Les Grandes Villes Du Monde Capsules Thématiques – Shanghai

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Les Grandes Villes Du Monde Capsules Thématiques – Shanghai Les grandes villes du monde Capsules thématiques – Shanghai Par Maude Cournoyer-Gendron – Octobre 2013 1) Introduction Depuis les dernières années, différentes firmes privées et organismes internationaux ont mis en place divers palmarès afin de classer les grandes villes du monde (consulter la capsule introductive pour plus de détails sur les palmarès et la méthodologie menant aux choix des villes retenues). L’objectif poursuivi dans cette série de capsules est d’explorer les réalités historiques, géographiques, économiques, sociales et urbaines de différentes grandes villes du monde qui se retrouvent dans ces grands palmarès. La notion de ville mondiale sous-entend à la fois une grande relation avec les autres villes du globe, ayant un rôle de point de relai dans l’économie mondiale, mais aussi une importance sur différents plans soit économique, culturel ou politique (Braudel 1979; Friedmann 1986; Dolfus 1996; Sassen 2001). Shanghai est la plus grande ville de Chine, et elle est aussi le moteur de son développement économique. Des suites de l’ouverture du pays à l’économie mondiale, la ville a connu un boom de reconstruction au courant des années 1990, ce qui a changé de façon considérable de paysage urbain (Pridmore 2008). La ville est par ailleurs renommée pour son architecture, pour la variété impressionnante des œuvres que l’on retrouve dans son paysage urbain. Le but de cette capsule est de donner un portrait global de la ville de Shanghai à l’aide de différents palmarès, tout en faisant un survol plus général de son histoire, de sa géographie, de son économie et de sa démographie. Les enjeux urbains caractéristiques de la ville seront par la suite identifiés, avant de faire état de la recherche récente sur la ville et la région métropolitaine de Shanghai. Ce travail n’est pas exhaustif; il se veut plutôt être un outil qui réunit des informations de base sur la ville, afin de proposer des textes pouvant démarrer une démarche de recherche plus approfondie. La recherche documentaire qui a permis l’élaboration de cette capsule est basée sur des monographies et des articles scientifiques recensés dans les principales bases de données, ainsi que sur une recherche internet. Panorama de la ville de Shanghai. Le district Lujiazui du quartier de Pudong. Source : photo prise par Nicor (2012). 1 2) Palmarès des villes mondiales La ville de Shanghai est au 5e rang des plus grandes agglomérations urbaines du monde, avec un total de 20,21 millions d’habitants selon la Division de la population du Département de l’économie et des affaires sociales de l’O.N.U. (O.N.U. 2012). Elle se trouve derrière la ville de New York (20,35 millions) et devant la ville de São Paulo (19,92 millions). L’organisation GaWC classe la ville de Shanghai comme étant une ville Alpha +, au même titre que Hong Kong, Tokyo ou Chicago. C’est-à-dire qu’elle joue un rôle primordial dans l’économie mondiale. Le magazine Foreign Policy et la firme A.T. Kearneys, dans leur palmarès recensant les villes globales, attribuent la 21e position à Shanghai (Hales et Mendoza Pena 2012). Elle se retrouve donc entre les villes de Berlin (20e) et de Buenos Aires (22e). Sa position semble stable puisqu’elle obtenait le 21e rang en 2010 et le 20e en 2008 (Hales et Mendoza Pena 2012). La ville se démarque nettement sur le plan des activités économiques (business activities). Dans sa section sur les villes émergentes, le rapport identifie la ville de Shanghai parmi les villes ayant un fort potentiel d’ascension dans la hiérarchie des villes globales. Le rapport mentionne aussi le rôle de centre industriel et financier de la ville de Shanghai, au sein de son pays (Hales et Mendoza Pena 2012). Le classement du Global Power City index de la Mori Memorial Foundation positionne la ville de Shanghai à la 23e place (Institute of Urban Strategies 2011). Elle se situe derrière Vancouver, mais devant Bruxelles. Selon ce palmarès, la ville se distingue pour sa vitalité économique d’abord (8e rang), mais aussi pour sa dimension culturelle (10e rang). Elle se retrouve à mi-parcours pour la qualité de vie (16e rang), et pour son accessibilité (16e rang) (Institute of Urban Strategies 2011). En ce qui a trait à l’environnement, la ville de Shanghai est nettement sous la moyenne des villes asiatiques. On note également qu’elle est légèrement au-dessous de la moyenne pour la recherche et le développement (Institute of Urban Strategies 2011). Finalement, au sein du palmarès de MasterCard Worldwide, Shanghai occupe le 24e rang, tout juste derrière Berlin et au-devant d’Atlanta (MaterCard Worldwide 2008). Ceci est un bon en avant pour la ville qui occupait la 32e position dans le palmarès de 2007. Elle se trouve au sommet du palmarès pour l’importance des flux financiers (9e rang) et pour son importance en tant que centre économique (4e rang). 