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2 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL published monthly by THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION JUNE, 1956 Volume 33, Number 6

CONTENTS

page

8 WEEK END IN COONAMBLE by Anne Dorr

THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE 19 GROUP INSURANCE IN THE FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION by George H. Butler Honorary President JOHN FOSTER DULLES, Secretary of State Honorary Vice-Presidents 20 BISMARCK AND HIS AMBASSADORS by Gordon A. Craig THE UNDER SECRETARIES OF STATE THE DEPUTY UNDER SECRETARIES OF STATE THE ASSISTANT SECRETARIES OF STATE 22 ON BEING PLUGGED IN by James J. Blake THE COUNSELOR THE LECAL ADVISER “ART DIPLOMATIQUE FRANKLINIEN” by D. D. Makrinitsas THE DIRECTOR GENERAL OF THE FOREIGN SERVICE 26 LOY W. HENDERSON, President GEORGE V. ALLEN, Vice President BARBARA P. CHALMERS, Executive Secretary board of directors HENRY S. VILLARD, Chairman departments CECIL B. LYON, Vice-Chairman HARRY A. MCBRIDE J. DAVID LINEBAUGH 4 PROMOTIONS AND APPOINTMENTS CHRISTOPHER A. SQUIRE, Assistant Sec.-Treas. Alternates ANNE W. MERIAM 4 INDEX TO ADVERTISERS ROBERT H. S. EAKENS THOMAS S. ESTES, Secretary-Treasurer 6 AMONG OUR CONTRIBUTORS ROBERT I. OWEN OUTERBRIDGE HORSEY 14 TWENTY-FIVE YEARS AGO by James B. Stewart journal editorial board JOSEPH PALMER, 2ND, Chairman 24 SERVICE GLIMPSES CHARLES F. KNOX, JR. EDMUND GULLION EDWARD W. MULCAHY 30 NEWS TO THE FIELD by Gwen Barrows EDWARD P. MONTGOMERY NILES BOND 32 EDITORIALS : JOSEPH J. WACNER NORMAN HANNAH Benjamin Franklin—and American Diplomacy MARY VANCI: TRENT WILLIAM L. KRIEG Inroads upon an Injustice GWEN BARROWS, Managing Editor GEORGE BUTLER. Business Manager 36 NEWS FROM THE FIELD HESTER H. HENDERSON, Circulation Manager and Editorial Assistant The AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION is an 40 THE BOOKSHELF by Francis C. deWolj unofficial and voluntary association of the members, active and retired, of The Foreign Service of the United States and the Department of State. The As¬ 48 LETTERS TO THE EDITORS sociation was formed for the purpose of fostering esprit de corps among members of the Foreign Service and to establish a center around which might be grouped the united efforts of its members for the improvement of the Service. The FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL is not official and material appearing herein represents only personal opinions, and is not intended in any way to indicate the official views of the Department of State or of the Foreign Service as a whole. The Editors will consider all articles submitted. If accepted, the author will be paid a minimum of one cent a word on acceptance. Photographs ac¬ companying articles will, if accepted, be purchased at one dollar each. Five dollars is paid for cover PAUL BARTLETT'S WONDERFULLY LIFE-LIKE STATUE pictures. Reports from the Field, although not paid OF OUR FIRST AMBASSADOR TO FRANCE TODAY SITS for, are eligible for each month’s $15 Story-of-the SERENELY FACING THE ENTRANCE OF THE PARIS EM¬ Month Contest. BASSY. FOR COMMENT ON BENJAMIN FRANKLIN'S DIPLOMATIC ACTIVITIES AT THE COURT OF VERSAILLES Copyright, 1956, by the American Foreign Service SEE PAGES 26 AND 32. Association. Issued monthly at the rate of $3.00 a year, 25 cents a copy, by the American Foreign Service Association, 1908 (j Street, N. W., Washington. D. C. Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office in Washington, D. 0., under the Act of March 3, 1879. Printed in U.S.A. by Monumental Printing Com¬ pany, Baltimore. INDEX TO ADVERTISERS Promotions and Appointments

American Foreign Service Protective Association III Cover The following list, including appointments of Foreign American Security & Trust Company 31 Service Officers of various classes, a Foreign Service Officer American Storage Company 16 promotion, and consular and/or diplomatic designations for AVCO 1 Career, Staff and Reserve Officers, was sent by the President Bookmailer, The 40 to the Senate on April 9, 1956: Bowling Green Storage & Van Company 43 B re wood 12 Foreign Service Officer Promotion Brown-Forman Distillers Corporation 7 From Class 6 to Class 5 C & W Frozen Foods 47 Calvert School 45 Carlson, Roy 0. Carmel Valley Realty Co. 45 Chase Manhattan Bank, The_ 1 12 Section 517 Appointments Circle Florists 45 Class 1, also to be Consuls and Secretaries DACOR 45 Dillard Realty Company 8 Atwood, Rollin S. Tasca, Henry J. Easy Washing Machine 5 Brown, Winthrop G. Educational Consulting Service ——.— 45 Ferris & Company 8 Class 2, also to be Consuls and Secretaries Firestone Tire & Rubber Company 18 Bassin, Julius Klosson, Boris H. First National City Bank of New York, The 35 Brown, Ben H., Jr. MacKnight, Jesse M. Fowler Enterprises, The 45 Francis Scott Key Apartment Hotel 46 Crutcher, Leon Merrill, Frederick T. General Electronics Incorporated 35 Hodge, Charles L. Steuart, George H., Jr. General Motors Corporation— 37 Horowitz, Daniel L, van der Gracht, Ides Goodman, Henry J. & Co. 4 Howe, Fisher Whitman, Roswell H. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company 33 Grace Line , 43 Class 3, also to be Consuls and Secretaries Harper & Brothers 41 International Telephone & Telegraph Corporation 15 Cefaratti, Anthony J. Loehr, Walter Q. Jefferson International Co., Inc. 5 Colclough, Otho T. Smith, Edwin L. Maphis, J. Alan 16 Felsenthal, Leonard Smith, Howard F. Merchants Transfer & Storage Company 10 Goodman, Leo M. Van Swearingen, Jay A. National Distillers Products Corporation 11 Kelakos, Michael G. Vazquez, Alberto M. Ney’s Shopping Service 47 Williams, Jack S. Norris Furniture Corporation 5 Kerry, Richard J. Radio Corporation of America 17 Little, Edward S. Worthing, Miss Marion W. Schenley International Corporation II Cover Seagram’s V. O. 29 Class 4, also to be Consuls and Secretaries Security Storage Company of Washington 31 Baker, Herbert W. Garrity, Edwin J. Service Investment Corporation 45 Barrow, John R. Goldman, Loren L. Sinclair Refining Company 6 Brown, Miss Elizabeth Ann Smith’s 14 Kimrey, Chester H. Dahl, Phillip B. Socony Mobil Oil Company, Inc. 2 Lee, James L. State Department Federal Credit Union 14 Davis, Robert C. Swartz, Walter H. Co 13 Ellis, Frank J. T. Prescott, Francis C. United Fruit Company 8 Ferguson, Charles B. Prisbeck, Stanley J. United States Lines 5 Waldorf-Astoria, The IV Cover Gallop, Millard L. Zbinden, Mrs. Montana W. Woodward & Lothrop 35 Class 5, also to be Vice-Consuls and Secretaries Wooster School 12 Yost, Bartley F 41 Abbuhl, Forest E. Lindgren, Miss Marica N. Zenith Radio Corporation 9 Anderson, John W. McClary, Edward S. Bass, Charles White , Mewshaw, Franklin L. Bingham, George R. Meyers, Miss Gertrude M. Bond, Miss Eleanor Glover Miller, Elliott H. Serving the Men’s Wear Borrowdale, Miss Eleanor R. Moran, Lawrence J. Needs of the Depart¬ Chabot, Miss Marie C. Morin, Laurent E. ment of State and the Cook, Philip R., Jr. Plowman, Miss Janice Foreign Service Culbert, William E. Rose, Kenneth F. For Over 50 Years Days, Rudolph Smith, John L. Heubeck, N. Hunt Whitfield, Miss Bernadine Kauffman, Andrew John, II Zimmermann, Jean E. In stock the year 'round HASPEL new wash ’n wear miracle fabrics Class 6, also to be Vice-Consuls and Secretaries Dacron & cotton—Orion & Nylon—also Cotton Cords Barr, Brady G. McAndrew, J. Thomas PALM BEACH — ARROW — MANHATTAN - McGREGOR Boles, Wesley D. Martin, W. Wyatt, Jr. Special attention to mail orders from any country Brement, Marshall Maule, Robert W. Campbell, Hugh K. Munn, Robert H. HENRY J. GOODMAN S. CO. De Pree, Willard A. Nelson. James C. 1707 Pennsylvania Ave., N. W.. Washington 6, D. C (Continued on page 6)

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JUNE, 1956 5 Promotions and Appointments Dye, Richard W. Nelson, Robert L. Ellis, Harold T. Rosenthal, James D. Exum, Charles E., Ill Rushing, Charles E. Gordon, Robert Earl Scanlan, John D. Huddleston, Robert W. Wachob, James R. Airlines Fly Leahy, Joseph P. Williams, Richard L. Link, Louis J. Designations Now Class 3 and a Secretary to be also a Consul General 870,000 Byrns, Kenneth A. Now Class 5 and a Secretary to be also a Consul Paine, Charles E. Miles a Day Foreign Service Staff Officers to be Consuls Campbell, Walter L. McCarthy, Richard M. Flint, James C. McIntyre, William H. J. Krauss, William A. Nelson, Allan usiny McArdle, Francis J. Foreign Service Reserve Officers to be Secretaries Oleksiw, Daniel P. Tank, Martin M. Foreign Service Reserve Officers to be Vice Consuls SINCLAIR Ahmed, Frank Johnson, Joseph R. Cohn, David H. Miller, Burton S.

AMONG OUR CONTRIBUTORS: James J. Blake, who wrote “On Being Plugged In,” is an FSO assigned to the Trade Agreements and Treaties Divi¬ sion of the Department. His last article, “The Cornerstone of Commercial Policy—GATT,” appeared in the February JOURNAL and has been widely reprinted. An earlier contribu- bution, “Chance in Diplomacy,” appeared in the October 1952 issue. George Butler has been a member of the Edi¬ torial Board and a regular contributor to the JOURNAL for several years. He was formerly Ambassador to the Domini¬ can Republic and for the past four years has been associated 45% of the oil used by major scheduled with the Protective Association. Gordon A. Craig is Pro¬ airlines in the United States is supplied fessor of History at Princeton University. He was collab¬ orating editor of the “Makers of Modern Strategy” (Prince¬ by Sinclair. ton, 1943), and “The Diplomats, 1919-1939 (Princeton, The same Sinclair Research and refining 1953). His most recent book is “The Politics of the Prussian skills that produce the dependable oil for Army, 1640-1945 (Oxford, 1955). Professor Craig was Pub¬ giant airliners provide you with the finest lic Member of the Foreign Service Selection Board in 1949. automotive oils you can buy for your car, (Mrs.) Anne Dorr, wife of Robert John Dorr, is now' sta¬ truck or bus. tioned at Santiago. Her earlier “Letter from New England” was published in the JOURNAL in 1951. The JOURNAL is indebted to Yale University for permis¬ sion to reprint “How to Recommend a Stranger” from “Mr. Franklin, A Selection from His Personal Letters,” edited by Leonard W. Labaree and Whitfield J. Bell, Jr. and to Le Monde Diplomatique for D. D. Makrinitsas'1 “Art Diplomatique Franklinien.” Lenbach was Bismarck’s official portraitist and painted the picture of the Iron Chancellor in a more mellow mood, on page 21. The carte de visile with Humboldt’s signature and photograph by Brady, page 21, is of particular interest as it was the style of calling card used SINCLAIR at the time. The original belongs to the Library of Congress. Charles C. Carson, F.S.O., photographed the Koala bears A Great Name in Oil on page 10, and the cover photograph of Benjamin Franklin was taken by U.S.I.S., Paris.

6 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL |(!i

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JUNE, 1956 7 WEEK END IN COONAMBLE

By ANNE L. DORR

The dispatcher called for passengers for Tooraweenah, Coonamble, Walgett, Cootamundra, and Wagga Wagga. Bound for Coonamble, my husband and I walked out onto the Sydney airfield where we boarded the “Warrumble,” a DC-3 plane of the Butler Air Transport. Since my hus¬ band was to open the Anglican Ball in Coonamble, we were making our first trip to the country. As the plane climbed, we saw the trees of the Blue Mountains which the early

Ferris & Company, Members of the New York explorers, following the river valleys, had found so difficult Stock Exchange, cordially invites you to become to cross. Our only stop was at Tooraweenah where some acquainted with our investment services. school children left the plane. The Overseas Department, staffed by people who themselves have been in foreign service, is familiar Leaving Tooraweenah, we could see the Warrumbungle with the special problems involved in carrying out peaks, the eroded remains of true volcanoes which are your investment program while you are abroad. Whether you set up a mutual fund monthly invest¬ believed to have erupted about twenty-five million years ment program or, with the help of the Research ago. In these mountains rises the Castlereigh River on Department, a portfolio of individual securities, whose banks the town of Coonamble is built. Coonamble the Overseas Department supervises your invest¬ ments and keeps you informed of any significant has a population of about twenty-five hundred people, and developments. is some seven hundred feet above sea level in a semi-arid Why not send for our brochure, “How to Plan Your Finances,” which includes a complete de¬ area of large stations primarily devoted to sheep. During scription of services offered. the last eleven years of good rainfall Australia has, indeed, been “riding on the sheep’s back,” and this is a prosperous FERRIS & COMPANY region. 523 Washington Bldg. ST 3-5924 At the airport we were met by the rector of the Church Washington, D. C. Cable: FERRISCO of England in Coonamble, his wife, the secretary of the John S. R. Schoenfeld Julia M. Montgomery Ball, and some of the other church people. We were driven through the town whose wide, rather dusty streets are bor¬ dered with jacaranda trees. The iron roofs of the shops extend to the outer edge of the sidewalk, here called a foot path, making a pleasant covered passage in a town where the temperature is frequently over a hundred degrees Fah¬ renheit in summer. There are several chemists shops in .... Coonamble, together with the establishment of two jewelers, one hairdresser, four banks, one saddlemaker, agents deal¬ ing in cattle and sheep, butcher and green grocer shops, With a GOODWILL and a number of general stores combining groceries with FRIENDSHIP hardware, crockery, soft goods and clothes. Of course, Permanent^ there is a public hotel, better known as the “pub,” the dis¬ Place on penser of potent Australian beer. The Ball that evening was a lively affair for which the Every Bill of Lading... COLOMBIA favorite orchestra of the district had been booked twelve COSTA RICA months beforehand. Fortunately, in the afternoon, our Steaming North, the United Fruit Com¬ CUBA hosts had taught us the steps of a progressive barn dance, DOMINICAN pany carries such cargoes as bananas, coffee, REPUBLIC but the dancing of the more complicated “Pride of Erin” sugar, abaca and cocoa. Returning to Middle ECUADOR and the “Bomba” left us watching. Several sittings were America, it may bear any commodity pro¬ EL SALVADOR necessary to seat all of the four hundred and sixty people duced in this Country. But for more than GUATEMALA at the long, trestle tables where supper was served. There 50 years, our ships have always carried good¬ HONDURAS were home-made cakes, tarts, sandwiches, hot sausages, will and understanding. For the essence of JAMAICA, B. W. I. our service has been reliability and useful¬ fruit cup flavored with passion fruit seeds, and white coffee, NICARAGUA coffee served after the hot milk has been added. ness; and where these exist, friendship is PANAMA fostered too- CANAL ZONE (Continued on page 10) UNITED FRUIT COMPANY General Offices: 80 Federal Street, Boston RETIRING? COME TO ASHEVILLE New York • Philadelphia • Chicago * New Orleans Finest all year around climate in the United States. Cool San Francisco summers. Mild winters. Elevation 2200 feet. Retired colony now here. Write C. B. King, Dillard Realty Co., Asheville, N. C.

