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New Wave Urban Development in Shanghai: Planning and Building the Hongqiao Transport Hub and Business Zone Yanpeng Jiang Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Leeds School of Geography September, 2014 The candidate confirms that the work submitted is his own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. The right of Yanpeng Jiang to be identified as Author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. © 2014 The University of Leeds and Yanpeng Jiang Acknowledgements “A fence needs the support of three stakes. An able fellow needs the help of three other people.” I owe a huge thank you to those who provided me with care, support and encouragement over the past four years, which has meant a lot to me especially as a student from afar! First, I must thank my supervisors, Dr Paul Waley and Dr Sara Gonzalez, for their invaluable guidance and enormous help with my research during my period of studies at Leeds. I would never have finished my dissertation on time without their dedicated support and encouragement. I always felt full of inspiration after meeting with my supervisors. Paul Waley was approachable, careful and responsible in his extraordinarily devoted supervision. He showed me a lot of patience and offered me many imaginative suggestions. I am particularly thankful for his ongoing encouragement and help with my English. Paul Waley‟s excellent spirit of dedication to science and his rigorous academic integrity influenced and benefitted me as a researcher. His rich knowledge of urban studies guided me along the way. He has taught me a lot not only as my supervisor, but also as a good friend. Sara Gonzalez, warm-hearted and friendly, has offered me constructive supervision over the past four years. Her serious academic attitude has deeply influenced me, and I appreciated her constructive advice during my research process. She spent a great amount of time reading my work and offering me comments. In the evenings, while looking after her two lovely kids, she also invited me to her house to revise my chapters. As well, Sara Gonzalez offered me continuous encouragement during tough times, especially through her spring-like smile. I would like to thank my Research Support Group – Dr Stuart Hodkinson, Dr Alex Schafran, Professor Martin Clarke, Professor John Stillwell and Dr Paul Norman – for their constructive and useful comments and suggestions, especially Dr Stuart Hodkinson who helped and encouraged me so much. I am very grateful to the wonderful staff at the School of Geography: Andy Turner, Dr Zuo Chengchao, Dr Rachel Homer and Dr Franklyn Cudjoe. I am also thankful to my postgraduate colleagues – Li Pengfei, Liu Huifang, Majing, Andy Newing, Nezihe Başak Ergin, Reynhard Sinaga, Simon Desmet, Tom Collins, Stephen Clark and Stella Darby – for creating a friendly atmosphere in our office. I would like to especially thank my friend and former office mate, Dr Nalini Mohabir, who has been encouraging and supporting me over the past four years, and even now, from far-away Canada. Thank you to Ariadne Patsiopoulos for her great help i in proofreading. I would like to thank Li Pengfei, Andy Newing, Zuo Chengchao and my office mates. I enjoyed all sorts of interesting discussions with them – sometimes about serious research topics, sometimes about stressful topics related to publishing papers and finding work, sometimes about intense political topics and sometimes about simple daily life. These great memories will last a lifetime. I would also like to thank all of the participants who offered time to be interviewed and to complete my questionnaires during my fieldwork in Shanghai. My research and thesis would never have been so successfully accomplished without their information and inside knowledge. I would like to especially thank Dr Zhanghai, Yu Bin and Lu Liang who offered tremendous assistance in Hongqiao in contacting officials and experts associated with the construction of the Hongqiao project and in providing me with invaluable secondary documents. It would have been impossible to complete my thesis without their help. I am especially indebted to my former colleagues of Song Bei and Chang Lixia in East China Normal University, not only for assisting me to conduct my survey and interviews in Shanghai, but also for sending me useful data when I returned to the UK. I feel deeply indebted to 18 students from East China Normal University who helped me to complete the research surveys and to obtain first-hand data: Song Bei, Chang Lixia, Shao Jiaying, Yang Zhige, Li Li, Ding Dong, Tan Qingyuan, Xu Si, Wei Chunmeng, Zhao Pei, Xie Yunying, Fang Huiyan, Wang Chunmeng, Han Li, Wang Yi, Xu Aiwen, Tang Long and Lin Lijian. I am very thankful to Professor Ning Yueming