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For ~ fower cJUU ~ all of us. Apit 16,May 30. The Epcot® International Flower & Garden Festival is a blooming riot of flower power, Enjoy millions of blossoms and phenomenal international gardens, plus interactive workshops and demonstrations with famous green thumbs from Disney and around the world, At night there 's music from the '60s and '70s followed by IllumiNations, It's great fun for the serious gardener and flower children of all ages! For gourmet brunch packages call us at 407·WDW·DINE and check out www,disneyworld,com for some flower power on the web, Guest Appearances by Home &Garden Television Personalities __________ • April 16-17, Kathy Renwald • April 23-24 , Erica Glasener • April 30-May 1, Gary Alan • May 7-8.Kitty Bartholomew . May 14-15, TBD • May 21-22, Paul James . May 28-29, Jim Wilson Included with regular Epcot. admission, Brunch packages sold separately, Guest appearances and entertainment subject to change. © Disney NEA 10060 Southern Living . & ~ co n t e n t s Volume 78, Number 2 March/Apri l 1999 DEPARTMENTS Commentary 4 Dianthus 24 Members' Forum 5 by Rand B. Lee (!(wanzan) chen7) bulb resource) provenance. Often overshadowed by their showy hybrid cousins) the lesmt-known species pinks haJ7e a sedate charm News from AHS 7 all theilt own that)s well worth cultivating. AHS wins award) Plant a Row for the Hungry) Rockefeller Center Tree ProJect) fossilized flowers. Reflecting Gardens 30 by Molly Dean Focus 10 Thltoughout the ages) landscapers have used the Be sun-smaltt while you garden. powelt of watelt to uni.b and enhance many elements Offshoots 14 ofgal tden design. t Hope sp1 ings eternal. Fragrant Natives 36 Planting the Future 16 by Jim Knopf and Paula Refi Alaskan school children get back to nature Whether YO'll£ live in the West or the East) there are and also help feed the hungry. many natiJ7e plants that will suit yOUlt region- and Mail-Order Explorer 18 delight your sense of smell. Plants for the Southwest. Jack Miller 49 Gardeners Information Service 21 by Kathleen Fisher Leaf rollers on hydrangeas) corn gluten meal This Pennsylvania landscape designelt has borrowed to control crabgrass) growing lemon balm. principles from Zen gardening to t1tansf01tm two very different landscapes into retreats for contemplation Natural Connections 22 and imagination. The wonderful world of ants. Book Reviews 56 Ornamental grasses) gr01:ving roses and perennials in cold climates) hist017 of popular garden plants. Regional Happenings 62 Symposium at Williamsburg) tropical exhibit in Denver, garden tours in San Francisco. On the cover: The showy) fragrant flowers of beebalm (Monarda didyma (Garden View Scarlet')) native to Hardiness and Heat Zones 66 eastern N01tth America) are known for attracting but­ Pronunciations 67 teljlies. Photograph by Alan and Linda Detrick. American Horticultural Society 7931 East Boulevard Drive Alexandria, VA 22308-1300 (703) 768-5700 commentary wWlv.ahs.org ~ The American Hort-icultural Soeiety (ABS) educates and inspires people The American Horticultural Society (AHS) celebrates of all ages to become succe.ssful the best in horticulture. Our President Emeritus, H. and environmentally responsible Marc Cathey, is truly one of the great horticulturists of gardeners by adlJancing the art and science of horticulture. our time-and his colorful anecdotes about his family and gardening are legendary. In this and future issues, Marc nturns to this page of The American Gardener to share with you his vast experience and wonderful stories. -Linda D. Hallman, President & CEO BOARD OF DIRECTORS Officers 1998 -191j1) y grandmother-Miss Nannie-arrived as KATY' MOSSWtW'lER, CHAmMAN a bride in Davidson, North Carolina, with Lake Buena 'Vzsta Florida the many gardening traditions, skills, and l M NANCY S. 'FfiO.MAS,;FiRST VICE c:~ plants she inherited from her family, the McAuleys. Rotfston, Texas Growing food was foremost, but beauty was always PAUL EOKE, JR.,SEGOND VlOE CHAIRMAN Encmitas, Cali[oY1'ua present in her mini-landscapes. VVlLL~IA.PUSEY,SEeRE~ Nestled in her bride's luggage was a packet of Washingto1', D.C. "pinks" or '~clove" seed (Dianthusspp.). The black saucer-shaped seeds germinated im­ CHARLES HENRY SMITH JiR., TIlliAS'tJRER Middleburg, Vi'l!;,,;a mediately once dry in the capsule and could be stored for several years without losing vital­ ity. She used kettles offresh water to get them to sprout, then transplanted the seedlings to SRERW>N AbLER West Palm Beauh, Florida well-drained spots around the edges of shrubs. The bright pink of the flowers and the tiny L.1v!. BAKERJR. spiky blue-gray foliage were a cheery greeting to visitors. The intense spicy fragrance of the Winston-Salem; North Carolina pinks in the '30s and '40s is still very much alive in my memory. WILLtAM E. BARlUCK, 11H.D. Today, the interest in growing sweet-smelling plants in the garden is greater than ever. ~lvWJjDI.I\.TE PAST CffAJRMAN