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J UNE, 1956 9 Week End in Coonamble (from page 8) While in Coonamble we visited two stations, a “station” being the Australian term for a sheep or cattle ranch. Although the country has developed many industries, sheep still form the basis of the economy, providing about fifty per cent of the country’s foreign exchange. Today, the station owners are wealthy, traveled people, active in poli¬ tics, primarily supporters of the Country Party. The owner of the Quambone Station, which we visited first, is a Cam¬ bridge University graduate. His older son is now com¬ pleting his last year there and, like his brother, he intends to “go on the land.” The original house on the station, built in the mid- nineteenth century, has grown until it consists of three buildings connected by covered passages. The original floors of local white cedar and the walls of axe-cut timber with battens inside and out are still sturdy. The family uses the main room of the old house with its large fireplace for the “lounge,” and the dining room is in the adjoining building. All three buildings have screened verandahs on two or three sides, and in a sunny corner of one of them we were served morning tea as soon as we arrived. From the verandah we could see the well-clipped lawns, the flower beds of rusty-colored chrysanthemums, and the fruit-laden orange and grapefruit trees. The house with its books and Victorian furniture is screened by trees from the plains stretching to the horizon and from the road, on which we (Continued on page 12)

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JUNE, 1956 11 Week End in Coonamble (from page 10) saw a drover with a flock of sheep. With traditional hospitality, the station owner had ar¬ ranged to take my husband kangaroo shooting. In a Land Rover and a Ford utility truck, nine of us, including the station manager, his wife and daughter, started out with two hampers of food. Quambone Station today covers thirty-two thousand acres largely devoted to sheep, averag¬ ing one sheep to one and a half acres. Due to the rains and floods this year, there was a good supply of grass in the pastures. Among the scattered native eucalyptus trees, called gums, we saw hurrajongs, their lower branches neatly trimmed to the height of the sheep who can eat them, and an occasional bottle tree with its swollen, bottle¬ shaped trunk which has a reservoir of sweet water. No kangaroos were seen before we stopped by a small stream for lunch. Over the station manager’s fire we grilled “chops,” lamb chops, the piece de resistance of any bush picnic, and boiled the billy for tea. The billy was originally an open topped tin can, with a wire carrying handle, used by the swagmen as a kettle for boiling tea. In the song “Waltzing Matilda’ the jolly swagman “Sang as he watched and waited till his billy boiled.” I had been in Australia almost a year before I discovered that “waltzing Matilda” or “humping the bluey” means carrying a swag, usually a blue blanket containing a billy and provisions. However, this large billy with a lid in which we had our tea at Quam¬ bone was factory-made. It was growing dark and cold when we returned to the station house. There we were warmed by a good dinner served in front of an open fire and there we toasted the Queen with fine champagne. Warrana, seven miles east of Coonamble, owned by the Scottish Australian Pastoral Company, was the other sta¬ tion we visited. In addition to sheep, Warrana breeds cattle for sale. After having to sell thousands of acres under the Commonwealth land resumption program, Warrana Sta¬ tion now has about seventy-five thousand acres. The house with its typical iron roof and verandahs was built in 1900. The bedrooms all have “sleep-outs,” screened porches for use in the hot summer. A magnificent billiard table is housed in its own building. In the living room, the ceiling had been covered with calico and painted in a geometrical pattern by an old German lying on his back on a scaffold¬ ing at the time when the house was built. With the same friendliness that brought fifty people to the airport when we left, we were given a civic reception in the chambers of the Shire Council where the men had worked late the night before laying a new floor of asphalt tile. It was explained that the new floor had long been needed, but our visit had provided the necessary impetus to get the work done. The President of the Shire Council, a station owner, spoke favorably of the United States which he had visited to buy blooded cattle. No week-end in the country would be complete without hearing a kookaburra, called the laughing jackass because of his queer call which is an imitation of a cackling laugh. To our hostess’ chagrin the two that frequented her garden had only performed at six one morning when we were asleep. At the last moment, when we were in front of the rectory ready to leave for the Coonamble air-port, we heard them laughing.

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. . . Use it to help THE THREE BEARS “According to the Washington Star, President Hoover sees solve those financial problems. as little reason in letting three separate Government depart¬ ments run our overseas territories as he did while Secretary See your administrative officer of Commerce, when he discovered the anomaly of ‘the three bears.’ The President-to-be could never understand why for further details. polar bears are Interior Department charges, grizzly bears are responsible to the War Department, and plain little Total Loans bears the wards of the Department of Agriculture.”— $1,859,795 JOURNAL comment: At least the polar bears should be kept Total Shares beyond the range of little girls’ voices and here’s why: “At $2,437,710 the zoo, a sweet-faced little girl was leaning on the railing of the bear pits, apparently completely absorbed in the antics of the polar bears. After a long, silent study, she finally A place to save turned to her mother with a rapt expression and said: ‘I sure would like to see them eat somebody.’ ” — Capper’s STATE DEPARTMENT W eekly. FEDERAL CREDIT UNION BRIEFS: Among recent changes in the Department is the ap¬ pointment of HARVEY H. BUNDY of Boston as Assistant Sec¬ A place to borrow retary; the resignation of DR. TYLER DENNETT as Historical Adviser; the appointment to that position of HUNTER MIL¬ LER, formerly editor of Treaties; and the appointment of DR. HERBERT FEIS of New York City as Economic Adviser. ► According to the Consul General at Large Totten, Consul BYINGTON of Naples is the best golfer in the Service, cer¬ 3Movintj Abroad? tainly in the European group. (From “10 Years Ago,” issue of June, 1921.) ► Miss DROUILLEAUX of the Paris Consulate General has plucked this flower from a letter concerning the power of attorney: “Will you please write me at what hours the Con¬ sul is open and what is the fee attached to such a duty?” Indexed under “Post Mortem.”

RIDDLEBERGER-OTKEN—Married at Geneva, Switzerland, in March, 1931, Vice Consul James W. Riddleberger and Miss Amelie Otken.

don't make a move . . . without calling— PROMOTIONS IN THE UNCLASSIFIED GRADE Miss Frances E. Willis of Redlands, Calif.—Vice Consul at Santiago. James W. Riddleberger of Woodstock, Va.—Vice Consul at Geneva. SMITH’S John C. Shillock, Jr., of Portland, Ore.—Vice Consul at Buenos Aires. Perry N. Jester of Richmond, Va.—Vice Consul at Hong NOrth 7-3343 Kong. PASSED THEIR EXAMS PACKING • CRATING Still Playing Active Role After 25 Years LIFT-VAN SERVICE WILLIAM C. AFFELD, JR. DOUGLAS JENKINS, JR. 1313 YOU STREET, N.W., WASHINGTON, D. C. DANIEL V. ANDERSON AUBREY E. LIPPINCOTT (Continued on page 16)

14 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL I T/;T revealed to the world the amazing possibilities in microwave communications

It was an historic day, 25 years ago, when that helped make possible today’s modern mi¬ IT&T engineers beamed a microwave tele¬ crowave radio links for telegraph, telephone, phone signal from Calais to Dover across the television, telemetering, aircraft navigation, English Channel. A new age of communica¬ and other vital services including over-the- tions was born with this first demonstration of horizon microwave — an exciting step toward the practicability of microwave transmission. the day when TV may span the oceans. Today, microwave radio links span the It’s only the beginning. Each year, with United States, as well as many other countries. world-wide facilities for research and manu¬ In the brief time of one generation, pioneer facturing, IT&T engineers continue the devel¬ IT&T achievements have rapidly expanded opment of new applications of microwave that the knowledge and use of microwave. IT&T will bring even greater benefits to industry, leadership provided techniques and equipment national defense, and your daily life.

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JUNE. 1956 15 Twenty-Five Years Ago (from page 14) FOREIGN SERVICE OFFICERS AND WALWORTH BARBOUR RAYMOND P. LUDDEN PERSONNEL JACOB D. BEAM EDWARD P. MAFFITT ARE INVITED TO CONSULT, EITHER IN BERNARD C. CONNELLY FRANCIS B. STEVENS HOWARD ELTING, JR. JOHN F. STONE PERSON OR BY MAIL, WALTER W. HOFFMAN TYLER THOMPSON WILLIAM C. TRIMBLE WITH FRED W. JANDREY ANDREW DONOVAN, II |. ALAN MAPHIS A daughter, Marjorie, was born on February Chartered Lite Underwriter 14, 1931, at London to Diplomatic Secretary Insurance Advisor to the American Foreign and Mrs. David McKey. Service Protective Association A Political Bookshelf: “Of considerable inierest is ‘Thunder Over Europe’ by E. Alexander Powell (Wash¬ about burn 1. Colonel Powell thinks that an European war is brew¬ ing, though he does not expect it until after 1940. He states Coordinating their Group Life and Permanent Life In¬ the causes as: unjust frontiers in eastern and central Europe, surance into an individually designed program for their French intransigence, Polish imperialism, and the fact that families peace depends on six men: Poincare, Mussolini, Benes, Pil- Insurance to guarantee a college education for their sudski. Stalin and Hitler. children Retirement Income to supplement annuities “Reference is made to Salvador de Madariaga’s ‘I. Amer- icani’ (Oxford University Press, American Branch). Since Insurance available at many stations abroad. the author’s nomination as Spanish Ambassador to the United States, his book of essays on America’s relation to |. Alan Maphis, C.L.U. world politics serves as an introduction to a man with an 1741 DeSales St., N. W. Telephone: international mind, a sharp pen, and a splendid sense of the Washington 6, D. C. Executive 3-8141 ironic in human affairs.” by John Carter, Department. Up All Night: Frederick William Wile, in the Washington Star, tells about an incident during Assistant Secretary CASTLE’S mission to Japan a year ago. The Special Ambas¬ sador and Mrs. Castle, with various members of the Embassy staff, were waiting in full dress regalia to be escorted to the Imperial Palace to pay their respects to the Emperor. The STVRFKiE 'CVMPRNY hour was 10 o’clock in the morning. A party of newly- SHIPPING TO OR FROM WASHINGTON arrived American tourists spotted them. “Look at those birds,” remarked one of the tourists, “been up all night. — JOURNAL INCOMING CASES AND The above anecdote recalls the time that Senators Barkley, VANS are easily stored intact inside our new, Wheeler, and Thomas of Utah were in Budapest attending a spacious, clean warehouse meeting of the Interparliamentary Union. They and their and are then unpacked wives had been our guests for dinner and dancing. Came at your residence. the wee hours and Mrs. Stewart suggested that we all drive to the top of Janos Hedgy for the sunrise. Arriving there, Mrs. Thomas was heard to say to her husband: “Dear, have you ever been up all night before?” “Only when the chil¬ COMPLETE FACIL¬ dren were sick!” replied the Senator. Loud guffaws rent the ITIES for all your SHIP¬ morning air. PING AND STORAGE NEEDS in our other U. S. CONSOLER’S OFFICE modern warehouses. Come to the Consulate, Whate’er your anguish, Here, ’neath the eagle seal RMERKRN STVRRSE tV. Make your appeal. Here bring your tale of woe, 2801 Ceorgia Ave., Washington 1, D. C. Here try to borrow, Phone DEcatur 2-6000 TWX-WA 139 Cable Address: "Amerstor" Washington The trav’ler has no sorrow The Consul cannot heal. Members: National Furniture Warehousemen's Assn. —H. O. WILLIAMS, American Consul, Panama

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Group Insurance in the Foreign Service