and Professor Shen Yufang at East China Normal University, who have encouraged me over the past four years. Thanks also to Professor Wu Qiyan, Zhang Xiaolin at Nanjing Normal University and Associate Professor, Wang Bo, at the University of Leeds, and Dr Ma Renfeng in Ningbo University for their help. I extend special thanks to Dr Heather Zhang at University of Leeds and Associate Professor Shion Kojo at Kagoshima University who have helped and encouraged me not only with my research, but also in my life. I also thank Dr Fu Hengsheng, Wangying and Dr Wu Zhaoshen and Panjun from the Education Section of the Consulate General of PRC in Manchester who have provided help and encouragement over past four years. I would also like to thank consulate of Wu Xiaoming, Zhu Yu, deputy Consul General of Zhou Haicheng, Special thanks to Consul general of Li YongSheng and Pan Yudong the Consulate General of PRC in Manchester for their help in the past four years. I thank my friends in China and the UK: Dr Ding Lingping, Liu Xiaowen, Brian Jones, Lynne Jones, Wu Dongfa, Lee, Doreen Dalgleish and especially Brian Jones and Lynne Jones – without whom my life would have been much more difficult and quite boring. I am also thankful to the members of the Chinese Students and Scholars Association at ii Leeds for their assistance. I had a wonderful time for two years as the president of the Association. I am also significantly indebted to many other people who have offered me direct and indirect help through their comments, suggestions and questions. Due to space limitations, it is impossible to thank everybody. I would like to thank the China Scholarship Council and the Univeristy of Leeds, which have jointly sponsored my PhD study in the UK. I dedicate this thesis to my former university, the East China Normal Univeristy in Shanghai, and to my beloved motherland---China. No words can adequately express my gratitude to my family members whose selfless love, care and assistance and whose unconditional support have guided me every important step of the way in my life. They have made me what I am today. My father has always been the most stalwart man in my heart. My mother, who embodies the most excellent qualities of Chinese women, is a tenacious, wise, peaceful and hard-working woman. She has inspired me to move forward. Mumu is one of the most important pillars of my life. The same applies to my dear sister, Bifen. We are not only siblings, but also close friends and mutual supporters. I appreciate all of the practical and spiritual support and encouragement that she has given me through tough times. iii Abstract Since launching policies of economic reform in the 1980s, China has emerged from several decades of economic and urban stagnation to become more integrated into the regional and global economy. Cities have been integral to the growth machine of economic development. China has experienced rapid development of industrialization and urbanization in the context of national institutional arrangements favouring decentralisation towards regions and cities, and reform towards a market-oriented economy. This political and economic transition has led to rapid changes in the urban landscape, including the construction of mega urban projects in peri-urban areas in the context of competitive and entrepreneurial urbanism. The main body of this thesis describes the planning and development processes of the Hongqiao project, the project‟s relationship to urban development and spatial restructuring in Shanghai, as well as the nature of urban change. This thesis empirically investigates the construction of a mega urban project, its governance mechanism and its impact on relocated people and neighbouring districts. It includes an intensive case study of the Hongqiao project in Shanghai based on empirical data derived from questionnaires, interviews and secondary data. The implementation of the project has involved the participation of government at various levels, state-owned companies, estate developers, banks, relocated people, all of them involved in numerous activities of flexible competition, cooperation, and negotiation. It is argued here that a land-based urban growth coalition was formed which became the driving force behind the Hongqiao project. The thesis argues that this coalition, led by the local state, has played a crucial role in the construction of the Hongqiao project in the context of competitive urbanism. The participants have maximized their own interests, particularly entrepreneurial government, which benefits most from lucrative land revenue place-making. The thesis argues further that competitive urbanism reveals a process of accumulation by dispossession, whereby the interests and voices of relocated people were ignored by powerful participants.