Country Assessment (CCA) for East Timor has been prepared by the UN country team 1 The CCA has been prepared in a consultative manner by all the UN agencies in East Timor with a wide range of partners. Special thanks are due to our colleagues in UNTAET and ETTA who provided their advice, enthusiasm and support to the process, as did many colleagues from East Timorese and International NGOs. Please note: At the time of writing East Timor had not attained the formal status of independent country. However, for ease of reading, East Timor is referred to as a country throughout the text. 2 Foreword The development situation of East Timor is tragically unique. Not since the end of World War II has a country experienced such destruction of its infrastructure, complete collapse of government structures, displacement of most if its popula- tion and near-total disruption of all economic activities. The cost in material and human terms has been immense. Most of the resident UN agencies have been in the country since the last quarter of 1999, at first as part of the humanitarian and emergency programmes and since early 2000 to support longer-term development efforts. In their operations, the UN agencies interact with the East Timor Transitional Administration (ETTA) in much the same way as they would with the government in a normal development situation. The agency activities are coordinated through the UN Development Coordinator System, equivalent to the Resident Coordinator System in indepen- dent countries. Preparing a common country assessment (CCA) at this early stage of nationhood is not without risk. ETTA has yet to establish an overall development planning frame- work, there is a lack of reliable data and all agencies are still in the early stage of setting up their long-term operations in the country. However, the UN agencies felt a need for a baseline study to be done, imperfect as it may be at this early stage, to guide their work during the transition and into the early years after independence. The aim is for the agencies to position themselves as strong and reliable development partners, fully supporting the programmes of ETTA and UNTAET until independence while building up their own capacity for the envis- aged long-term cooperation with the Government of an independent East Timor. The next formal step in this process will be the preparation of a United Nations Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF), planned for 2001. The CCA draws on existing studies and analyses but attempts to link those efforts and further the analysis. In particular, the report of the World Bank-led Joint Assessment Mission (JAM), which took place in October/November 1999, has been used as a point of reference. The JAM report formed the basis for the World Bank funded programme for East Timor, which has the following main sectoral compo- nents: Education, health, agriculture, economic management, physical infrastruc- ture, private sector and community development. The CCA fully endorses the centrality of these seven development areas. However, it highlights a number of other key development issues, which will also require urgent attention in order to achieve socio-economic development that is human-oriented, equitable and sus- tainable. For the short to medium term it is expected that significant amounts of financial and other resources will continue to be available, primarily from external sources, to promote development efforts in East Timor. However, East Timor is not a rich country and in the absence of extraordinary economic growth will not have at its disposal the national resources required to achieve desired development goals. Continued external funding for development activities is not assured in the long term. Furthermore, continued insecurity along the border with West Timor not only constitutes a threat to the lives and property of the people living in the area but may also become a drain on scarce resources required for development. Arnt Breivik, WFP It is hoped the CCA will clarify the issues at hand and thereby help to not only chart the path to development in East Timor but also encourage continued finan- Estrella Serrano, cial support for the construction of this new nation. UNFPA Dili, November 2000 James McAuley, Joseph Dome, ILO Rodney Hatfield, FAO UNICEF Finn Reske-Nielsen Nellie Chan, UNDP Representative and UNHCR Development Coordinator Alex Andjaparidje, David Rendall, WHO UNOPS 3 Abbreviations ADB Asian Development Bank ADRA AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome AusAID Australian Agency for International Development ANMEFTIL Associasao Makaer Fukun Timor Lorosae (Jurist Association) ANU Australian National University ASDT Associacao Socialista Democratica Timorense BABINSA Badan Pembinaan Desa BPS Biro