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ZEEB ROAD, ANN ARBOR, Ml 48106 18 BEDFORD ROW, LONDON WCl R 4EJ, ENGLAND 8101524 T o w n s e n d , Jo y c e C a r o l RETRIEVING LOST IDEALS: UNITED STATES FOREIGN POLICY TOWARD BRAZIL, 1960-1958 The University of Oklahoma Ph.D. 1980 University Microfilms Internetionel300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, M 148IO5 Copyright 1980 by Townsend, Joyce Carol All Rights Reserved THE UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE RETRIEVING LOST IDEALS: UNITED STATES FOREIGN POLICY TOWARD BRAZIL 1960-196 8 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY JOYCE C. TOWNSEND Norman, Oklahoma 19 80 RETRIEVING LOST IDEALS: UNITED STATES FOREIGN POLICY TOWARD BRAZIL 1960-19 68 APPROVED BY , I A „ r \ c\ DISSERTATION COMMITTEE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Alliance for Progress is a glaring example of the failure of American foreign policy during the 19 50's. This has made it the subject for numerous works. However, most of these works are based on the rational actor approach. Unfortunately, bureaucratic analyses of United States foreign policy in the 1960's are very rare and a bureau­ cratic politics analysis of United States foreign policy to­ ward Brazil during that era appears to be nonexistent. This dissertation is offered as a contribution to fill that gap. I wish to acknowledge individuals who have cooperated in this endeavor, I owe an intellectual debt to Dr. Rufus G. Hall, Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences and Profes­ sor of Political Science at the University of Oklahoma. Dr. Hall, my mentor, advisor, and director of my dissertation, has skillfully presided over every stage of the development of my dissertation. Without his advice and encouragement, this dissertation would have never been completed. I am also indebted to the members of my dissertation committee who read the dissertation and commented on it. The members of my committee are; Dr. Hugh G. MacNiven, Pro­ fessor of Political Science and Chairman of the Department; Dr. Donald Secrest, Professor of Political Science; and Dr. Paul A. Tharp, Professor of Political Science, all from the University of Oklahoma. Dr. Richard D. Baker, Professor of Political Science, also served on the committee during the initial stages. I am indeed grateful to Dr. Keith Larry Storrs, Latin American Analyst in the Foreign Affairs Office, Congressional Research Services of the Library of Congress and to Dr. Riordan Roett, Professor of Latin American Politics at the School of Advanced International Studies of Johns Hopkins University. They allowed me extensive interviews and so will­ ingly shared their perspectives and analyses of the Brazilian operative situation. Dr. Joseph Page, Professor at the Georgetown University Law Center, and Dr. Brady Tyson, Pro­ fessor of Latin American Politics at American University and American diplomat, were also very cooperative in providing the missing links. Mr. Jerome I. Levinson, General Counsel for the Inter- American Development Bank, possessed information that was cru­ cial for the development of the dissertation. I appreciate his willingness to share that information. Mr. Niles Bond, Charge D ' Affaires of tlie American Embassy in Brazil in 1961, Mr. Donor Lion, Director of the AID Mission at Recife during the 19 60's, Mr. Robert Ballantyne, Director of Brazilian Af­ fairs of AID, and Mr. Lewis Duiguid of the Washington Post also supplied me with useful information. Mr. Archie Lang, Administrative Officer for the American Embassy during the 1960's. Dr. H. Jon Rosenbaum, former Profes­ sor at the Getulio Vargas Institute in Rio de Janeiro who is 1 1 now Special Assistant to Senator Jacob Javitz, also contributed useful information. Along with Virginia Moye, former Reports Officer in Capital Development of the Latin American Bureau of AID, they guided me toward extremely valuable primary sour­ ces. Mr. Frank Haendler, former Political Officer at the American Embassy in Brazil, and Dr. Robert Miller, Foreign Service Officer in Brazil, verified the information that I was able to obtain. Officials at many other Washington agencies, research institutions, and libraries, also supplied leads to significant data. These officials include: Mr. Ramon Gonzalez of the His­ panic Law Division of the Library of Congress; Mr. Everett Lar­ son, Reference Librarian, Latin American, Portuguese, and Spanish Division of the Library of Congress; Mr. James Bednar, Reference Librarian, Office of Public Affairs of the Agency for International Development - State Department; Ms. J. M. Paskar of the Agency for International Development Reference Center; Ms. Jo Marie Griesgraber, Deputy Director of the Wash­ ington Office on Latin America and Brazilian Desk Officer; Mr. Jorge Thevenet, Coordinator of Public Information at the Organization of American States; Ms. Ellen Schaffer, Reference Librarian at the Organization of American States; and Ms. Ella Forbes, Reference Librarian, Langston Hughes Memorial Library of Lincoln University. Ill TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS............................. i LIST OF TABLES............ vi Chapter I. INTRODUCTION...................... 1 PART ONE THE OPERATIVE SITUATION II. BRAZIL IN PERSPECTIVE: 1960-1961 THE POLITICS, THE ECONOMY, THE SOCIETY, AND THE POLITICAL ETHOS. 56 The Brazilian Economy at The Turn of the Decade........... 61 The Brazilian Economy: Kubit- schek's Initiatives 66 The Economic Development of Brazil: And Analysis and An Assessment.................... 71 The Brazilian Political System At the Turn of the Decade.... 81 Prominent Social Forces : Nation­ alism.......... ......... 96 Prominent Social Forces :, Com- unism.......................... 104 Prominent Social Forces: Populism..... ................ 107 Brazilian Militarism; A Counter Force During the Reformist Regime................. 109 Towards A New Foreign Policy For Brazil; Agonizing Reap­ praisal........................ 114 iv Chapter Page PART TWO THE GAME: KENNEDY'S IDEALISM ENCOUNTERS BOLD CHALLENGES III. WAVERING IDEALISM: THE KENNEDY PHASE............................ The Launching of the Alliance for Progress.............. 138 IV. ACQUIESCENT IDEALISM AND THE COLLAPSE OF THE ALLIANCE FOR PROGRESS: THE JOHNSON PHASE... The Authoritarian Trend of the Brazilian Military Govern­ ment................ ... 212 The United States and The Brazilian Coup d'etat........ 227 V. CONCLUSION........... ........... 245 VI. BIBLIOGRAPHY..................... 283 V LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 1. Brazil: Data on the Evolution of the Electric Power Sector, 1955-1960..... 68 2. Brazil: Railway Network, 1955 and 1961.................. 70 3. Brazil: Gross Investment in Railways As a Percentage of Gross Domestic Product........ 70 4. 'Brazil: Steel Making,1956-1961 71 5. Brazil: Changes in Structure of Gross Domestic Product 75 6. Macro Performance of the Bra- 80 zilian Economy,1955-1960...... vx INTRODUCTION RETRIEVING LOST IDEALS: UNITED STATES FOREIGN POLICY TOWARD BRAZIL 1960-1968 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Throughout the twentieth century American foreign policy has been characterized by decisions that are made in contradistinction to policy proclamations. This trend pre­ sented a paradox which heightened during the post World War II era and climaxed in the American foreign policy of the I960's.^ This trend of duplicity has eroded the credibility of American diplomacy, has caused other nations to view American foreign policy with suspicion, and has cast doubts on the validity of American policy proclamations. 'In 19 61 President John Fitzgerald Kennedy proclaimed the Alliance for Progress, a product of democratic idealism and