By GEORGE H. BUTLER

GROUP INSURANCE CAN BE written at premiums that are Vice President, and Secretary-Treasurer. They are appointed much lower than those for personal policies. It there¬ by the Board of Directors of the American Foreign Service fore enables an individual to provide greater protection for Association. It is customary for them to serve as long as the family, particularly during the period when responsibili¬ they are on assignment in Washington. That makes for ties are largest. It supplements personal insurance. These continuity in the direction of the affairs of the Protective were the considerations that prompted the inauguration of Association. For the past several years, it also has been the group insurance plan of the American Foreign Service customary to ask the Director General of the Foreign Serv¬ Protective Association in 1929. The plan has been de¬ ice, if he is a member of the Protective Association, to serve veloped to meet the needs of Foreign Service personnel. as a Director and as President. Ambassador Drew did so, Insurance can not cover all of the losses against which and Ambassador Hare has continued the practice. it is designed to afford protection, and still be written at The American Foreign Service Association and the premiums that most of us can afford to pay. Its primary American Foreign Service Protective Association are sepa¬ purpose is to relieve the individual from losses that would rate and distinct organizations. Both are incorporated in seriously affect the ability to meet essential living expenses, the District of Columbia. The Directors of the former or that would wipe out all savings. appoint the Directors of the latter, and the Foreign Service Personal budgets should make provision for some loss Association sponsors the group insurance plan of the Pro¬ that will not be covered by insurance that is carried. This is tective Association. The two Associations naturally work particularly true as concerns health insurance. Medical ex¬ together closely in matters of mutual interest; hut their pense should be a part of every family budget; because no activities are different, they do not have the same member¬ health insurance at a reasonable premium can cover 100% ship and membership requirements, each has its own perma¬ of the expenses involved. nent employees, and the records, accounts and work all are Some persons seem to feel cheated unless they collect in handled completely separately. The Foreign Service Associa¬ claims as much as or more than they pay in insurance tion carries on a diverse group of activities. The sole job of premiums. This is a totally unrealistic attitude. If all policy the Protective Association is to administer the group insur¬ holders had claims exceeding their premiums, the under¬ ance plan. writing companies could not stay in business. The expenses The Protective Association is what the underwriters call of administering insurance plans are substantial. Premiums a self-accounting group. That means that the Protective Asso¬ collected, naturally, must exceed the claims paid if the plan ciation keeps all of the required records regarding its mem¬ is to be maintained on a solvent basis. Premium payments bers; pays the premiums to the underwriters; receives the protect us against losses that would be too large for us to claims of members or their beneficiaries for submission to stand. The premium payments of those of us who are the underwriters; and collects all premiums from members. fortunate enough to escape loss go to pay the claims of those The performance of these administrative services results in who do suffer losses. lower premiums charged by the underwriters. It also serves The foregoing observations apply to the group insurance the interests of members, since their insurance matters are plan of the American Foreign Service Protective Association, handled in one place by a staff which is thoroughly familiar even though the Association does not itself underwrite the with Foreign Service conditions, problems, and procedures. insurance. What the Association does is to enter into con¬ Premiums to our underwriters are paid annually in ad¬ tracts with our underwriters, and then administer the plan vance by the Protective Association. Many of our members in accordance with the terms of those contracts. The terms also pay their premiums to the Protective Association an¬ of the contracts, including the premiums paid the under¬ nually in advance. Many others pay quarterly during the writers, are negotiated between our Board of Directors and insurance year, which runs from March 1 to February 28, the underwriting companies. The premium rates that the to which the premiums apply. About 600 members pay Protective Association charges its members are fixed by our their premiums in bi-weekly allotments. Insurance companies own Board of Directors. In all of these matters, the Direc¬ charge a higher premium for quarterly or monthly payments tors have the advice and assistance of the Protective Asso¬ than for annual payments. The Protective Association plans ciation’s insurance counselor, J. Alan Maphis, chartered to charge slightly higher premiums for allotment payments Life Underwriter, who has acted in that capacity since the in the future. Association was organized twenty-seven years ago. The Di¬ It has been the permanent policy of Directors of the Pro¬ rectors also depend upon the Association’s small permanent tective Association to fix premium rates for its members staff, headed by Harry Havens, for information and advice that would (1) provide reserve funds adequate to assure regarding the affairs of the Association. the Association’s sound financial condition, and (2) give Directors of the Protective Association are members of members additional benefits as soon and as often as possible. the organization who are on duty in Washington. They are An adequate reserve is essential as a safeguard against a three in number, and they also hold the offices of President, (Continued on page 27)

JUNE, 1956 19 BismnRiK and His Ambassadors:

The Problem of Discipline

By GORDON A. CRAIG

IN A FAMOUS eighteenth century treatise on the art of foreign service is sufficiently high, and the material condi¬ diplomacy, the French writer Callieres tells the story of a tions of foreign service are sufficiently attractive, to persuade Grand Duke of Tuscany who complained to a citizen of young men of talent to enter the diplomatic corps, and Venice that the Venetian government had sent as minister where those new recruits are aided, during their years of resident to his court a man of limited talent, low intelligence training, by the existence of an established diplomatic tradi¬ and offensive personality. “I am not surprised,” said the tion or a body of received doctrine concerning procedure, Venetian finally. “We have many fools in Venice.” “We also discipline and other aspects of the diplomatic art. It is apt have fools in Tuscany,” rejoined the Duke, “but we take care to be achieved less easily by nations where none of those not to export them.” conditions exists. Any' government which takes its foreign policy seriously The dazzling successes achieved by the foreign policy of and hopes that it will be effective must be able to make the Prussia and Germany under the leadership of Otto von Bis¬ same boast as Callieres’ Duke. Other things being equal, marck rather obscure the fact that in the Bismarckian state the success of a nation’s policy will depend on the quality the conditions were not favorable for the creation of the of its diplomatic corps, which must execute it. A good kind of diplomatic corps described here. This was, indeed, diplomatic corps is one in which a high percentage of the one of Bismarck’s greatest problems after he became min¬ officers in the senior grades are men who, when they are in ister president and foreign minister of Prussia in 1862. It residence abroad, perform their duties of representation may be of interest to consider the way in which he sought to with distinction, carry out their instructions with loyalty solve that problem, for the methods he employed, the stand¬ and accuracy, report on all matters of importance to their ards he sought to establish and the difficulties he encoun¬ home office with clarity, perception and judgment, and—in tered in his efforts to create and maintain a competent and the varied tasks of negotiation that fall them—show initia¬ disciplined diplomatic service can tell us a good deal about tive, tact and intelligence. the strength and weakness of German diplomacy in the years To maintain a diplomatic service of this quality will ob¬ before the first World War. viously be a difficult task. It is apt to be achieved most The fact that Bismarck was the first professional diplomat easily by nations in which foreign policy is generally in Prussian history to rise to the highest position in the acknowledged to be important, where the prestige of the state is enough in itself to throw into relief the problem that

20 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL confronted him when he assumed the direction of foreign affairs in 1862. Prussia was a state that had been created by soldiers and internal administrators; and in the eight¬ eenth century the talented young men of the gentry had been selected and trained for the army and the civil service rather than for diplomacy. A foreign service had, indeed, been established by Frederick William I, but it enjoyed little pres¬ tige. During the reign of Frederick the Great, for instance, a good many foreign posts had to be filled with Huguenots and Italians, because there were not enough native candi¬ dates with the linguistic ability, the social versatility and the other gifts necessary to qualify them for service abroad; and, although this situation was gradually corrected, Bis¬ marck tells us in his memoirs that, when he himself entered the service in 1850, “foreign names were at a premium: Brassier, Perponcher, Savigny, Oriola.” For the most im¬ portant tasks of negotiation, Prussian kings relied on civil administrators or soldiers. At the Congress of Vienna, for instance, Prussia’s leading negotiators were Hardenberg and Wilhelm von Humboldt, neither of whom was a professional diplomat, although the first, to be sure, proved to be a very capable negotiator. When, in addition to these facts, one remembers the timid and vacillating nature of Prussian foreign policy during the first sixty years of the nineteenth century, it is easy to under¬ stand why able young men were not attracted to the foreign service and why Prussia, in contrast to France and Austria, was not able to develop a diplomatic tradition whch could serve to school the diplomats she had. In this latter con¬ nection, it is fair to say that the Prussian foreign service before 1862 was disorganized to the point of chaos. Methods and procedures differed from post to post. The level of re¬ porting was most uneven, and despatches from abroad were apt to be tendentious rather than informative. Channels of Portrait by Lenbach communication between the field and Berlin were not clearly Prince Otto Edward Leopold von Bismarck laid down; and legations and embassies did not always rec¬ ognize that they were in any sense subordinate to the Foreign Office. There were times, indeed, when Prussian missions abroad seemed to be carrying out different and mutually contradictory policies. All of these conditions Bismarck managed to correct in the course of his long tenure of office, partly by deliberate indoctrination, in part simply by the force of his own exam¬ ple. With respect to personnel, for instance, it is probably true that the new spirit and energy that Bismarck brought to Prussian foreign policy was more successful in attracting outstanding talent to the foreign service than a deliberate recruiting campaign or any other artificial means could have been. The success of Bismarck’s methods in trans¬ forming what had been a relatively backward state into the leading continental Power invested diplomacy with a new prestige; while, at the same time, it became obvious that career opportunities in the foreign service of the new Reich were more promising than they had ever been in the dip¬ lomatic corps of Prussia or the other German states. Being a member of the diplomatic corps never, perhaps, became as much of a distinction as being a member of the General Staff Corps of the army; but it became infinitely more glamorous than being in the Ministry of the Interior or any other branch of the civil service. This was reflected in the in- Baron Wilhelm von Humboldt (Continued on page 28)

JUNE, 1956 21 MANY FOREIGN SERVICE officers on receiving news of to employ unless he wishes to remain tongue-tied throughout their assignment to the Department have been heard his tour of duty in Washington and regarded by his col¬ to mutter that at least they will not have to learn a new leagues as a very stupid fellow indeed. language in Washingon. That’s what they think! Every institution—and people who have served in it It has long seemed to me that any officer assigned firmly believe the Department of State may fairly be de¬ to the Department should be furnished with a guide to its scribed as an institution—develops its own jargon. Until more common words and phrases. As a matter of fact, it one learns the jargon, the risk of being completely inco¬ might even be a good idea to organize a course at the herent at a staff meeting, in the preparation of position Foreign Service Institute designed specifically to introduce papers, and even in the transmission of instructions to the him to the Department’s jargon. I am convinced that with¬ field is very great. There are some people of course, who at¬ out some sort of assistance in meeting the language problem, tribute any incoherency in a Department cable not to gar¬ the poor chap may never get off the ground. bled transmission but to the drafter in Washington who has At the outset, it should be clearly understood that I am learned the Department’s jargon too well. This, of course, not referring to the formidable task of mastering the mean¬ is a base canard that is unworthy of comment and may ing of such algebraic office symbols as U/FW, L/E, S/S-CR, safely be ignored for the purpose of this study. or 1ES/S, and of knowing when they had better appear as Over a period of nearly three years the writer with the clearances on outgoing telegrams, letters, and airgrams. help of some willing colleagues has managed to isolate What I am concerned with is the collection of words and nearly 60 words and phrases which the newly assigned De¬ phrases which the neophyte in the Department must learn partment officer should make every effort to memorize before

22 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL he starts work in the Department. Their correct and early Department bothers other agencies, it had better know its use by him will clearly stamp him as a comer. own position on the recommendations in the paper.) For example, soon after you arrive in the Department Since this article is not intended to describe the operation your chief may call you up and tell you that you will have of a Department meeting, but rather how to talk intelligibly to fill in someone who is leaving for an important conference at one, there is no need to describe its further evolution. in which your area is interested. It seems this fellow—whom You can already see why something more than a grasp of we shall call Simeon Cludge—does not know very much English is needed if you are going to participate in De¬ about the issues with which the conference will be con¬ partment meetings. fronted. Consequently, he must be alerted to the issues the Now suppose you go to a meeting and have not read the delegation will face. He must be filled in. At a minimum, piece of paper prepared for it. Should you remain silent? he must be sensitized, and to do this you must brief him. Of course not. All you need to do is to employ the two For all this, a piece of paper will be necessary, i.e., a mem¬ expressions that are valuable in so many situations that I orandum setting forth the issues of the conference and the have given them a triple-A rating, viz, off the top of my head, recommended U.S. positions. It will be your job to prepare and indicate. Proceed as follows: the piece of paper which your chief causally mentions need “Now, this is just off the top of my head, but I think only be something we can shoot holes in. The chief con¬ Cludge ought to indicate to the Ruritanians . . .” cludes by noting everyone’s fond hope that Cludge will actually read the paper before he starts talking at the con¬ The idea of the first phrase, is to leave yourself plenty of ference, and therefore will be plugged in. room to retreat in the event that some bore at the meeting is crude enough to challenge your remarks. By speaking off Now', I don’t care what anybody says. The above may the top of your head, you guard against being tripped up be English, but it obviously has a flavor of its own, and un¬ if the bore points out that what has just been said is utterly less you have taken the trouble to find out in advance what ridiculous, as anyone would know if he had read the paper some of these words and phrases actually mean, your only before the meeting. You bought insurance against just such answer to your chief may be a flustered “Wha’ ya say?” an assault by pointing out in advance that you have not read Suppose, however, we assume that you know what the chief the paper. In so doing you have almost certainly won the was really talking about. In this case you hurriedly draft support of everyone else at the meeting who has not read the piece of paper and go to the meeting at which it is to be it either—and have disarmed the enemy. Having thus won reviewed. The meeting is chaired by someone who has a a favorable reception at the outset, you may then ramble all rather pained look on his face. This is what you might hear over the lot, secure in the knowledge that no one will feel as the meeting begins: free to harry you with corrections. You are home free. , CHAIRMAN: “What’s the purpose of this exercise? ’ The ultimate gambit, of course, is to arrive breathless at (Translation: The Chairman wants you to know that he the meeting and to ask the Chairman for a copy of the paper, is a very important person who has not been in his office all mentioning loudly between gasps that you have not been day, and, consequently, has not read your piece of paper. back in the office during the day long enough to read the The look on his face means that he wants to know why this copy that was sent. Never mention that a copy of the paper meeting was called for five o’clock in the afternoon when was not sent to you since this would be a bald admission he is already having enough trouble explaining to his car that you are a nobody who can safely be ignored. pool why they have been getting home after seven o’clock How about indicate? This, again, is a form of insurance every night during the past week. The term exercise should against some character sniping at you by saying “You said be translated as “meeting,” unless any of the participants that we ought to tell the Ruritanians . . . ,” and then going is wearing gym shorts.) on to point out that if we ever did tell them what you You: “Cludge is going to the Ruritanian conference. We suggested, we would have a war on our hands. want him to focus on the issues before he goes, so that By using indicate, you can shut off this line of attack in he won’t go off the deep end by playing any of them a hurry. You superciliously interrupt your accuser, pointing by ear. You guys don’t have to clear it this afternoon, out that you did not say that we tell the Ruritanians any¬ but I would like you to try this piece of paper on for thing, but had merely suggested that we indicate our views. size, so that if we can arrange a drill with Cludge to¬ Then, if you really want to crush the fellow, smile at him and morrow, he will at least be able to get his feet wet.” (Continued on page 27) (Translation: You have a draft instruction for Cludge that at least someone ought to read before it is sprung on him. Your use of a double mangle—piece of paper and try on for size—puts you in solidly with your audience. The fact that you will not press them to approve the paper this afternoon clinches your position.) CHAIRMAN : “Have you touched base with the other agen¬ cies on these recommendations?” (Translation: Have the other agencies used their knives on this yet?) You: “No. After we get our own ducks in a row there will be time enough to see whether they will buy them.” (Translation: Despite your reply, you are not in the poultry business; all you mean to say is that before the

JUNE, 1956 23 Service Glimpses

1. Santiago — Ambassador WILLARD L. BEAULAC and Director of 3. Tokyo—Consul General and Mrs. LAWRENCE TAYLOR were pre¬ ICA/Chile, ALBION W. PATTERSON, recently visited an ICA sented with a Japanese screen on the occasion of Mr. Taylor’s “Worker Self-Help housing project near Santiago”. HENRY FONT, recent retirement from the Foreign Service. Ambassador JOHN ICA housing expert, is showing them a cinder block machine. M. ALLISON paid tribute to Mr. Taylor’s distinguished career.