3) Portrait de la ville Le cas de Shanghai est singulier lorsqu’on s’intéresse aux grandes villes du monde, la situation politique et économique de la Chine fait que le développement urbain ne suit pas exactement les mêmes tendances que celles qu’on observe dans les villes ayant une économie de marché (Friedmann 2006). Shanghai fait partie des nouvelles villes industrialisées de l’Asie du Sud-est, et elle est en concurrence avec les villes de la région telle Hong Kong ou Singapour. À l’instar de ces dernières, elle se revendique comme un centre culturel, économique et politique important (Chen 2009). Un bref historique de la ville 2 Au 10e siècle, Shanghai est un village de pêcheurs. À partir de 1074, elle devient un chef-lieu où s’établissent de nombreux marchands (W. Wu 1999). À cette époque, le commerce est tourné vers l’intérieur des terres, territoire avec lequel la ville est reliée par le fleuve Yang Tsé et la rivière Huangpu (Mathou 2010). Au cours du 16e siècle, la Shanghai devient aussi un centre de fabrication textile, en plus de sa fonction commerciale (Yang, Qiu et Wang 2011). Lentement, la ville croît pour devenir, au milieu du 19e siècle, un port important pour le commerce international (Yang, Qiu et Wang 2011). La rencontre entre la ville et le monde occidental se fait d’abord avec les aventuriers et navigateurs et ensuite par les commerçants et négociants. Les relations entre la Chine et l’Occident d’abord cordiales se corsent au moment de la première guerre de l’opium de 1839 à 1842. À la fin de la guerre, la Chine est forcé de s’ouvrir au commerce international et une partie du territoire de la ville de Shanghai acquière un statut de concession internationale, où la Chine n’a plus l’autorité. il y a alors une forte ségrégation entre territoires chinois et territoires étrangers, qui sont des zones politiques et administratives distinctes (Cornet 2010). La fin du 19e siècle et le début du 20e sont une période de modernisation et d’industrialisation pour la ville. On y construit de nombreuses infrastructures. Notons l’électrification et la construction de conduites d’eau entre 1885 et 1895, ou encore l’implantation d’un tramway en 1898 (Cornet 2010). Les produits à la base du commerce sont d’abord la soie, le thé et l’opium, et ensuite des biens de consommation courante produits localement (Cornet 2010). Le centre historique de Shanghai : Le Bund. Source : photo prise par Miguel A. Monjas (2005). Au début du 20e siècle, il y a graduellement une politisation de la bourgeoisie de Shanghai, et une prise de position contre l’autorité mandchoue. Les années qui suivirent furent l’occasion de nombreuses mobilisations populaires qui sont le résultat de l’émergence d’un espace public des 3 suites des réformes et changements politiques du début du 20e siècle, et de la montée du nationalisme chinois, venant mettre en cause l’impérialisme japonais comme occidental (Roux 2010). La montée du nationalisme chinois se traduit par la prise de pouvoir de Chiang Kai-shek en 1927. La tension monte entre la Chine et le Japon et ceci se concrétise lorsque le Japon occupe Shanghai au début des années 1930 (Roux 2010). La période d’instabilité et de guerre se poursuivra jusqu’à la fin de la guerre du Pacifique en 1945. Shanghai est alors le lieu de combat entre les troupes japonaises et les troupes chinoises, en plus d’être sujette à de nombreuses pénuries et épidémies (Vidal 2010). Dès 1948, les troupes communistes commencent à marcher sur le nord du pays et l’effondrement du régime nationaliste semble proche. Devant l’arrivée imminente des communistes, beaucoup de résidents étrangers quittent le pays et plusieurs tenants de la classe politique, économique et intellectuelle shanghaienne choisissent l’exil (Vidal 2010). Au début de la période communiste, la priorité est alors de remettre l’économie sur pied. Le modèle économique est alors mixte, alliant secteurs privés et secteur public. Dès 1951, l’économie de la ville reprend et croît. Ceci a été possible grâce à l’intervention du pouvoir centralisé, qui agît de façon modérée et prudente à travers ses politiques publiques (Xiaohong 2010). Un transfert de l’économie de marché à l’économie planifiée s’opère toutefois entre les années 1949 à 1957. C’est aussi à ce moment que commencent les monopoles d’État et la nationalisation et la collectivisation des industries. La transformation de l’économie chinoise se fait selon le premier plan quinquennal (1953-1957), dans lequel la priorité est donnée à l’industrie lourde (Xiaohong 2010). Le deuxième plan (1958- 1965), nommé le grand bond en avant, vise à augmenter les investissements et la production.
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