Pusat Statistic (Central Statistic Bureau) BULOG Badan Urusan Logistic (Logistic Institution) CAP Consolidated inter-agency Appeal CCA Common Country Assessment CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women CEP Community Empowerment Project CIVPOL UN Civilian Police CNRT Concelho Nacional de Resistencia Timorense ETDA East Timor Development Agency ETISC East Timor International Study Center ETTA East Timor Transitional Administration FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FRETILIN Frente Revolucionaria de Timor Leste Independente GDP Gross National Product GRP Gross Regional Product GTZ German Agency for Technical Cooperation HABITAT United Nations Centre for Human Settlements HAER UNTAET Humanitarian Assistance and Emergency Relief HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus HTO Hamoris Timor Oan ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross 4 IHA Interim Health Authority ILO International Labor Organization IMF International Monetary Fund IMR Infant Mortality Rate INTERFET International Force in East Timor IOM International Organization for Migration IRC International Rescue Committee JAM Joint Assessment Mission JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency NGO Non-Government Organization NC National Council NCC National Consultative Council OCF Oratorio Communication Forum PASC Pilot Agriculture Services Center STDs Sexually Transmitted Diseases TFET Trust Fund for East Timor TNI Tentara Nasional Indonesia (Indonesian National Army) UDT Uniao Democratica Timorense UNAMET United Nations Assistance Mission in East Timor UNCHS United Nations Center for Human Settlement UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNDP United Nations Development Program UNFPA United Nations Fund for Population UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNICEF United Nations Children Fund UNOPS United Nations Office of Project Services UNTAET United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor UNV United Nations Volunteers VAM Vulnerability Assessment Monitoring (WFP) WFP World Food Programme WHO World Health Organization 5 Contents Overview 8 Chapter 1: Introduction 17 Developing the CCA in East Timor 17 Format of the Document 19 Chapter 2: Overview of Political History 20 Traditional East Timorese Society 20 A Turbulent History 21 Current Political Challenges 24 Chapter 3: Overview of Macroeconomic Situation 26 Macroeconomics Setting 26 The Economy Prior to the Crisis 26 Impact of the Crisis 28 Current Situation 28 Future Perspectives 30 Chapter 4: Poverty and Vulnerability in East Timor 33 Global Conferences and Conventions Related to this Area 33 The Face of Poverty 33 The Causes of Poverty 35 Chapter 5: Rehabilitation and Recovery 38 Global Conferences and Conventions Related to this Area 38 Repatriation and Reintegration of Refugees and IDPs 38 Shelter 42 Land & Property Issues 45 Rehabilitation of Infrastructure 46 6 Chapter 6: Access to Basic Services 51 Global Conferences and Conventions Related to this Area 51 Health 52 Basic Education 57 Water and Sanitation 65 Social Services and Safety Nets 68 Chapter 7: Sustainable Livelihoods and the Environment 72 Global Conferences and Conventions Related to this Area 72 Defining Sustainable Livelihood Systems 72 Rural Livelihoods 73 Urban Livelihoods 81 Environmental Crisis 86 Chapter 8: Governance, Human Rights, and Civil Society 91 Global Conferences and Conventions Related to this Area 91 Good Governance 92 Institution Building 94 Capacity Building 97 Human Rights 102 Civil Society 109 Annex 1: Problem Tree Analysis 113 Diagram A: Causes and Consequences of the Housing Shortages 113 Diagram B: Causes and Consequences of the Main Causes of Poor Health Status of the East Timorese 114 Diagram C : Causes and Consequences of Poor Quality and Inequitable Access to Education 115 Diagram D: Causes and Consequences of Subsistence Orientated Agriculture 115 Annex 2: Indicators for the Common Country Assessment 116 Annex 3: WFP Vulnerability Assessment Maps 129 Bibliography 146 7 In undertaking a Common Country Assessment (CCA) for East Timor, the objective Overview of the United Nations agencies was to achieve a deeper knowledge of the key development challenges, based on a common analysis and understanding of the development situation. The CCA was developed in close partnership with ETTA and civil society representatives, including both international and national NGOs. The document addresses the national priorities and needs from a people-centred perspective within the framework provided by global conferences, conventions and declarations. In the aftermath of a humanitarian crisis, there can be a tendency to start analy- sis from zero, particularly in a country
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