Pine Mountaiuj GC01lJia. And now we have horticulurral research and dedicated nursery owners to help us propa­ S.EUFJ;.EY BA1\J'LETI gate and grow fragrant native plants appropriate to gardens in different regions of both Sam" Barbara, Califomia eastern and western North America. In tlus issue, landscape designers Jim Knopf and KATHERlNp MCKAY BELK Charlotte, No1'fh Cm'oUnn Paula Refi desctibe garden-worthy fragrant natives. JAMBS L. CORFIELD In addition, Rand B. Lee tells us about species pinks similar to the ones Miss Nannie Geneva, f!tinois grew. These charming perennials can be difficult to find amongst the proliferation ofhy­ A1W3ELLA S. DANE Boston) Massachusetts brid pinks, but they are worth seeking out for their graceful beauty and adaptability. JORN AIJEX FWID Ill-. Gardeners throughout history have recognized the value of using water features in gar­ BiJ'mingham, Alabama dens to reflect plants, garden features, and buildings. Reflecting pools can double the value DOROTHY T )!RELAND BinninghMn, Alabama of beautiful garden scenes and provide a tranquil setting to offset the stresses of modern life. WILL1AM'R. MARKEN In Molly Dean's essay, we'll show you how to make the most ofyour water gardens. Eos Alto~ California Anotl1er way to bring peace and tranquility to the garden is by adapting tecluuques used ThrEODORE R. M,;),W'ON Ki"kland, Washi.!ffto1J. in Japanese and Zen gardens. Kathleen Fisher profiles Jack Miller, an American garden de­ GENE M. MILLER signer who has created two very different Japanese-style gardens in the Philadelphia area. Sil.er Sp,ing, MarylM,d It is our time to use our energy and talents to ensure that we hand down to future gen­ :EGON MOUM;. erations the "seeds" that we have identified as our own personal heritage. Let this issue add Seattle, Washi'!ffto" DUDLEY MORGAN fragrance to your nose, shining laughter to your pools, and create an oasis for your life. Nashville, Tentlesse. We are making final arrangements to greet you at two ofour annual events this summer: GEOFFREY L. RAVSOM our annual conference- with garden tours and award presentations-in Boston June 9 to Pim{;"';gh, Penmylv"nia 12; and our Youtl1 Garden Symposium in Denver July 22 to 24. I hope you will make plans VM-EjUE L. THOMAS Alexandria, Vi,;ginia now to share your ideas and enthusiasm for gardening "vith us at these exciting AHS events. ROBERI El. VOLK Sat; Mal';,,", Califomin ~ PRESIDENT EMERITUS DR. H. MARC CATHEY -H. Marc Cathey, AHS President Emeritus 4 THE AMERICAN GARDENER March / Apl' iI1999 THE AMERICAN members' GARDENER EDITOR DAV1D J. ELLIS MANAGING EDITOR rum MARY YEE ASSISTANT EDITOR CHRISTINA M. SCOTT COMMUNICATIONS ASSISTANT MARKC. MOLl~N DESIGN AND ART DIRECTION JOSEPH YACINSKI DESIGN ~ EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD JOHN ALEX FLOYD JR., CHAIR Bi1'mingham, Alabama NINA L. BASSUK Ithaca, New York RICHARD E. BIR BrlnJard, North Carolina JOHN E. BRYAN SC/lt~salito, Califorll.ia Left: The pink double flowers of JOHN L. CREECH Prunus serrulata 'Kwanzan' Hendersonville, North Carolina blooming in spring. KEITH CROTZ Chillicothe, Illinois PRUNUS SERRULATA 'KWANZAN' outstanding fall color. What a bonus! PANAYOTI KELAIDTS For years I dreamed of having a 'Kwanzan' Our hilly neighborhood was once a Denver, ColO1·ado pink-flowering cherry tree (Prunus sel'ru­ cherry orchard, but all the old trees were RJCHARD W. LIGHTY Greenville, Delaware lata)--ever since I saw one in a friend's removed when it was subdivided. Since garden. The tree was a cloud of pink, its moving here, planting trees has been my ELV1N McDONALD West Des Moines, I01Va branches loaded with clusters offluffy pink first priority. I am really twice blessed wid1 blossoms. my 'Kwanzan' cherry trees-great beauty ~ After I retired from teaching, I built a in spring and fall. Kathleen E. Cigan ADVERTISING AHS ADVERTISING OFFICE new home in northern Michigan in the Suttons Bay, Michigan 4350 DiPaolo Center, Suite B heart of cherry COW1try overlooking Lake Glenview, IL 60025 Michigan's Traverse Bay. In Spling the hill­ SPREAD THE WORD (847) 699-1707· FAX: (847) 699-1703 sides are covered wid1 white cherry blos­ I fow1d Nancy Goodwin's article on lillie COLOR SEPARATIONS soms. It's a beautiful sight, but it still bulbs (September/ October) delightful. I FILM GRAPHICS doesn't compare with d1e pink 'Kwanzan'. would like to point out, however, that our PRINTER A few years ago I finally planted two org3.1uzation, the International Bulb Soci­ BANTA PUBLICATIONS GROUP of them outside my lower-level walkout. ety, was not included among other org3.l1i­ TheAmloriean Garde>ler(ISSN lOS7·9'!178) is published Their tops are just below my dining zations listed in a box of sources and bimonthly (January/February, March/April, May!June, room windows, but eventually they can resources for more information on bulbs July/August, Sept.mber/October, November/Decem­ bor) by the American Horticultural Society, 7931 'East grow to 25 feet tall.