2. Tangier—At a farewell Moroccan dinner given by Mr. and Mrs. 1. Penang — Taken on the occasion of the first official visit to MURRAY JACKSON guests were: G. EDWARD CLARK (whose depar¬ Penang of Consul General and Mrs. ELBRIDCE DURBROW from ture was being honored), EDWIN L. SMITH, Mrs. James Brady, Singapore. From left to right: Vice Consul ROBERT L. FLANEGIN; STUART GATES, Mrs. Gates, Mrs. Smith, Mrs. JULIUS C. HOLMES, THAYER WHITE, chief of Economic section, Singapore; Mrs. Dur- Mrs. Cecil Sanders, Mrs. Clark, Minister HOLMES, Mrs. Jackson, brow, Mr. Durbrow, Miss HARFORD, USIS, Sarawak; and CHARLES ROBERT MOTT, Lt. Comdr. BRADY, and Mr. Jackson. Seated on the TANGUAY, Consul, Penang. Pilot Major Connie Reagan and Co¬ floor: Barbara Jackson, and the Moorish orchestra. pilot Crowell C. Eddy are standing on steps of the gangway.

24 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 5. Washington—John M. Grady, son of JAMES F. GHADY, dean 7. Washington—The Seventh Staff Corps Review panels, which of the School of Management in the Foreign Service Institute, re¬ convened March 6, submitted their final recommendations to Dep¬ ceiving from Dr. Corning a cheek for $100 for his prize-winning uty Assistant Secretary for Personnel, GEORGE WILSON, on May 7. essay in a contest sponsored by the Hon. CHRISTIAN M. RAVNDAL. From left to right: Mr. Grady, Rear Adm. Will W. Wright, USN, It is hoped that the promotion list can be made public by next Ret., Superintendent Corning, John Grady, and the Hon. RAYMOND month. Seated from left to right: Mr. T. Wilson, Mr. CARPENTER, A. HARE, Director General of the Foreign Service. Mr. HARE, Mr. G. WILSON, Mr. CLARK, and Mr. DARNELL. Stand¬ ing: Mr. TAYLOR, Mr. REINER, Mr. MILLER, Mr. RICHMOND, Mr. COLMAN, Mr. Mirabella, Mr. Keatley, Mr. Palmer, Mr. WOOD, Mr. 6. Sao Paulo —On March 12, Minister RICHARD P. BUTRICK greeted Mrs. Helen Gillin of the Department’s Educational Ex¬ SOWELL, Mr. BUELL, Mr. Nightingale, Mr. Dix, Mr. LEHRS, Mr. change program, and “Rocky” Marciano, retired world’s heavy¬ PICK, Mr. MCKELVEY, Mr. WIDMER, Mr. POWELL, Mr. HIMMEL, weight champion. Mr. RUCH, and Mr. ZACORSKI.

JUNE, 1956 25 ‘‘Art Diplomatique Franklinien”

BENJAMIN FRANKLIN was appointed representative to stead when “diplomatic incidents” occurred; his keen aware¬ France by the Continental Congress of the United ness of the ever-changing scene never failed him. Franklin States on September 26, 1776, and disembarked at the port knew well how to yield on details in order to preserve the of Quiberon on December 3rd. On the 7th he was at Nantes essentials. Without doubt there is an art diplomatique and on the evening of the 20th he arrived quietly at Ver¬ franklinien and nothing could be more fascinating or useful sailles. A week later he was received at Paris by Vergennes. for young diplomats to study and to learn. To be received by the King, however, he had to wait until One of the first “diplomatic incidents” occurred in 1779 March 20, 1777, the day on which Louis XVI accorded an when Benjamin Franklin was named Minister Plenipoten¬ audience to all the American delegates. tiary of the United States. The entire corps diplomatique Although Franklin was one of the representatives of Con¬ accredited to Versailles was in a predicament as they ex¬ gress, having the same rank as Deane and others, his own pected momentarily to receive official visits from Franklin stature outstripped by far the importance of his post and but would be unable to return them because the United his rank. He was known, in fact, not only in France but by States had not been recognized by their own governments, the rest of Europe as well, as which would have been an the great scholar, the sage, insult both to the United the patriarch. Added to his Model of a Letter of Recommendation of a States and to France. But the intellectual qualities, which Person you are unacquainted with” insult was avoided: Franklin inspired respect and admira¬ simply made no calls upon To tion, was his ineffable per¬ his colleagues. sonal charm. The men and Paris, April 2, 1777 Another incident took women of France were quick¬ Sir place in the month of May ly conquered by this great, 1782. At that time the Comte white-haired old gentleman The Bearer of this who is going to America, presses du Nord, son of Catharine II who fairly radiated sim¬ me to give him a Letter of Recommendation, tho’ I and the Czarevitch (who plicity, goodness, honesty know nothing of him, not even his Name. This may later became Czar Paul I and wisdom. seem extraordinary, but I assure you it is not uncom¬ and who reigned from 1796 Franklin soon became the mon here. Sometimes indeed one unknown Person until his assassination in friend of the Encyclopedists brings me another equally unknown, to recommend 1801) was in Paris on a state and of savants like d’Alem¬ him; and sometimes they recommend one another! As visit. Etiquette prescribed bert, Buffon and others. He to this Gentleman, I must refer you to himself for his that he should leave his call¬ saw much of the physiocratic Character and Merits, with which he is certainly better ing card at the homes of the economists whose ideas on acquainted than I can possibly be. I recommend him representatives of all the for¬ economics, physiocracy, lais- however to those Civilities which every Stranger, of eign courts with whom the ser faire, etc., for economic whom one knows no Harm, has a Right to, and I re¬ Court of St. Petersburg had and social reform, were then quest you will do him all the good Offices and show relations. As it happened, the rage. On December 30, him all the Favour that on further Acquaintance you through some unexplained 1776, he visited the elder shall find him to deserve. I have the honour to be, etc. blunder, the servant assigned Mirabeau, the “Friend of (B. FRANKLIN)** to this task left one of the Mankind.” Turgot was so Count’s cards at the home of taken with him that he com¬ the representative of the posed for Franklin the famous saying: Eripuit julmen coelo, United States although Russia had not recognized this coun¬ sceptrumque tyrannis—From heaven he snatched lightning; try. This incident could have had serious consequences. But from tyrants their scepter. On April 7, 1778, the day Vol¬ Franklin himself brought this delicate situation to the at¬ taire became a member of the Nine Sisters Lodge, he made tention of Prince Bariatinski, envoy of Catharine II at Ver¬ his solemn entry into the Masonic hall leaning upon Frank¬ sailles, again giving evidence of his tact and his simplicity. lin’s shoulder. A glorious culmination! In a letter to David Hartley, dated May 13, 1782, Franklin Adored by all, Franklin lost no slightest opportunity to relates this incident in his own words: make heard the voice of the “rebels” across the Atlantic who “Shortly before I began to write these lines a rather were fighting for the right to be free and to govern them¬ strange happening occurred to me. . . . The Comte du Nord, selves. Some months prior to the nomination of Franklin, upon his arrival in Paris, arranged for his calling cards to the Continental Congress had passed the Declaration of In¬ be left at the residences of all foreign envoys. They left me dependence, which proclaimed the right of all men to “life, one of these cards and on it was written: ‘Le comte du Nord liberty and the pursuit of happiness” and which held that et le prince Bariatinski.’ The following day, finding myself “governments are instituted among men to secure these at court, I inquired of an old minister what the requirements rights and their just powers are derived from the consent of of etiquette were under the circumstances and whether the the governed.” Count would receive visitors. He replied, ‘No, one simply In the exercise of his official functions and in his general writes in the visitors’ book’. I spent the following Wednes¬ political and diplomatic activity Franklin showed extraordi¬ day at Prince Barialinski’s residence, where the Count was nary prudence and tact. These qualities stood him in good also staying, so I wrote my name in both their visitors’

26 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL books. I thought no more of the matter until today when 7. “We ought to pul the monkey on the other fellow’s the servant who had left the card in the first place came here back.” (Make sure we press hard on this, putting the other in a state of great despair, saying that he was going to be side on the defensive.) fired because he had left the calling card at my home by Unless you clearly understand what the above expressions mistake. This evening, my friend, Monsier Le Roy, who is also a friend of the Prince, came to me to say how upset the Prince was over this incident. He said that he had the highest esteem for me, as did the Count, but, our independ¬ ence not having been recognized yet by the Russian Court, he could not permit me to pay a call in my capacity as Min¬ ister. I told Monsieur Le Roy that it was not my custom to seek after such honors, however appreciative I may be when they are given me; that I would never have ventured to pay such a call as a matter of right, and that I had simply done what etiquette required of me. But if what I had done still upset the Prince, I believed the remedy to be a simple one: The Prince need only erase my name from his visitors’ book and, for my part, I would simply burn their calling cards.” . . . D. D. Makrinitsas in Le Monde Diplomatique (Paris). mean, you may find an assignment to the Department a rather miserable affair. All sorts of nasty things can happen, **Though he composed this letter on how to recommend a stranger simply because you did not understand what other people there is no evidence that Franklin ever gave it to an actual applicant. were talking about. There may be a first-class flap if the It is reprinted with special permission from “Mr. Franklin,” a Selec¬ piece of paper for which you were responsible does not reflect tion from His Personal Letters, edited by Leonard W. Labaree and Whitfield J. Bell, Jr., Yale University Press. accurately the final decision that was taken. Your shop will be embarrassed because it will look as if you did not do your homework. You may be jacked up because you did not get on top of a problem fast enough and return the ball On Being Plugged In (from page 23 J rapidly over the net, having wasted a lot of time trying to add casually: “We can fix up the language later.” I have figure out what was wanted. rarely seen this last gambit about fixing up the language” The key thing to remember when you come to the De¬ fail of acceptance, since it means that no one attending the partment is that when the ball is in your court, and you meeting will be late either for his lunch or for his car pool. have to blueprint a paper and pinpoint a recommendation in Most meetings usually end with some sort of a decision anticipation of a drill at which they are to be considered, regarding what ought to be done with the piece of paper, make sure you move on the problem right from the kick off, and it is important that you recognize what these decisions and that the paper is accurate facts-wise and will not get are. If you do not, the results might be fatal. For this, your bailiwick into a box. again, a knowledge of the Department’s jargon is essential. You can only do this by being plugged in. Among the common ways of expressing a decision are: 1. “I’ll buy this.” (The speaker approves the paper with¬ Group Insurance (bom page 19) out amendment. It is permissible for the drafter of the paper to smile gratefully at the fellow who uses this expression.) period of unusually high claims. In the absence of such a 2. “I can live with this.” (This is a lukewarm endorse¬ reserve, high claims, even during a temporary period, would ment of the paper. It usually comes from other areas of the result in immediate and substantial increases in premiums Department and other agencies. Your reaction to this should charged members. be a sort of bland expression.) During the early years when membership numbered only 3. “Let’s fuzz up the recommendation.” (This expression a few hundreds, the first concern had to be the building up usually comes at the end of three hours of everyone talking of a satisfactory reserve. Even so, the liberalization of the off the top of his head and when no one really can think group plan began within a few years. Premiums for the straight any more. What it means is that you have to blurr group life insurance were reduced. Membership was broad¬ the instruction in such a way so that it will cover everyone ened to include Foreign Service clerical employees of Ameri¬ who participated in the meeting in the event that Cludge can nationality. Increased amounts of group life insurance miscontrues it and gets the Delegation into a bind. were provided without any increase in premium charges to 4. “Let’s beef up the background.” (This is easy—all you members. Those members who retired on an immediate have to do is just load the paper with all the comments peo¬ annuity were made eligible to continue their insurance until ple have made on the problem.) age 65. Hospital-surgical insurance for members and their 5. “Let’s shoot from the hip on this one.” (This is tough. dependents was provided early in 1943. Coverage for mem¬ It can mean anything from a recommendation that we clob¬ bers is without cost to them; but a premium, far below cost, ber the Ruritanians on this issue, or that we just go along is charged for the coverage for dependents. with the sense of the conference, i.e., play it by ear. You had During recent years, group life insurance has been raised better firm up the meaning of this one with the speaker. to a maximum of $15,000.00 without increasing the premium 6. “Suppose we bird-dog this one a little bit.” (No de¬ charges to members. Accidental death and dismemberment cision on the paper. Put the paper away until someone from insurance equal in amount to the group life insurance the Secretariat frantically calls for it at 5:30 on the day carried by a member is provided without premium charge before Cludge leaves.) (Continued on page 34)

