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Metals in Pine Needles: Characterisation of Bio-Indicators

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Metals in Pine Needles: Characterisation of Bio-Indicators http://www.diva-portal.org This is the published version of a paper published in International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. Citation for the original published paper (version of record): Cindrić, J., Zeiner, M., Starčević, A., Stingeder, G. (2018) Metals in pine needles: characterisation of bio-indicators depending on species International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-018-2096-x Access to the published version may require subscription. N.B. When citing this work, cite the original published paper. Permanent link to this version: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-71856 International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-018-2096-x ORIGINAL PAPER Metals in pine needles: characterisation of bio‑indicators depending on species I. Juranović Cindrić1 · M. Zeiner2,3 · A. Starčević1 · G. Stingeder3 Received: 8 May 2018 / Revised: 26 October 2018 / Accepted: 27 October 2018 © The Author(s) 2018 Abstract Air pollution can be studied by appropriate bio-indicators, such as pine needles due to their waxy surface. Metal uptake and accumulation is determined on growing area, but also on the respective species. Scope of the study was to analyse needles of Pinus densifora Siebold et Zucc., Pinus nigra Arnold, Pinus sylvestris L., and Pinus thunbergiana Franco for metals and metalloids, namely aluminium, arsenic, boron, barium, calcium, cadmium, cobalt, copper, chromium, iron, potassium, lithium, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, sodium, nickel, lead, selenium, strontium, and zinc. Quantitation of the analytes was performed using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma sector feld mass spectrometry after acidic microwave-assisted digestion. The obtained data were checked for statistically signifcant diferences. The metal levels difer between the various species, but no general tendency was found for all metals. Since the environmental conditions were the same for all sampled trees, the diferences in metal accumulation are supposed to be linked to species of pine tree. The diverse accumulation behaviour can be used for treating polluted soil. Keywords Bio-monitoring · Metal content · Pine species · Pinus nigra · Pinus thunbergiana · Pinus densifora · Pinus sylvestris Introduction only in industrial or urban zones, but also in remote areas. Thus, an increasing number of automobiles have been found Since metals, especially heavy metals, are persistent in the to have caused higher concentrations of lead, platinum and environment, they have become a serious problem during palladium in the environment, e.g. air and soil (Heinze et al. the last decades due to anthropological pollution. Negative 1998; Záray et al. 2004). impact on the soil microfora along with infuence on ground Metal entry into plants can occur on the one hand by water is a consequence of concern. Furthermore, harmful root uptake from soil and on the other hand by precipitation efects on humans and animals can be subsequently caused including wet and dry deposition. Thus, plant material is due to accumulation of potentially toxic elements, such as widely used for monitoring environmental pollution with lead, in the food chain. Elevated metal levels are found not dependency on time and place. Holoubek et al. (2000) state that pine needles are good bio-monitors of air pollutants due to their waxy surfaces ofering the possibility to accumulate Editorial responsibility: M. Abbaspour. lipophilic gaseous pollutants as well as particulate matter. Metals are furthermore important for plants’ physiology. * M. Zeiner Problems caused by defciency of certain elements are of [email protected] concern for agricultural crops (Steinnes 2011). These ele- 1 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University ments are essential for plants, since they act as structural of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia components in carbohydrates and proteins, as enzyme acti- 2 Man‑Environment‑Technology Research Centre, vators—like potassium, are involved in normal metabo- School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, lism—such as magnesium in chlorophyll and phosphorus Gymnastikgatan 1, 70182 Örebro, Sweden in adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and for ensuring osmotic 3 Department of Chemistry, BOKU – University of Natural balance (Soetan et al. 2010). Potassium plays a critical role Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, in stress response of plants (for review, see Wang et al. Austria Vol.:(0123456789)1 3 International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 2013), and Ca is an essential part of plants’ cell wall and Sampling was