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  • Effects of Invasive Plant Species on Native Bee Communities in the Southern Great Plains

    Effects of Invasive Plant Species on Native Bee Communities in the Southern Great Plains

    EFFECTS OF INVASIVE PLANT SPECIES ON NATIVE BEE COMMUNITIES IN THE SOUTHERN GREAT PLAINS By KAITLIN M. O’BRIEN Bachelor of Science in Rangeland Ecology & Management Texas A&M University College Station, Texas 2015 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE May, 2017 EFFECTS OF INVASIVE PLANT SPECIES ON NATIVE BEE COMMUNITIES IN THE SOUTHERN GREAT PLAINS Thesis Approved: Dr. Kristen A. Baum Thesis Adviser Dr. Karen R. Hickman Dr. Dwayne Elmore ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to begin by thanking my advisor, Dr. Kristen Baum, for all of her guidance and expertise throughout this research project. She is an exemplary person to work with, and I am so grateful to have shared my graduate school experience with her. I would also like to recognize my committee members, Dr. Karen Hickman and Dr. Dwayne Elmore, both of whom provided valuable insight to this project. A huge thank you goes out to the Southern Plains Network of the National Park Service, specifically Robert Bennetts and Tomye Folts-Zettner. Without them, this project would not exist, and I am forever grateful to have been involved with their network and parks, both as a research student and summer crew member. A special thank you for Jonathin Horsely, who helped with plot selection, summer sampling, and getting my gear around. I would also like to thank the Baum Lab members, always offering their support and guidance as we navigated through graduate school. And lastly, I would like to thank my family, especially my fiancé Garrett, for believing in me and supporting me as I pursued my goals.
  • Fungi Associated with Aizoaceae Seed in the Succulent Karoo

    Fungi Associated with Aizoaceae Seed in the Succulent Karoo

    Fungi associated with Aizoaceae seed in the Succulent Karoo Z. Pieterse1, T.A.S. Aveling1 and A. Jacobs2 1Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agriculture Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa and 2Plant Protection Research Institute - Biosystematics, Agriculture Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa. Abstract The Aizoaceae, commonly known as mesembs or “ice plants”, is a plant family endemic to Namaqualand, an area inside the Succulent Karoo biodiversity hotspot in South Africa. The more than 1800 unique mesembs are in part characterised by their hygrochastic seed capsules dispersing their seed by jet action. Six capsule types: Mesembryanthemum-type, Delosperma-type, Drosanthemum-type, Lampranthus-type, Ruschia-type and Leipoldtia-type are distinguished by differences in funicles, covering membranes and closing bodies. With the existence of microbial endemism now widely recognised, research into community ecology in the Succulent Karoo is needed to enable proper conservation. Sadly the microbial life associated with Aizoaceae has received little attention, Alternaria, Colletotrichum and Fusarium, have however been isolated from the halophyte Sesuvium portulacastrum, one of the few species from Aizoaceae but not endemic to South Africa. Fungi are known to aid in germination, seedling establishment, growth, water relations and nutrition in the Cactaceae (a family closely related to Aizoaceae). We believe that fungi may play a role in the ability of Aizoaceae to thrive in Namaqualand due to their specialization in the form of thick-walled spores that remain viable and have the ability to grow slow even at extreme aridity. We have isolated species of Alternaria, Aspergillus, Bipolaris, Cladosporium, Fusarium and Talaromyces from seeds of common mesemb species from Namaqualand.