JUNE, 1956 27 Bismarck and His Ambassadors

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Rocking Chairs and Carpet Slippers? “Commendable though this new recognition be, the resi¬ Dorothy McCardle recently devoted her Sunday column due of the old suspicion remains. Diplomats still are not in the Washington Post and Times Herald to the discussion paid in a manner commensurate with their responsibilities, of Gardner Richardson’s “Where Retired FSO’s Settle and they are allowed very unrealistic entertainment expenses. Down” (April Journal), and pointed up the fact that Wash¬ “Two bills now before Congress can help. One would ington, D. C. “turns out to be the favorite American city raise Career Ambassadors’ top basic pay from $14,800 to for that rocking-chair-and-carpet-slipper-phase of life.” But $20,000; the other is a request for $1,000,000 in enter¬ perhaps we’re rushing into slippers a bit too fast. John Hen¬ tainment expenses. derson’s review of “The Golden Years, an Invitation to Re¬ “Approval of the pay raise would be a real demonstration tirement,” in last month’s Journal described retirement not of respect for the new rank. Approval of the million-dollar as “the end of everything, but as the happy start of the ‘representation allowance’ — bureaucratic name for enter¬ golden years.” And George G. Fuller, director of DACOR tainment—would bring diplomats of the world’s richest (Diplomatic and Consular Officers Retired) tells us there is country up somewhere near the ambassadorial spending a definite demand for the services of retired FSO’s, that level of a second-rate banana republic. one of his committees has currently come up with more jobs “It is time for Americans to grow up and properly fit than they have applicants. Many of these positions are in out the diplomatic corps of the free world’s leading nation.” the field of education. In the United States, as in Great Britain, circumstances have recently helped to bring about a “Representation of the United States Abroad” keen appreciation of the unusual talents and experience that In 1950 the American Assembly was founded by Dwight the retired Foreign Service Officer can bring to teaching. D. Eisenhower when he was president of Columbia Uni¬ Rocking chairs and carpet slippers may have to lie idle. versity, on the premise that citizens of a democracy would Senate bill 1287 which increases annuities under the be able to make up their minds on public questions if they Foreign Service retirement and disability system by $324, had access to unbiased facts. We have just received a copy “or in such larger amount as may be necessary to make the of the excellent papers prepared for the ninth American total annuity equal to $1,200,” was recently passed and the Assembly which met May 3-6 to discuss the representation director of DACOR told us he feels it certainly represents of the United States abroad. Professors Lincoln Gordon a step in the right direction. A further discussion of this and William Fox, and Messrs. Howland Sargeant, John bill will be found on the Editorial Page. Lindeman, and Ben Moore prepared the several essays; Professor Milton Katz of Harvard University served as con¬ “Pinching Diplomatic Pennies” sultant. Dr. Henry M. Wriston is director of the American Several of the Nation’s newspapers have recently taken Assembly and we understand that copies of the book “Rep¬ issue with what they characterize as “niggardliness” that resentation of the U. S. Abroad” are available for $1.00. “puts a severe handicap on our representatives abroad and often imposes serious personal hardships on them.” (Mar¬ Neiv Career Ambassadors quis Childs in the Washington Post and Times Herald). In a moving ceremony at the swearing in of the new M. Childs concluded his column, “We must recognize that Career Ambassadors the Secretary of State said, “These four we are grown-up and we must act like grownups. The time Ambassadors take their place as the beginning of a new has long since been overdue for us to put trust and con¬ roster which they initiate with great distinction, and which, fidence in the men and women who represent us overseas.” I know, will be followed by others who will be inspired by The Greensboro, N. C. Daily News also insisted on a more their example to demonstrate their fidelity, their capacity to mature viewpoint in an editorial titled “Pinching Diplomatic serve their country in these important posts. The country is Pennies” which we should like to quote in full: happy indeed to have four men of such distinction to initiate “A deep-seated national neurosis Americans seem never this career post of Ambassador. I want to compliment them, to outgrow is the feeling of inferiority in dealing with for¬ and, on behalf of President Eisenhower and the whole na¬ eigners. The popular myth of American innocence abroad tion, to thank them for what they have done to merit this beguiled by sophisticated Old World charm has plagued the position, and to call upon all others in the Service to look State Department since the beginning of the republic. to their example that they may follow in the same way.” “With lingering suspicions of foreigners, no doubt stem¬ ming from this country’s early isolation, Americans have Dr. V. K. Wellington Koo distrusted their diplomats who deal with foreigners. The all- Well known to many Foreign Service officers and De¬ time low came two or three years ago when Senator Mc¬ partmental personnel during his long tenure as China’s Carthy, unresisted, was allowed to lay waste our defenseless ambassador to the United States, Dr. Koo recently received Foreign Service. China’s highest civilian decoration when President Chiang “Some sense of redress is now returning with establish¬ Kai-shek conferred upon him the “Order of the Propitious ment of the new rank of Career Ambassador, conferred first Cloud, First Class.” Dr. Koo has recently been appointed on four distinguished lifelong diplomats—Robert Murphy, senior adviser to Chiang Kai-shek and will remain in the Loy Henderson, Freeman Matthews, and James Dunn. United States.

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JUNE, 1956 31 EDITORIALS

FRANKLIN — AND AMERICAN DIPLOMACY

Our Post Office Department, our printers, publishers, sci¬ efficacy of man-to-man diplomacy at high levels as the best entists, and our philosophical and patriotic societies have means of insuring international peace. long since laid claim to Benjamin Franklin as one of their Benjamin Franklin can perhaps be made to be all things own. The Foreign Service has been aware generally that he to all Americans; to the members of the American Foreign was the first and perhaps the greatest American diplomat. Service he should continue to be a mentor, a model. We are Yet it has occurred to us in the course of preparations for proud to salute his memory. this issue of the JOURNAL that we have paid entirely too little attention to Franklin’s great share in our Foreign Service INROADS UPON AN INJUSTICE heritage. The Department has, since the enactment of public law By the time this issue is published, the Department and 348 in 1952, sought the enactment of legislation designed the Foreign Service will have been honored as recipients of to remove further the financial inequities suffered by those one of the commemorative medals which Congress has or¬ of our officers who retired prior to July 1, 1949 and of dered struck on the 250th anniversary of Franklin’s birth certain widows of those officers. Those inequities, which for presentation to each of twenty-one organizations and came into being primarily because of the increased cost of societies, still in existence, of which he was a member. Some living and the higher level of Foreign Service salaries, have of these organizations are located abroad and the presenta¬ reduced the standard of living of the annuitants concerned tions of the medals there are being made, appropriately, to a level far below that contemplated by the system under through American Foreign Service posts. Thus, it is fitting which they retired. this year to recall that during the first nine years of our Na¬ tion’s existence it was the personality of Franklin who per¬ It is therefore with pleasure, mixed it must be said with sonified the quality of simplicity, integrity, honesty, purpose¬ some disappointment, that the Journal has learned of the fulness, courage and vision which were associated in the recent passage by Congress of legislation intended to amelio¬ eyes of the world with the character of our new republic. rate the financial situation of these retired officers and of a He was one of the most successful diplomats in history. small number of widows of former officers. Briefly stated, this legislation, known as the Sparkman-Bentley bill, S-1287, A perusal of his letters from Paris can be a stimulating and thought-provoking exercise for any member of the provides for an increase of $324.00 in the annuities of Foreign Service today. Any feeling that one might have officers who retired before July 1, 1949. The legislation that diplomacy was simpler in the eighteenth century is further authorizes the Secretary to grant to certain destitute quickly dispelled when we catalog the day-to-day subjects widows of former officers an annuity not to exceed $1,200 which concerned him during his mission at Paris: political per year and also provides for an increase in the annuities and commercial affairs, negotiations, finance, shipping, of certain other widows. military aid, protection of American interests, public affairs, The Journal is, of course, gratified to see that the inequi¬ representation and even—in a reverse sense—technical as¬ ties which have plagued this segment of our retired officer sistance. Citizenship matters, in a broad sense, were of con¬ corps have received the further consideration of Congress. cern to him and, while visas were largely unknown in At the same time though, the Journal is disappointed that Franklin’s time, letters of introduction filled a similar need. the recent Congressional action falls so short of what is It is with Franklin’s vision, however, that we are primarily needed. The new legislation is particularly disappointing impressed. In his letters to Washington and to other great when measured against the backdrop of the Civil Service men of the time we see his constant preoccupation with retirement system. Indeed, the figure of $324.00 is not a the position which the United States would occupy in the realistic but a compromise one reportedly based upon the world of the future. He was confident of the future great¬ increase made in certain Civil Service annuities in 1952. ness of America, jealous for every bit of its hard-won Moreover, it seems pertinent to mention that Civil Service prestige and unflagging in his devotion to the ideals which annuities have been further increased since 1952. inspired his compatriots. We see in Franklin not merely Injustices, particularly when suffered by a relatively the simple homespun philosopher of the popular legend, small and unaggressive group, are corrected slowly, and for Franklin, above all things, was not a simple man. He in that sense the enactment of the Sparkman-Bentley bill was indeed honest, courteous, modest, and tactful, but he represents a substantial achievement in the long endeavor was also shrewd, wise, acquisitive and purposeful. As a to adjust the depressed annuities of the officers and widows practicing diplomat he has had few peers in history; he concerned to the economic realities of the present day. knew how to yield on unimportant details and yet never There remains much to be done, however, before it can be lose sight of his goal. A dozen decades passed before the truly said that the annuitants affected are being rewarded United States and the world at large succeeded in realizing in their later years to a degree commensurate with the some of the plans and policies which Franklin saw as either faithful and oft-times arduous performance under difficult necessary or inevitable; the shift of the balance of world conditions which was their contribution to the advancement power to the New World, the need for a world court and the abroad of American interests and ideals.

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JUNE, 1956 new conditions. We do face new conditions, and there are Group Insurance (from page 27) several current developments that are receiving the study to members; and additional amounts of this insurance, up to of the Association’s Directors because of their effect on our a maximum of $10,000.00, may be purchased by members group insurance program. at a premium of $1.50 per thousand annually. Hospital- For one thing, our group is older now. We have been in surgical benefits for members and their dependents have existence for 27 years. Our past extremely favorable mor¬ been liberalized several times, so that this health plan now tality experience can not be expected to last much longer. is among the best in the country. Major medical expense Larger death claims must be anticipated. That means that insurance for dependents, with a maximum of not to exceed the present large subsidy of the group insurance program $5,000.00, is available at annual premium of only $32.40. by the Protective Association must be re-examined. The Members retired on annuities may retain up to $3,000.00 net underwriting expense for the insurance year ended of group life insurance after age 65 at an annual premium February 29, 1956 was substantially higher than for the of $30.00 per thousand; the average regular insurance rate preceding year. Net underwriting expense is computed by at this age being about $95.00 per thousand. Retired mem¬ subtracting from the total of premiums paid to our under¬ bers also may retain hospital-surgical coverage for them¬ writers the amount of dividends received from the under¬ selves and their dependents after age 65, although at in¬ writers and the amount of premiums charged to members. creased premium rates. Death claims paid to beneficiaries of members were the high¬ Membership in the Protective Association now is well est in the record of the Protective Association. Hospital- over 1,800, including about 175 retired members. Group surgical benefits for members and their dependents were life insurance in effect amounts to about $24,500,000.00, greatly increased, effective March 1, 1955, without addi¬ with an equal amount of accidental death and dismember¬ tional premium charges to members. In order to main¬ ment insurance. Over 1,400 family units are covered by tain reserves at an adequate level, the Directors of the Pro¬ hospital-surgical insurance, and about 700 of these also have tective Association now are studying what increases in the major medical expense protection for dependents. premiums charged members will be required. During the 27 years that the Protective Association has been operating, 111 death claims amounting to $881,500.00 Legislation pending in Congress also would call for some have been paid to beneficiaries of members. Accidental modification of our group insurance program, if the pro¬ death and dismemberment claims amounting to $27,100.00 posals are enacted into law. An Administration proposal have been paid in 4 cases. Hospital-surgical claims were would provide major medical expense insurance for Federal 4,047 in number, with payments of $518,297.28. That makes employees and their dependents, without cost to the em¬ a total of about $1,427,000.00 that has been paid to Foreign ployees. If there is to be a law to this effect, it would not Service personnel and their families under the Protective be necessary for the Protective Association to retain the Association’s group insurance program. Such financial help major medical expense feature in its insurance program. is of real significance. The Protective Association is proud S. 3481, “A Bill to amend the Foreign Service Act of of the Certificate it received on the occasion of its 25th 1946, as amended, and for other purposes,” has passed the anniversary. The Certificate reads: Senate and now is in committee in the House. It would pro¬ The Equitable Life Assurance Society vide, among other things, for payment by the Department of State of medical expenses of dependents of American mem¬ of the United States bers of the Foreign Service when stationed abroad. Members Presents This Certificate themselves enjoy such provision under the terms of the to The American Foreign Service Protective Association Foreign Service Act of 1946. However, no provision is In Recognition of its Progressive Action made for expenses of employees and their dependents dur- In Establishing and Operating its (Continued on page 47) Group Insurance Program Started 25 Years Ago for the Benefit of its Members And Their Families March 1, 1954 Merle A. Gulick Vice-President This record has been made possible by a number of fac¬ tors. The spirit of cooperation in a voluntary and collective effort in mutual welfare is of major importance. For this, the members deserve full credit. Then, due to the careful selection of Foreign Service personnel, including stiff med¬ ical examinations, our group is a preferred risk and our mortality experience has been unusually favorable. Finally, the administration of the group insurance program from the beginning has been marked by good advice and judgment, prudent and economical management, and a policy of operat¬ ing the plan so that members receive a maximum of benefits consistent with an adequate reserve and financial position. The Protective Association, like every other organization, must change and adapt its plans and procedures to meet "And now, comrades—a toast to our 'unity of purpose ."

