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Caryophyllaceae) Taksonlari Üzerinde Palinolojik Araştirma

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Caryophyllaceae) Taksonlari Üzerinde Palinolojik Araştirma ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ DOKTORA TEZİ TÜRKİYE DIANTHUS L. (CARYOPHYLLACEAE) TAKSONLARI ÜZERİNDE PALİNOLOJİK ARAŞTIRMA i Derya METE BİYOLOJİ ANABİLİM DALI ANKARA 2019 Her hakkı saklıdır ÖZET Doktora Tezi TÜRKİYE DIANTHUS L. (CARYOPHYLLACEAE) TAKSONLARI ÜZERİNDE PALİNOLOJİK ARAŞTIRMA Derya METE Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı Danışman: Prof. Dr. Nur Münevver PINAR Eş Danışman: Prof. Dr. Ergin HAMZAOĞLU Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’de yayılış gösteren Dianthus L. (Caryophyllaceae) cinsinin 89 taksonuna ait 100 örneğin polen morfolojik özellikleri ışık (LM) ve taramalı elektron (SEM) mikroskobu altında incelenip, tanımlanmış ve karşılaştırılmıştır. Polenler radyal simetrili, apolar nadiren isopolar, pantopoliporat ve şekli sferoidaldır. Ornamentasyon skabrat, skabrat-perforat, skabrat-perforat-foveolattır. Spinüller arası ornamentasyon psilat ya da granülattır. Apertür prominet veya sunken özellik gösterir. Ekzin subtektat. Sekzin nekzinden daha kalındır. 10 µm²’de spinül sayısı 9-28, punktum sayısı 1-23 arasında değişmektedir. Por sayısı taksonlar arasında 12 ± 3’den 24 ± 3’e kadar değişiklik göstermektedir. Polen karakterlerine göre UPGMA metodu kullanılarak taksonlar arasındaki filogenetik ilişki belirlenmiştir. Dianthus taksonlarının ayrımında kullanılan polen morfolojik karakterlerin önem derecesini belirlemek amacıyla PCA yani temel bileşenler analizi yapılmıştır. Çap (D), porlar arası uzaklık (C), spinül sayısı ve punktum sayısı taksonların birbirinden ayrımında önemli karakterler olarak bulunmuştur. Ayrıntılı polen morfolojisi çalışması ile Dianthus cinsinin sistematik problemlerinin çözümüne katkı sağlanmıştır. Temmuz 2019, 209 sayfa Anahtar Kelimeler: Caryophyllaceae, Dianthus, Polen morfoloji, SEM, LM, Türkiye ii ABSTRACT Ph. D. Thesis PALYNOLOGICAL STUDY OF DIANTHUS L. (CARYOPHYLLACEAE) TAXA FROM TURKEY Derya METE Ankara University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Department of Biology Supervisor: Prof.Dr. Nur Münevver PINAR Co-Supervisor: Prof. Dr.Ergin HAMZAOĞLU In this study, pollen morphological features of 100 specimens belonging to 89 taxa of the genus Dianthus L. (Caryophyllaceae) in Turkey were investigated by using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), described and compared. The pollen grains are radially symetrical, apolar rarely isopolar, pantopolyporate and spheroidal. The exine ornamentation is scabrate, scabrate-perforate and scabrate- perforate- foveolate. Ornamentation among spinules are psilate or granulate. The pollen grains are prominent or sunken. The exine is subtectate. Sexine is thicker than nexine. The number of spinules in 10 µm² ranges between 9-28 and punctum number 1-23. The number of pore varies between 12 ± 3 to 24 ± 3 in taxa. According to pollen characteristics, phylogenetic relationship between taxa was determined by using UPGMA method. Principle Component Analysis (PCA) was conducted for identification of valuable pollen morphological characters used for Dianthus taxonomy. The pollen diameter (D), distance between pores (C), number of spinules and punctum number were found to be important characters in the separation of taxa. The detailed pollen morphology study contributed to the solution of the systematic problems of the genus Dianthus. July 2019, 209 pages Keywords: Caryophyllaceae, Dianthus, Pollen morphology, SEM, LM, Turkey iii ÖNSÖZ ve TEŞEKKÜR Doktora tez konumun seçilmesinde ve çalışmalarımın başlangıcından bitimine kadar her aşamasında yol gösteren, bilgi, öneri ve yardımlarını esirgemeyen değerli hocam Sayın Prof. Dr. Nur Münevver PINAR’a (Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı) saygıyla teşekkür ederim. Tez çalışmam süresince beni yönlendiren, bilgi ve desteklerini esirgemeyen eş danışman hocam Sayın Prof. Dr. Ergin HAMZAOĞLU’na (Gazi Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi İlköğretim Bölümü) teşekkür ederim. TİK üyelerim Sayın Prof. Dr. Kadriye SORKUN’a (Hacettepe Üniversitesi Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı) ve Sayın Prof. Dr. Fatmagül GEVEN’e (Ankara Üniversitesi Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı) çalışmam süresince göstermiş oldukları desteklerinden dolayı teşekkür ederim. Tez çalışmalarım sırasında yardımcı olan Araş. Gör. Dr. Aydan ACAR ŞAHİN’e, Öğr. Üyesi Dr. İbrahim ERDOĞAN’a, Dr. Derya SEÇİL’e, Öğr. Gör. Dr. İnci Bahar ÇINAR’a, Araş. Gör. Dr. Burcu YILMAZ ÇITAK’a teşekkür ederim. Eğitim hayatım boyunca her zaman bana güç veren, yanımda olan ve hiçbir zaman maddi manevi desteğini esirgemeyen canım aileme, bana bu dünyada ikinci bir ailemin de olabileceğini yürekten hissettiren METE ailesine, bu süre zarfında desteğini hiçbir zaman esirgemeyen sevgili