carried out in summer 2012 at the Lisičine membranes (Hepler 2005). Since Mg is a part of chloro- Arboretum, Croatia. Sample preparation was performed at phyll, it is essential for photosynthesis and therefore plants’ the University of Zagreb in 2012 and 2013. Measurements growth. Fe in plants is necessary for chlorophyll synthe- took place at the University of Zagreb and the University of sis and regulation of photosynthesis. The most widespread Natural Resources and Life Sciences in Vienna in 2013. Data microelement defciency for plants is related to insufcient evaluation was started in 2013 at the University of Zagreb Zn supply, resulting in stunted growth, chlorosis and smaller and the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences leaves, spikelet sterility (Hafeez et al. 2013). Cu has a major in Vienna and fnished in 2018 at Örebro University. role in root metabolism in plants (Tsui 1955). It is reported that Ni induces maximal growth of wheat shoots and roots at a concentration of 100 mg/kg. Conversely, some metals, Materials and methods such as Cd and Pb, exhibit harmful efects even in very low concentrations, whilst others show neither benefcial nor Glassware and chemicals negative efects. Apart from growing area (Lehndorf and Schwark 2010), Nitric acid (HNO 3) and hydrochloric acid (HCl), both of p.a. determined by soil composition as well as pollution impact quality, were supplied by Merck (Germany). (Serbula et al. 2013), the needle metal concentrations depend Calibration standards were prepared by diluting the on climatic conditions and age of the tree (Varnagiryte- multi-element standard (ICP Multielement Standard IV; Kabasinskiene et al. 2014). Also hybridisation leads to 1000 mg/L) from Merck (Germany) in the concentration variances in the accumulation behaviour (Juranović-Cindrić ranges from 0.05 to 5.0 mg/L for ICP-AES and from 0.01 to et al. 2018). Furthermore, the pine trees themselves infu- 100 µg/L for ICP-MS. The standard reference material used ence the soil properties, especially its acidity which has an for validation purposes was SRM 1575a—Trace Elements impact on the bioavailability of manganese and iron for the in Pine Needles (Gaithersburg, USA). root system (Parzych et al. 2017). All used glassware and plasticware were cleaned with Conifer needles are considered worldwide as passive sam- half concentrated nitric acid prior to use. Ultrapure water plers of organic (Herceg Romanić and Krauthacker 2007) (> 18 MΩ cm) was produced in-house. as well as of inorganic pollutants in air quality monitoring (Bertolotti and Gialanella 2014), even if they seem less ef- Samples cient than mosses (Čeburnis and Steinnes 2000). Diferent working groups in Europe and Asia (Yilmaz and Zengin All trees sampled, namely Pinus nigra Arnold, Pinus sylves- 2004; Sardans and Peñuelas 2005; Tausz et al. 2005; Al- tris, Pinus densifora Siebold et Zucc., and Pinus thunber- Alawi and Mandiwana 2007; Lehndorf and Schwark 2010; giana Franco, were planted in the experimental plot in the Sun et al. 2010; Pietrzykowski et al. 2014; Skonieczna et al. Lisičine Arboretum in triangular-shaped plots with a side 2014; Dmuchowski et al. 2018) have studied heavy metal length of 6 m. This forestry garden is located at latitude concentrations in pine needles from diferent species for N45°40′ and longitude E17°31′, 150 m above sea level. The assessment investigations. Their results vary over a wide entire planting area covers about 0.55 hectares. The soil range. Due to diferent sampling sites, further evaluation being the same in the entire area can be characterised as of infuence of species on the metal accumulation cannot luvisol, medium acid, poor in organic matter, at the lower be performed. scale for nitrogen supply, but defcient on available phospho- The present study is focused on twenty-one metals and rus (Borzan et al. 1995). Regarding the climate, an average metalloids, namely Al, As, B, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Fe, temperature of 10.5 °C and annual precipitation of 918 mm K, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, and Zn. These ele- are given. The sampling of the fully developed 1-year-old ments were determined in 1-year-old needles of diferent pine needles of three trees ranging from 23 to 27 years age pine species, whereby all trees are growing at the same place of each pine species was performed in late June 2012. In in order to avoid infuence by mother rock background and all cases, the external and sunlit part of the crown was the climatic conditions. The applied analytical procedure con- source for the shoots. The needles of each tree were pooled; sists of acidic microwave-assisted sample digestion followed from these bulk samples, three aliquots were taken for by two diferent multi-elemental analytical methods to cover analysis. the concentration ranges of ultra-trace
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