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JUNE, 1956 35 NEWS FROM THE FIELD

BELFAST who first sees it—appearing to rise right out of the sea. Mt. When half of the local staff has served in the same office Mayon is a near-perfect cone, and an excellent volcanic for a combined total of over two centuries, those having specimen; but because of this near-perfection and the less than 30 years of service do not object to the appellation smoothness of the ash which covers it, ropes had to be used “newcomer.” In fact, on March 1st when the three Bell sis¬ constantly during the course of the difficult and often haz- ters had exactly 100 years of combined service at the Con¬ hardous climb. sulate General at Belfast, the “newcomers” concocted a sur¬ After about six kilometers along a rutted, abandoned road prise party to pay their respects to their senior co-workers. which was overgrown with bush and abounding in leeches, The “oldtimers” were told that since some good USIS the real climb began at 3,500 feet—up steep rock ravines, films had been recently received they would be shown to the and across lava flows that made the footing difficult and office staff following an afternoon cup of tea. Both the films dangerous. At approximately 5,500 feet, the group entered and the tea, of course, were enjoyed by the entire staff, but the great rock fields where the first night was spent huddled the faces of the “oldtimers” registered their surprise when in blankets and canvas bags, to keep out the cold and rain. thy walked into the adjoining room to find tables and desks On the second morning, ten persons started up again, going spread out with all kinds of eats and drinks. up rock slopes, cautiously crossing loose boulders, volcanic CONSUL GENERAL ANDERSON proposed a toast to the six ash and gravel gullies. It was at this point that four more honored guests who each had over 30 years of service: members of the expedition decided that they had had enough FENTON DRENNAN, with 36 years of service; LUCY MORRIS, and returned to the resthouse. The remaining six crawled 35 years; (Miss) LEGH BELL (retired), 34 years; IRMA up the last 2000 feet over a treacherous and steep terrain, BELL (retired), 34 years; ENID BELL, 31 years; and MAR¬ with rocks and boulders large enough to send any one of GARET CLARK, 31 years. the party crashing to oblivion if they had been dislodged by George C. Mitchell a careless step. The credit for the expedition, according to all the partici¬ MOUNTAIN CLIMBING IN LEGASPI pants, goes to Hugh Tovar, wrho did most of the planning IT WAS STILL “winter” in the Philippines, so the morning and organizing. It was Hugh’s second attempt at the climb. was cool and hazy with the prospect of a good day and His first, made last year, almost ended in disaster when he even better week end. It was the ninth of February and the and a Filipino friend were stranded halfway up the moun¬ deadline for a group of Americans from Manila to head for tain, without food or water, for fifteen hours, caught by a Legaspi City, some two hundred miles southeast of Manila, sudden tropical nightfall on a slick piece of siding that was to climb Mt. Mayon, the Philippines’ classically beautiful, impassable at that time. This time, he was forearmed and his active volcano. efforts were rewarded when he and his five companions Included in the group of successful climbers were: MARY stood at the side of the crater, dancing on the hot volcanic ELLEN MORELAND, wife of the Communications supervisor ash that surrounds its rim, and stared into the bowels of the of the Embassy and the only woman to make it to the top; latent but bubbling inferno, due to erupt any time this year. HUGH TOVAR, MONROE ADDERHOLT, and JACK GROVER, all Foolhardy? Maybe. Adventurous and fun? Yes! Every from the Embassy, Hyland Hebert, an American doctor one of the party admits it was one of the best week ends practicing in Manila, and Freddie Melian, a local business¬ spent to date in the Philippines. From the rest of us seden¬ man. Others who made it halfway were: DAN ARNOLD, Mr. tary creatures here, three rousing cheers for a fine group and Mrs. ROBERT BRAND, PAT REICHERT, MARIAN GUCKERT, of spirited persons. „ . _ LORNA MACKAY, FRED MORELAND, and BOB MAGEE. Mr. and Kae Mane Uunmgan Mrs. JOSIAH FISHER were also along but did not do any- climbing. Some of the party left Manila by plane, which takes about two to three hours; others left by air-conditioned train, which takes about thirteen hours. In Legaspi City, the first climb was into a bus which took the party to the jumping- off point, the Mt. Mayon resthouse, 2500 feet above sea level. Of the fourteen persons who began the trek, only two or three had ever done any actual climbing. Only six made it to the top. The rest were forced back by the inclement weather, bad footing and strong sulphur fumes. Mt. Mayon (altitude 7,943 feet) deserves every adjective applied to it, as well as the picture on a current airline cal¬ endar. Located near the town of Legaspi, on the southern Left to right: Robert Magee. Jack ©rover (kneeling), Hugh Tovar, Fred tip of the island of Luzon, it is one of the few active vol¬ Moreland, Mary Ellen Moreland, Lorna Mackay, Dan Arnold, Josephine Brand (kneeling), Munro Adderhold, Bob Brand, Dr. Hyland Hebert, canoes in this part of Asia, and a rare sight to the visitor Marian Guckert, Pat Reichert. Photo by Fred Melian.

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JUNE, 1956 37 Bismarck and His Ambassadors

38 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Audiences here have recently enjoyed excellent perform¬ News from the Field (from page 36) ances of “Teahouse of the August Moon,” “Bus Stop,” “The ROME Desperate Hours” and other American hits, as well as a Like the rest of Europe, Italy last winter had its share of sprinkling of more serious plays. cold weather, covering the Roman streets with unaccustomed As winter (the cooler and dry season) approaches, most snow and confining many to their beds and others to icebox¬ of us are making plans for auto trips, some of which are like living rooms. At one time, even the public transporta¬ impossible in summer because of muddy roads, excessive tion system was forced to stop. heat, and/or the prevalence of malaria. Who can leave this But come rain or snow, the American wives of the Em¬ country without having visited the Kruger Game Reserve; bassy and attached agencies have never failed in their faith¬ beautiful Swaziland, ruled by a Queen whose warriors ful attendance at the bi-monthly Bridge and Canasta Club bleach their hair red; Basutoland, with its wild and eroded meetings which have become one of the most popular and mountains traversed by red-blanketed Basutos on horse¬ cheerful activities of the American Women’s Colony in back; historical Cape Province of the early Dutch settlers; Rome. The meetings have been held in the Hotel Excelsior the gold mines of the Rand and the Orange Free State; and afternoon tea has been served. the diamond mines. . . . Does it sound romantic? It is. Under the co-chairmanship of Mrs. Verla Crockett, wife of Mary Alice Holmes Rome’s Administrative Officer, and Mrs. Mary Jane Schlick, wife of the MAAG’s Chief Warrant Officer, the Club has been very successful in bringing together the wives of our Church and State Behind the Iron Curtain, Vladimir civilian and military personnel, who might otherwise have Gsovski, general editor. Frederick A. Praeger, New York, found little opportunity of meeting and getting acquainted. 1955. 311 pages. $5.00. The large, steady attendance at the Club meetings all winter Reviewed by EARL L. PACKER long is proof in itself of its success and popularity. This is a greatly needed and a very useful volume. It John Cooper presents, after a brief introduction by Dr. Gsovski’s on the separation of church and state in the Soviet Union, sec¬ PRETORIA tions on the church and state in Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Johannesburgers derisively refer to Pretoria as a “dull Poland and Romania written by different groups. A later civil service town” or a “sleepy little dorp (village).” Pre¬ volume covering the situation in Bulgaria, Yugoslavia and, toria is only thirty five miles from Johannesburg and is in further detail, the Soviet Union, has already been prom¬ quiet by comparison with the prosperous and cosmopolitan ised. “City of Gold.” Yet Americans living here find Pretoria In general, an introductory statement concerning the rela¬ lively enough, although for six months of every year, from tionship of church and state prior to the establishment of January to June, many South African Government officials the Communist regime precedes in each section the material and most of the diplomatic corps go to Cape Town (the pertaining to such relationship under the Communists. De¬ legislative capital of South Africa) to attend the Parliamen¬ tails of anti-religious actions by the authorities as well as the tary session. Ambassador and Mrs. EDWARD T. WAILES, texts, in translation, of numerous laws are also furnished. Second Secretary and MRS. WILLIAM L. WIGHT, DOLORES Various arrests and trials of church officials in the several LAMANNA and HALLIJEANNE CHALKER are now in Cape countries are discussed. Town attending the session, leaving Counselor of Embassy The concluding statement of Dr. Gsovski’s introduction WILLIAM P. MADDOX in charge of the Embassy here. Mr. serves as a keynote: and Mrs. Maddox with their daughter Sandra, arrived in “The Soviet Russian Government has committed Pretoria in November from Trinidad. the Russian Church to a policy of unconditional Our most recent arrivals, the ROBERT DET. LAWRENCES fealty and blind support in exchange for precari¬ (Information Officer from Edinburgh) and the ROBERT M. ous recognition—a policy which was soon to be MARRS (Administrative Officer from Paris) say they’ll never attempted in the satellite countries.” have too much of South Africa’s famous sunshine. The Variations in conditions within individual countries pre¬ South African Tourist Association claims that Pretoria has cluded the adoption and application by the Communists of an average of nine hours sunshine per day all year round. absolutely uniform practices in the struggle against church After living here a year, one can believe this. Because of and religion. Where Communist-adopted laws guaranteed the altitude (4600 feet) the heat is seldom oppressive. freedom of religion, adminstrative action brought the A year-round season for sports has drawn most of the churches, nevertheless, under Communist control. The Americans to the golf course or the tennis courts. Many implacable Communist hostility to church and religion is couples have taken up tennis in self-defense, since a popular abundantly documented. and pleasant form of entertainment here is “tennis and barb-b-cue.” Among the enthusiasts are the Maddoxes, the Dictionary of New Words, by Mary Reifer with an intro¬ Cultural Affairs Officer and Mrs. C. KENNETH SNYDER, First duction by Eric Partridge. Philosophical Library, New Secretary and MRS. SYDNEY L. W. MELLEN, Third Secretary York, 1955, 234 pages. $6.00. and MRS. RICHARD H. ADAMS, Second Secretary and MRS. Reviewed by FRANCIS COLT DE WOLF EDWARD W. HOLMES, Agricultural Attache and MRS. LOUIS Saceur? Saclant? Telejuke? RPF? Debrief? There are M. SMITH, CAROLE KNOWLES, and NANCY BATCHELDER. all these plus hundreds of others, born yesterday—in daily The six theater groups operating in Johannesburg fre¬ use—but not yet in standard dictionaries. I am finding it quently bring their plays to Pretoria for a few nights. most useful. I think you will too.

JUNE. 1956 39 ft VA---v,-'A--V—^T"**-?* F - book is “The Politics of the Prussian Army, 1640-1945 (Oxford, 1955). On page 20 of this issue see his “Bis¬ marck and his Ambassadors: the Problem of Discipline.” 1 | Francis C. deWolf, Review Editor The essays in “Military Policy and National Security” will furnish responsible officials, as well as average citizens, 1 - . — with a better understanding of the problems involved in shaping military policy that will produce national security. THE BOOKSHELF 1:1 Ip ■ 1 Return to Power, a Report on the New Germany, by- Alistair Horne. Frederick A. Praeger, Inc., New York, 1956. 415 pages. $6.00.

Reviewed by HANS A. LAND Mr. Horne, a correspondent of the London Daily Tele¬ NEW AND INTERESTING graph in Bonn, presents a detailed study of Germany and German affairs during 1952-1955. His chapters deal with all By FRANCIS COLT DE WOLF the important subjects and problems which arose or were 1. The Struggle for the Border by Bruce Hutchi¬ acute during this period of time in Germany, and which son, published by Longmans, Green & Co $6.00 had a bearing on the internal as well as the foreign policies The “Border” is the 4,000-mile unguarded frontier be¬ of that country. tween the United States and Canada and this is its Mr. Horne’s discussion shows considerable knowledge story told by a Canadian. and insight concerning his subject matter; it is easily read 2. This is Our World by Louis Fischer, published and it is recommended as an introduction to the present- by Harpers $5.00 day Germany to anyone intending to gain a quick but good Political reporting and analysis which includes the understanding of the up-to-date political and international Philippines, Yugoslavia, East Berlin, India, and the situation of the Federal Republic. Near East. Keen and thoughtful. 3. The Revolt of the Moderates by Samuel Lubell, The Diplomat’s Wife, by Richard Fyfe Boyce. Harper published by Harpers $3.75 and Brothers, New York, 1956. 226 pages with index. $3.00. A timely book to read in an election year: Mr. Lubell’s Reviewed by LUCY BRIGGS “Moderates”are the middle-of-the-road American elec¬ tors who shun extremists at both ends of the political “Culture Shock” was the title of a talk given by Dr. spectrum. Kalervo Oberg to the Women’s club of Rio de Janeiro, in 1953, which named a situation that has long been recog¬ nized, often unsympathetically, as the problem of getting adjusted. Whether Mr. Richard F. Boyce knows it or not, Military Policy and National Security, edited by W. W. what he has attempted to do in his book, “The Diplomat’s Kaufmann. Princeton University Press, 1956. 274 pages. Wife,” is to give us a guide or treatment book for the care $5.00. and curing of Culture Shock. Mr. Boyce deals with the Reviewed by JAMES H. BOWER pleasures and recompenses, the duties and frustrations of “Military Policy and National Security,” edited by W. W. the Foreign Service life. To these he adds cautions and Kaufmann, and published by Princeton University Press, much practical advice. It seems to me that as he presents consists of eight essays. These are intended to bring to the the size of the wife’s job, he cannot fail to set the whole of readers’ attention the problems involved in deciding what the Foreign Service in a better light to the world. And as should constitute the military policy of the United States the problems of Foreign Service life are shared by many under present world conditions. They are part of a con¬ Americans in private business who live abroad, he may find tinuing program of research on problems of defense and a wider audience that the one he addresses. national security undertaken by the Center of International Studies, which was established at Princeton in 1951. The contributors of the essays are all distinguished authors and scholars in their particular fields. William W. Kaufmann has been responsible for many of the articles on international and military affairs that have appeared in JVorld Politics, and is managing editor for that journal. Klaus Knorr has published several books and many articles and is a student of economics particularly as related to mili¬ tary affairs. His forthcoming book, “The War Potential of Nations,” is a fuller exploration of some of the problems raised in his essays. Roger Hilsman is a graduate of the United States Military Academy and Yale University. His career as a Military officer includes duty in Europe and Asia, and the Army General Staff, the Office of Strategic WE PAY THE POSTAGE Services and in NATO. Gordon A. Craig, a distinguished ANYWHERE IN THE WORLD author on military affairs, especially as related to Germany, Send for Free Catalog is a professor of History at Princeton University. His latest

40 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL MEMOIRS OF A CONSUL by Bartley Yost, FSO Retired. Reviewed in the December Journal. “An invaluable handbook A factual, fascinating narrative of experiences and anecdotes of specific informa¬ during 30 years in the Foreign Service under 7 Presidents. In tion for Foreign Serv¬ plain, simple language the author portrays the joys and harass- ments of the American Consul at work. Order from Vantage ice wives . . . can be Press, 120 W. 31st St., New York City, or your book dealer— read with consider¬ $2.75. able benefit by all men and women who have elected to work One comment suggests itself at once. Like all such guide for Uncle Sam in any books its value will increase with the knowledge and experi¬ capacity, on any mis- ence of the reader. No matter how much the fledgling sion, anywhere diplomatic wife pores over it, she will not know where to abroad.” look for help until after she has suffered a bit from the ail¬ —CLARE BOOTHE LUCE ment. However, not one of us escapes, so any help we find along the way will have some value. The Diplomat's Mr. Boyce starts his task with the best encouragement of all—the one thing that sets the Foreign Service wife apart Wife from other wives: “In no other walk of life is a wife so im¬ BY RICHARD FYFE BOYCE portant, or her activities and conduct so important to her husband’s career.” He supports this with the foreword, “A work of great value ... for those who written by the Honorable Joseph C. Grew. are going to live abroad in any capacity.” Mr. Boyce’s book should, perhaps, have been less discursive —DR. HENRY M. WRISTON and more organized, less like a series of essays and more “A wealth of material useful to a Foreign like a reference book. The index, which is missing in the Service family and to any family repre¬ review copy, may be complete enough to answer the latter senting American business abroad.” criticism. The former may be ungenerous in view of Mr. —MRS. LIVINGSTON T. MERCHANT Boyce’s determination to be of help. The style is readable, with many amusing examples and anecdotes. It deserves a “Every chapter of this delightful book is long and useful life, to end up fifty years from now as a packed with pertinent information.” collector’s item, demonstrating in the meantime that, in the —MRS. NORBERT J. KLEIN $3.00 life of a diplomat’s wife with all its ups and downs, joys HARPER and strains (in two words: Culture Shock), there is, at any rate, never a dull moment.