eşim Emre METE’ye sonsuz teşekkür ederim. Söz konusu Doktora Tez çalışması 16L0430007 nolu BAP tarafından desteklenen “Türkiye Dianthus L. (Caryophyllaceae) Taksonları Üzerinde Palinolojik Araştırma” isimli projenin bir parçasıdır. Ankara Üniversitesi BAP koordinatörlüğüne desteklerinden dolayı teşekkür ederim. Ayrıca doktora eğitimim süresince “2228-B Yüksek Lisans Öğrencileri için Doktora Burs Programı” ile desteklendiğim TÜBİTAK’a çok teşekkür ederim. Derya METE Ankara, Temmuz 2019 iv İÇİNDEKİLER TEZ ONAY SAYFASI ETİK ................................................................................................................................. i ÖZET ................................................................................................................................ ii ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................... iii ÖNSÖZ ve TEŞEKKÜR ................................................................................................ iv SİMGELER ve KISALTMALAR DİZİNİ ................................................................ viii ŞEKİLLER DİZİNİ ....................................................................................................... ix ÇİZELGELER DİZİNİ .............................................................................................. xix 1. GİRİŞ ........................................................................................................................... 1 2. KURAMSAL TEMELLER VE KAYNAK ARAŞTIRMASI ................................ 3 2.1 Dianthus L. Cinsinin Taksonomik Durumu .......................................................... 3 2.2 Dianthus Cinsinin Genel Özellikleri ........................................................................ 6 2.3 Dianthus Taksonlarının Kromozom Sayısı ........................................................... 15 2.4 Dianthus Taksonlarının Türkiye’deki Yayılış Alanları ...................................... 18 2.4.1 Seksiyon: Verruculosi ........................................................................................... 18 2.4.2 Seksiyon: Leiopetali ............................................................................................. 19 2.4.3 Seksiyon: Fimbriati ............................................................................................. 22 2.4.4 Seksiyon: Dentati ................................................................................................. 24 2.4.5 Seksiyon: Carthusiani ......................................................................................... 28 2.5 Türkiye Dianthus Taksonlarının Tehlike Kategorileri ....................................... 29 2.6 Dianthus Cinsinin Ekonomik Önemi ..................................................................... 31 2.7 Dianthus Cinsinin Anatomi ve Tohum Morfolojisi Üzerine Kaynak Araştırmalar ............................................................................................................ 32 2.8 Caryophyllaceae Familyasının Polen Morfolojisi Üzerine Kaynak Araştırmalar ............................................................................................................ 35 2.9 Dianthus Cinsinin Polen Morfolojisi Üzerine Kaynak Araştırmalar ................ 40 3. MATERYAL ve YÖNTEM ...................................................................................... 45 3.1 Materyalin Temini .................................................................................................. 45 3.2 İnceleme Yöntemleri ............................................................................................... 52 3.2.1 Işık mikroskobu (LM) çalışmaları ..................................................................... 52 3.2.2 Polenlerin ışık mikroskobunda ölçülmesi ......................................................... 54 3.2.3 Taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM) çalışmaları .......................................... 55 3.3 Nümerik Analiz ...................................................................................................... 56 4. BULGULAR ............................................................................................................. 57 4.1 Verruculosi Seksiyonu ............................................................................................ 57 4.1.1 Dianthus cyri (D1) ................................................................................................ 57 4.1.2 D. aydogdui (D2) .................................................................................................. .58 4.1.3 D. tripunctatus (D3) ............................................................................................. 59 4.1.4 D. strictus var. strictus (D4) ................................................................................. 60 4.1.5 D. strictus var. subenervis (D5) ...........................................................................
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