Libya, The New Arab Kingdom of North Africa, by and they seem endless, Harry Villard and his charming Henry Serrano Villard. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, Tamara seem to have enjoyed themselves thoroughly in this 1956. 169 pages with index. $2.75. new diplomatic venture and this account is essentially a chronicle of a mission well-accomplished, an account which Reviewed by FRANCIS COLT DE WOLF gives an extremely clear picture of the history, economic Here is all you want to know about the new kingdom of problems, government, personalities and ways of living of Libya—a child of the United Nations—told to you by FSO the people of this first creation of the United Nations. A Harry Villard, the first American minister to the Court of thoroughly competent job. King Idris. I say “told” advisedly because you might be But pervading it all is the author’s personality and per¬ sitting with Harry in his charming Georgetown house—or haps the best way to illustrate it is to quote the following his more austere dwelling at Ft. McNair—and listening to passage in which he describes his summer residence at his Libyan tales. Here is a rare combination of thorough Cyrene: knowledge with sympathetic understanding and humility— which may not surprise you if you are fortunate enough to “Our modest garden made a unique background know Harry. for the daily diplomatic duties, for, like one de- The story of Libya is one mainly of conquest: Phoeni¬ cribed in a happy Persian expression, it was ‘a cians, Carthaginians, Romans, Vandals, Byzantines, Arabs, garden with a house attached.’ There was no office Normans, Spaniards, Turks, Italians, and finally the British, space in the house and no place in Cyrene for a “whose arrival was destined to mean liberty for the Libyans secretary to stay overnight. Typing was a personal for the first time in their existence as a people.” chore on the dining-room table, a steel file cabinet It is a poor country—desperately poor—which, however, stood in the living room, and there was no way of enjoys the somewhat doubtful luxury of two capitals (and sending or receiving a coded message save by a summer one to boot!), a desert union of Cyrenaica, Tri- courier from Benghazi—eight hours the round politania and the Fessan, a Moslem country which finds the trip. But the garden was a perfect conference going hard and will require much outside assistance if it is room. Birds and butterflies flittered among the to continue to be independent. The author recounts, with sentinel pines, the cypress, the mimosa, the pome¬ a nice sense of humor, the difficulties of a diplomat shuttling granate and lemon trees, the jasmine on the wall between three capitals, where new housing is practically and the ever-thirsty flowerbeds. The smell of burn¬ nonexistent—and his family had to live in an hotel for ing juniper wood for the fireplace reached us.” one year (and what an hotel!). But with all his troubles, Truly a nice book!

JUNE, 1956 41 Bismarck and His Ambassadors (from page 38) republican institutions in France was to Germany’s direct interest, since a republican France, in a Europe that was diplomatic course—to persuade the King to dismiss him predominantly monarchical, would presumably find it diffi¬ from the service. Arnim, the ambassador to Paris in the cult to secure allies. When he discovered that his ambassa¬ 1870’s, was deliberately seeking to defeat Bismarck’s French dor had ideas of his own, Bismarck explained his policy very policy; and Bismarck hounded him out of the service and, carefully to Arnim, and as usual in such cases, he added the by instituting legal action against him for misuse of govern¬ argument that the efficiency of German policy depended upon ment documents, actually drove him into permanent exile. unity and discipline, just as, in a military campaign, success So much has been made of Bismarck’s lack of complete depends on cooperation between the divisional commander good faith in the first of these cases and his brutality in the and his brigadiers. Arnim—an ambitious man who hoped second that a word or two must be said in explanation, if to supplant Bismarck as Chancellor of the Reich—remained not in exculpation, of his conduct. In the first place, opposi¬ obdurate. He carried his fight directly to the Emperor, argu¬ tion on the part of ambassadors to their instructions did not r ing his case in letters and in personal interviews, and he always lead to such summary action. At least in the first urged his friends in Berlin to use their influence at the stages of such disputes, Bismarck usually tried to convince court to undermine Bismarck’s position. his agents that their judgments were based on an inade¬ quate appreciation of the overall diplomatic situation and Unable to dismiss Arnim without the Emperor’s assent, that the policy he was proposing was justified by sound and having discovered that the ruler was disinclined to give reasons. He was apt also to appeal to the ambassador’s this, Bismarck adopted the only means which he thought professional sense, by pointing out that it was proper that were left to him. He set spies on Arnim so as to be fully the direction of foreign policy should lie in Berlin rather informed of his activities. Through the French ambassador than in the field. In 1863, for instance, Count Robert von in Berlin, he intimated to the French Foreign Office that der Goltz, the ambassador in Paris, objected violently to the Arnim was unreliable and should, as far as possible, be by¬ policy which Bismarck was following with respect to the passed in all official business between the two governments. situation in Schleswig and Holstein. Goltz urged that Prus¬ He spread rumors (perhaps not entirely unjustified) of financial manipulation on Arnim’s part. He found fault sia should take up arms, in collaboration with the other with everything Arnim did. And, by all these means, he states of the Germanic Confederation, in order to free the duchies from the control of Denmark. Bismarck reasoned sought to weaken the Emperor’s confidence in the ambassa¬ with his ambassador, pointing out that Prussia was a Great dor and, simultaneously, to goad him into an indiscretion Power which could not subordinate her policy to the wishes so outrageous that he would not merely be recalled (he was of the lesser German states, outlining the advantages of play¬ too dangerous a man to be allowed to join the anti-Bismarck ing a waiting game until the situation in the duchies was fronde in Berlin) but utterly destroyed. In the end, Bismarck clarified, and giving other reasons for the devious course he succeeded. was following. Then, passing on to professional considera¬ The Arnim case was the high point in Bismarck’s cam¬ tions, he reminded Goltz that Prussia could, after all, have paign to discipline the German foreign service. There were only one foreign policy at a time and added: “It must be the no cases like it after 1875. The chaotic conditions which one on which the Ministry and the King are agreed. If you had characterized the older system disappeared; the position want to overthrow it, and thereby to overthrow the Ministry, and authority of the Foreign Office as the central policy¬ then you will have to undertake that here in Berlin, by means making agency was strengthened; attempts to circumvent of the Chamber and the press, and at the head of an oppo¬ the Chancellor in matters of policy became unthinkable. sition party.” Goltz, although not without misgivings, And all of this doubtless increased the efficiency with which yielded; and it can be said generally that this kind of Bis- German foreign policy was executed. marckian argument—coupled as it usually was with a sys¬ Whether the results were all good is nevertheless doubtful. tematic refutation of an ambassador’s views—was enough A nation’s ambassadors are not, after all, meant to be merely to restore unity of policy, except in the most stubborn cases. yes-men. They are expected to show initiative of their own, In the second place, it must be remembered that Bismarck and to have a sense of responsibility which will lead them, was handicapped by some awkward constitutional circum¬ if not to oppose, at least to question Foreign Office policy stances. He did not have the power simply to command when they think it is misguided. Were Bismarck’s envoys his ambassadors to obey him. The theory that an ambassa¬ likely to display those qualities after the Arnim case? Com¬ dor was an agent of the prince—a theory which in the con¬ mon sense would lead us to suspect that the kind of minis¬ stitutional states of the west was becoming a kind of legal terial terrorism (to use one of Goltz’s phrases) which the fiction—retained its force in Germany. The ambassadors Chancellor used could not help but discourage initiative and had the privilege of reporting directly to the Emperor; and responsibility. Prussian tradition held that their primary allegiance was to The story is told of a German envoy who, upon submit¬ the sovereign rather than to the Foreign Minister or the ting a request to a foreign court and being rebuffed, cried in Chancellor. If, therefore, an ambassador refused to be consternation: “But it is Prince Bismarck who desires this!” swayed by Bismarck’s arguments and persisted in his insub¬ The tale is probably apocryphal but it might as well be true. ordination, Bismarck was forced—in defense of his own After the Arnim case, there must-—especially among the men position—to resort to extreme measures against him. The at lesser posts—have been some who were terrified at the Arnim case is a case in point. thought of Bismarck’s disapprobation and more who were Arnim, while ambassador in Paris, believed that his mis¬ disinclined to risk becoming its targets by gestures of inde¬ sion lay in helping to restore monarchical government in pendence. Even Radowitz, one of Bismarck’s most gifted France. This directly contradicted Bismarck’s own policy, juniors, says in his memoirs: “To oppose the Bismarck of which w'as based upon the premise that the maintenance of (Continued on page 44)

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JUNE, 1956 43 Bismarck and His Ambassadors (from page 42) likely to pursue a course of negotiation with energy and per¬ severance only to learn in the end—as Goltz did on one the 70’s and the 80’s in any matter would have been un¬ occasion in the 60’s—that Bismarck had never intended the thinkable to me!” Diplomatic representatives’ ambitious to negotiations to succeed, but had deliberately neglected to rise higher in the service must also have suffered from— tell them so. Again, ambassadors sometimes received sting¬ and, perhaps more often than we know, yielded to—the ing reprimands for failure to carry out instructions which temptation to report to the Foreign Office, not what they were, in fact, so cryptic as to be misleading. Much of the knew to be true about the situation at their posts, but what confusion which characterized Anglo-German negotiations they thought would please their chief. with respect to Angra Pequena in 1884 was the result of Bis¬ It is possible that the “great ambassadors” did not give marck’s failure to take his ambassador in London, Count way to these weaknesses; but, even in their case, there is Munster, completely into his confidence; and this was no in¬ some evidence of a shrivelling of the initiative. The shadow advertence on his part, for when his Secretary of State sug¬ of their chief hung over them constantly; and their sub¬ gested that Munster be fully informed of Germany’s inten¬ ordination to him seems to have drained them of independ¬ tions, Bismarck curtly rejected this as unnecessary. In such ent will. Hatzfeldt’s biographer tells us that this brilliant circumstances it was easy for envoys to make mistakes. Even diplomat was never quite the same after 1890, when he such an experienced hand as Prince Reuss, the ambassador could no longer feel Bismarck behind him. in Vienna, proved capable in 1887 of flying in the face of Moreover, Bismarck’s successful imposition of discipline one of the fundamental anxious of Bismarckian policy: the upon the German service played into the hands of his ene¬ insistence that the Austro-German treaty of 1879 was a mies in the military establishment who, in the last years of strictly defensive instrument. Inadequately informed, and the Bismarck period, were seeking to increase military influ¬ bewildered by the tactical improvisions of Bismarck’s di¬ ence in the sphere of foreign policy. plomacy, Reuss made the mistake of intimating to the Aus¬ After 1883 especially, when the General Staff became an trians that, if they precipitated a conflict with Russia, Ger¬ independent agency and when its administrative chief, Gen¬ many would support them. The Austrian Foreign Minister eral Count von Waldersee, began to interest himself in for¬ refused to believe this, and he was right, as Reuss discovered eign policy, the military attache began to send political des¬ from later instructions. patches directly to the General Staff, and, with Waldersee’s The results of Bismarck’s refusal to introduce his ambas¬ connivance, to the Emperor. Since these reports were often sadors into the secrets of his over-all policy were shown in a sharply critical of the Foreign Office and its policy, Bismarck most striking way in the debate over the renewal of the Re¬ sought to put an end to this practice. He was never com¬ insurance Treaty in 1890. One might have thought that the pletely successful, partly because the soldiers very shrewdly “great” ambassadors at least would have put up a spirited argued that the attaches were technicians who understood defense of the tie with Russia, which was so indispensable the realities of foreign politics better than their civilian col¬ a feature of the Bismarck system. They did not do so; they leagues and that, moreover, in reporting to Berlin, they had seem, indeed, not even to have appreciated what was at the courage of their convictions, whereas Bismarck’s diplo¬ stake. Familiar only with the problems of their own special mats reported only what the Chancellor wanted to hear. posts, they were incompetent to judge in matters of high These were plausible arguments, and they were not with¬ policy. out effect upon William II, after he assumed the throne in As organizer and educator of the German foreign service, 1888. The preference which William gave to military advice Bismarck’s achievement was a notable one. The importance in foreign affairs, his frequent criticism of the Foreign Of¬ which he attributed to discipline, however, and the methods fice and such actions as his dismissal of Count Metternich he used to achieve it, had less fortunate results. Discipline from his post in London for being “too flabby” are all attrib¬ is doubtless important in any career service and, in view of utable, in part at least, to the results of Bismarck’s dis¬ the conditions which Bismarck inherited in 1862, he had ciplinary methods. good reason to desire it. But discipline can surely be There is another aspect of this question which demands achieved without destroying, or even weakening, the initia¬ some attention. Goltz once accused Bismarck of seeking to tive and sense of responsibility which a nation’s foreign establish a dictatorship of the Foreign Office over the em¬ representatives should possess. Even while admitting the bassies by a process of withholding necessary information special constitutional problems which confronted Bismarck, from the arfibassadors and even keeping them in the dark one finds it very difficult to justify the means which he used concerning the real purposes of his policy. There is a good to impose his personal authority over his ambassadors. One deal of truth in this charge. Schweinitz, the long-term am¬ suspects also that Baron Holstein, who later—in the words bassador in St. Petersburg, says in his memoirs that “in of Harold Nicolson—“entangled the whole German foreign critical situations Bismarck loved to leave the chiefs of mis¬ service in a spider’s web of suspicion, jealousy and intrigue,” sion who were not directly involved without information. was merely improving on the Bismarckian example. Then they could compromise themselves but not him.” Bis¬ Finally, however technically competent a diplomatic corps marck doubtless also found this practice a useful means of may be, it cannot operate with true efficiency unless it is keeping ambassadorial objections to his policy at a mini¬ kept fully informed. The relationship between the Foreign mum and defeating them when they arose by demonstrat¬ Office on the one hand and the foreign missions on the other ing that the criticisms were incompetent because they weren’t should be one of mutual confidence. Under Bismarck this based on all the available facts. was not true; and this is one reason why his task of edu¬ But foreign services are not supposed to be run for the cating the foreign service remained incomplete. None of his personal convenience of. the Foreign Minister, and this Bis- ambassadors was trained to succeed him. The Bismarckian marckian practice had deplorable results. Ambassadors were diplomatic tradition came to an end with Bismarck’s fall.

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JUNE, 1956 45 Letters to the Editor (from page 48) Anthology of Japanese Literature compiled and edited by Donald Keene. I should like to point out that this work is to admire the pleasing relationships. one of a series of such translations by UNESCO in con¬ This is folly—the rationalizations of an architect faced junction with private publishers. with a job he cannot have found especially challenging. The end result is about as unharmonious a structure as could I believe it may be of some interest to you that UNESCO be put down in Grosvenor Square. Such is the real error of has sponsored the translation and publication of some 60 the projected American Embassy in London. As any city works into or from the following languages: English, planner knows, harmony is the most precious and the most French, Arabic, Spanish, Persian, German, Bengali, Portu¬ difficult-to-achieve quality in the urban landscape. We in guese, Chinese, Hindi, Italian, Japanese, Punjabi, Sanskrit America know this; we prize our Louisburg Squares, our and Siamese. Georgetowns, our Charlestons. By what justice, then, do we Donald E. Herdeck undo Grosvenor Square, a corner of London which has been Program Officer, UNESCO meticulously restored, and in part rebuilt, to preserve its Washington original beauty? Consider, wise fathers of FBO, consider and reconsider! WIVES’ ORIENTATION COURSE Put Eero to work in Brazil or his ancestral Finland and save To the Editors, us a generation of ridicule from offended West Enders. FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL: William W. Warner Guatemala Before leaving for our new assignment in Montevideo, I should like to tell Foreign Service wives everywhere, through “A VERY SPECIAL QUALITY” your column, about a most interesting experience I have had To the Editors during our stay in Washington. As a Foreign Service wife FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL: with twelve years’ service abroad, on three continents, I WILLIAM KOREN, JR’S death was felt as a great loss not was invited to attend the Wives’ Orientation course offered only by hi$ friends but by many who had known him only by the Foreign Service Institute and to express my opinions slightly. This sense of loss reflected a very special quality, on it. of which all who came into contact with Bill Koren were The course, which lasts two weeks, provides valuable in¬ immediately aware. He was a first-rate officer with a mind formation on American culture, language and culture, and whose clarity and incisiveness were matched by balance and interpretation of foreign behavior. Lectures on the various maturity of judgment. These intellectual qualities were areas of the world are given. There is a morning devoted to intimately related to a warm and human personality, so that “Social Usage.” A wife who has completed this course will all who had spent even a little time with him came away be able to help her husband more, to understand his prob¬ with an impression of a human being whom they never lems and our Country’s problems better, and to have a hap¬ forgot and always wanted to see again. pier and more fruitful experience abroad. It is in this special sense that Bill Koren’s death is a loss Although the Institute is part of the Department of State, —not only to the Foreign Service and to his many personal the course is open to all those who are going to serve our friends—but to human experience as a whole. It is certain Government in any kind of mission abroad. It is good for that all those who knew him will retain a living memory of us to remember that the State Department is not the only him in their hearts all their lives, and that this will mean organization with representatives abroad these days, and if much to them. we share the same preparation and understand the character William R. Tyler of each other’s work, we will certainly cooperate more Washington closely in the field, with better results for our Country. ANTHOLOGY OF JAPANESE LITERATURE Marvin Breckinridge Patterson To the Editors (Mrs. Jefferson Patterson) FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL: I have recently read with great interest the review of the “DO’S AND DON’TS” To the Editors, FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL: FRANCIS SCOTT KEY APARTMENT HOTEL Readers of the JOURNAL who appreciated Mrs. Eddie Han¬ nah’s “Do’s and Don’ts for Distaffees” in the May JOURNAL 600 - 20th Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. will be glad to know that a new book has just been pub¬ NAtional 8-5425 lished by Harper & Brothers: “The Diplomat’s Wife” ($3.00), by retired FSO Richard F. Boyce. This has many Why Foreign Service Personnel prefer the helpful do’s and don’ts for Foreign Service wives, and in fact for the wives of all Americans living abroad. Francis Scott Key Hotel: C. R. (1) It Is only two blocks from the State Department 12) It offers family accommodations Washington (3) One room, kitchen and bath, completely furnished apartments, air conditioned EDITORS’ NOTE:—We recently received two anonymous (4) Coffee shop and excellent food letters from our readers. No reputable magazine today pub¬ 15) Reasonable rates—$5.00 to $8.00 double lishes anonymous letters, but if writers will supply us with CAPT. & MRS. MARSHALL McKIBBIN, Mgrs. their names we should be happy to publish their letters— using a pseudonym if preferred.

46 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Group Insurance (from page 34) ing service in the United States. Since service in the United States may account for an appreciable proportion of total service in the future, the Protective Association program might be revised so as to fill this gap in health insurance coverage for its members and their dependents. There may be other groups of Federal employees engaged in foreign service work, such as USIA, which, because of their close association with and similiarity to the Foreign Service of the Department of State, could be made eligible for participation in the group insurance program of the Protective Association. This could be accomplished by ap¬ propriate amendment of the By-Laws by the Board of Direc¬ tors, and upon approval of our underwriters. I'he Protective Association has performed a service of value to the Foreign Service. It has been supported by its members and, in turn, has given them many benefits. There is good reason for confidence that this will continue for many more years. The group insurance program can be adapted to meet changing situations. These insurance affairs are of personal concern to all of Qbe ^tixe* us, both present and prospective members of the Protective Association. We owe it to ourselves, to our dependents, Frozen Foods and to each other to keep informed about them. The Pro¬ From California and Washington Complete line of select vegetables, tective Association furnishes its members and the Service fruits and juices generally with a descriptive booklet. It sends members regu¬ Also available: quality vegetables and sea foods in institutional pack lar reports. It runs advertising each month in the Foreign Producers Trading Company Service Journal. The necessary information is available 515 SANSOME ST., SAN FRANCISCO, to all who care to make use of it. We have a substantial CALIFORNIA personal and collective stake in the group insurance pro¬ Refrigerated Steamship Service Available gram of the Protective Association. ....AS NEAR AS AN A/R MAIL STAMP! Q/Ae QZ/iudu/z/ wif/ee it

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JUNE, 1956 47 this reply from Mr. Robert Peet Skinner: “You inquire whether George Washington Mitchell is still alive. Alas, no. On my return to the United States in ILJLXAK^V -V~0 1936 I left George Washington Mitchell in the American Embassy at Paris where he had an excellent situation and Pseudonyms may be used only if your letter includes your correct was appreciated by all of his associates. He died about ten name and address. years ago in the American Hospital. He was quite a char¬ acter. At one time he decided to practice on a typewriter “THE QUIET AMERICAN” in which purpose I encouraged him. For a space of about To the Editors, two months he wrote with great diligence ‘The black fox FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL: jumped over the stump’ and then gave it up. I hope that someone who has served in Saigon in the last “On another occasion, the National flag, having become two years will write for your pages a thorough factual re¬ soiled in the London climate, was sent to a laundress who pudiation of the bitterly anti-American and, in some respects, returned it stiffly starched. Washington was highly indig¬ pro-Communist new novel by Graham Greene, “The Quiet nant and expressed his feeling in the now almost classical American.” sentence: ‘Madam, you must understand that there flag Mr. Robert Gorham Davis, reviewing the novel in the doesn’t need no starch.’ New York Times, writes: “Washington’s happiest day was when ex-President Roose¬ “What will annoy Americans most in this book is the velt came to Hamburg at 6 a.m. with all of us lined up to easy way Fowler [the British reporter] is permitted to receive him. Washington, having been with Roosevelt in triumph in his debates with the Americans. . . . There Cuba in a colored regiment, was duly introduced and was is no real debate in the book, because no experienced greeted by Mr. Roosevelt with the words: ‘Comrade, I am and intelligent anti-Communist is represented there. truly glad to greet you.’ Washington straightened up, asked Greene must feel either that such men do not exist or for the day off, and proceeded from friend to friend to tell that they do not serve his present purpose.” them of this great incident in his career.” In one respect I think Mr. Davis is wrong. Frederic M. Halsey Most Americans will resent even more than the easy vic¬ Long Branch, N. J. tory of anti-American cliches and pro-Communist state¬ ments, the implication that Americans closely associated SAARINEN IN GROSVENOR SQUARE with the Foreign Service were deeply involved in the ter¬ To the Editors, roristic incidents resulting in numerous civilian deaths and FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL: injuries which plagued Saigon for so long a period. It was a shock to learn through the New York Times Sun¬ Though Mr. Greene is a Catholic, his articles written for day magazine of March 18 that the Department plans to the London Times, during a visit to North and South Viet build an Embassy Chancery, designed by Eero Saarinen, in Nam last Spring, caused an especially strong reaction in the London’s Grosvenor Square. Catholic press in this country. His sympathetic portrayal of I am no foe of contemporary architecture. Certainly the Ho Chi Minh at that time exceeded in fatuousness the efforts Saarinens, father and son, have contributed to the restless of the Communist propagandists, and he criticized the Cath¬ architecture of our times. Schools, factories, research cen¬ olic bishops for leaving Communist territory and identifying ters and apartment houses have come in successful array themselves with American “militarism” and the regime of from their drawing boards. But their best work, like that of Ngo Dinh Diem. As Mr. Davis points out, many of the state¬ any contemporary architect, is in answer to given problems ments uttered by Fowler in this new novel are almost ver¬ or situations. batim quotes from the articles Greene wrote for the London What situation is being answered in London? Judging T imes. from the Times, ihe Department’s problem is one of har¬ In Mr. Greene’s new novel and his articles on Viet Nam, monizing with the noble structures of Grosvenor Square. If the Viet-minh Communists can take greater satisfaction than this is the case, one questions the wisdom of considering in the writing of Wilfred Burchett; his far greater talents ultramodern buildings in the first place. No matter, we are and his Catholic background give him acceptance with a assured that Saarinen fils is doing “his utmost to fit the number of readers whose opinions are important. His fac¬ structure into its setting.” What is his utmost? Well, the tual accusations against us, though in the form of fiction, Chancery will be “strictly symmetrical and thus retain the are all too clear and I do not think we should let them go traditional formality of the London square.” It is sym¬ unchallenged in those circles where his book will be read. metrical if the architect’s drawing can be trusted, as sym¬ Ellsworth R. Mosman metrical and spare as a shoebox. Next we are told that the Washington building will be faced with Portland stone (the dominant material in the West End) in order to provide “a pleasing GEORGE WASHINGTON MITCHELL visual relationship—with the surrounding area of London.” To the Editors But, again, a look at the architect’s sketch is upsetting. FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL: The only area where stone can be used significantly, it would In your recent article, Col. Harry A. McBride one time appear, is a thin pilastered roof section, or the crenellated in the London Consulate, referred to Mr. Skinner’s de¬ lid of the shoebox. The remainder of the building appears voted Negro, George Washington Mitchell, known in his to be sheathed in steel and glass with curious, television- day, I believe, to every American in London and Paris. Re¬ screen type windows from which Embassy staffers can peer cently I wrote asking what had become of him and received (Continued on page 46)

48 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL The AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE i ;fti- , . . ') V \ I • ' PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION

Some Facts about the Qroup Insurance Program

This group insurance plan is designed to meet the needs of Foreign Service personnel. It has been and will be kept adjusted to that purpose.

Membership now is approaching the 2,000 mark. Group life insurance in effect exceeds $25,000,- 000.00, with an equal amount of accidental death and dismemberment insurance.

About 1,500 family units are covered for hospital-surgical benefits.

The audit for the insurance year ended February 29, 1956 has been completed. Preparation of the annual report to members has been started. The report will be mailed as soon as it is completed.

During the last insurance year, 8 death claims amounting to a total of $99,500.00 were paid to beneficiaries of members. One accidental death claim of $5,600.00 was paid. A total of 647 hospital- surgical claims paid to members for themselves and for their dependents amounted to $112,017.38.

Since the Protective Association was organized in 1929, the following totals of claims have been paid through the insurance year ended February 29, 1956:

III group life claims $ 881,500.00 4 accidental death and dismemberment claims — 27,100.00 4047 hospital-surgical claims 518,297.28 Total $1,426,897.28

The Directors of the Protective Association believe that the group insurance plan offers many substantial advantages to large numbers of Foreign Service personnel. They urge consideration of participation by all of those who are eligible for membership. At the present time, eligibility is con¬ fined to employees of the Department of State who are in the following categories:

Foreign Service Officer Foreign Service Staff Permanent American employees of the Foreign Service

Address applications and inquiries to:

THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION c/o Department of State, Washington 25, D.C., or 1908 G Street, N.W., Washington 6, D.C. ASSN. rv HON. HERBERT S. BURSLEY U3 GRAFTON ST. CHEVY CHASE 15. NO.

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