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Sudan Post-Conflict Environmental Assessment Sudan Post-Conflict Environmental Assessment United Nations Environment Programme Synthesis Report Sudan Post-Conflict Environmental Assessment This report by the United Nations Environment Programme was made possible by the generous contributions of the Governments of Sweden and the United Kingdom SUDAN POST-CONFLICT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT In addition, complex but clear linkages exist Synthesis report between environmental problems and ongoing conflict in Darfur, where violence and insecurity Introduction continue to prevail despite the signing of a peace agreement in May 2006. In January 2005, after more than two decades of devastating civil war, the Sudanese central Not only are the adequate management and government in Khartoum and the Sudan People’s rehabilitation of natural resources fundamental Liberation Army in the south signed a historic prerequisites to peacebuilding in Darfur and the Comprehensive Peace Agreement. This landmark rest of Sudan – they must be considered national achievement – which was followed by the priorities if the country is to achieve long-term adoption of an Interim Constitution – brought social stability and prosperity. peace to most of the country for the first time in a generation. Post-conflict environmental assessment Now, thanks to the rapid development of its oil industry, Sudan is one of the fastest-growing With a view to gaining a comprehensive un- economies in Africa. Direct investment and derstanding of the current state of the environment international aid are starting to flow into the in Sudan and catalysing action to address the country on a large scale, and some parts of Sudan country’s key environmental problems, the are undergoing brisk development. Government of National Unity (GONU) and Government of Southern Sudan (GOSS) As it focuses on recovery and development, requested the United Nations Environment however, the country faces a number of key Programme (UNEP) to conduct a post-conflict challenges. Chief among them are several critical environmental assessment of Sudan. The goal of environmental issues – such as land degradation, the UNEP assessment was accordingly to develop deforestation and the impacts of climate change a solid technical basis for medium-term corrective – that threaten Sudan’s prospects for long-term action in the field of environmental protection peace, food security and sustainable development. and sustainable development. A group of southern Sudanese travels down the White Nile aboard a ferry, returning to the homeland after years of displacement due to the civil war. 4 • United Nations Environment Programme • United Nations Environment Programme • United Nations Environment Programme • SYNTHESIS REPORT Sudan general map R L E GYPT E i HALAIB L IB b D Y A TRIANGLE y Lake a Nuba R S n N u b i a n e d E N O RTHE R N Jebel Oda S D e s e r t 2259 e o a A 20 D Third Cataract R ED SEA H e i Fourth l Port Sudan N l s Dongola Cataract s i l e e Fifth Cataract r M Jebel Hamoyet u N I L E q 2780 t a A d tb war d Ed Damer ar Ho a a i m ad e C H A D W Nil K Sixth Cataract k H l i A NORTH E RN R T M O U M K A S S A L A l N O R T H E RN ERI T R E A e a Meidob i B u n d Khartoum t a D A R F U R Hills a Kassala 15o W Z I R A Jebel Teljo E W 1954 G Wad Medani H K O R D O F A N L Gedaref I T E El Fasher E El Geneina s. t N S I E A R E F M L G E D S U A E N N a D WESTERN B N r lu A r Rabak e R DARFUR a Jebel Marra El Obeid Singa 3088 N M i Nyala l S OUT H E R N e Roseires S OUT H e Ed Damazin E R N Nuba Mts. l i Reservoir Kadugli Jebel Otoro N BLUE NILE D A R F UR 1325 e it U h r e P Ba l’A K O R D O F A N W ra b P 10o W E E R S Bentiu Malakal NORTHERN S N T Lol U S I E BAHR o L N al ba E R n Aweil u t WARRAB I a N T EL GHAZAL C Y Warrab i B e d l A g Wau n I A P E T H I O P H o i C E N J T R A L R b d E o L GHAZAL r A F R I C A N L A K E S J O N G L E I W Rumbek E Bor S R E P U B L I C T E R N E E A S T E R N Q U A R I A BAHR U AT O R I A o T O E Q 5 Yambio Juba Torit EL JABAL Imatong ILEMI Kinyeti Mts. TRIANGLE D E M O C R A T I C R E P U B L I C 3187 O F T oH E C O N GO o U G A N DA K o E N Y A 25 30 AlbertNile 35 Height The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. in metres International boundary 2000 Kilometres State boundary 1000 Administrative boundary 800 0100 200 300 400 500 Marsh Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area Projection Lake and reservoir 600 River 500 Sources: SIM (Sudan Interagency Mapping); FAO; vmaplv0, gns, NIMA; Impermanent river 400 srtm30v2, NASA; void-filled seamless srtm data, International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), available from the Canal 300 CGIAR-CSI srtm 90m database; various maps and atlases; National capital UN Cartographic Section. 200 State capital 0 UNEP/DEWA/GRID~Europe 2006 • United Nations Environment Programme • United Nations Environment Programme • United Nations Environment Programme • 5 SUDAN POST-CONFLICT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT Consultation with local stakeholders formed a large and continuous part of UNEP’s assessment work, as here in the small village of Mireir, Southern Darfur Assessment process Summary of the findings The post-conflict environmental assessment process The assessment identified a number of critical for Sudan began in late 2005. Following an initial environmental issues that are closely linked to the appraisal and scoping study, fieldwork was carried country’s social and political challenges. out between January and August 2006. Different teams of experts spent a total of approximately 150 Strong linkages between environment and days in the field, on ten separate field missions, each conflict: a key issue in the Darfur crisis lasting one to four weeks. Consultation with local The linkages between conflict and environment and international stakeholders formed a large and in Sudan are twofold. On one hand, the continuous part of UNEP’s assessment work, with the country’s long history of conflict has had sig- total number of interviewees estimated to be over two nificant impacts on its environment. Indirect thousand. Parties consulted include representatives impacts such as population displacement, lack of of federal, state and local governments, NGOs, governance, conflict-related resource exploitation academic and research institutions, international and underinvestment in sustainable development agencies, community leaders, farmers, pastoralists, have been the most severe consequences to date. foresters and businesspeople. On the other hand, environmental issues The assessment team was comprised of a core have been and continue to be contributing UNEP team and a large number of national and causes of conflict. Competition over oil and international partners who collaborated in a range gas reserves, Nile waters and timber, as well as of roles. These partnerships were crucial to the land use issues related to agricultural land are project’s success, as they enabled the fieldwork, important causative factors in the instigation and ensured that the study matched local issues and perpetuation of conflict in Sudan. Confrontations needs, and contributed to national endorsement over rangeland and rain-fed agricultural land in of the assessment’s outcomes. UNEP also worked the drier parts of the country are a particularly closely with the Government of National Unity striking manifestation of the connection between and the Government of Southern Sudan, and natural resource scarcity and violent conflict. specific efforts were made to align UNEP activities In all cases, however, environmental factors are with a government initiative known as the intertwined with a range of other social, political National Plan for Environmental Management. and economic issues. 6 • United Nations Environment Programme • United Nations Environment Programme • United Nations Environment Programme • SYNTHESIS REPORT UNEP’s analysis indicates that there is a very strong solutions has led to human rights abuses, conflicts link between land degradation, desertification over resources and food insecurity. Although this is and conflict in Darfur. Northern Darfur – where not a new phenomenon, the scale of displacement exponential population growth and related and the particular vulnerability of the dry northern environmental stress have created the conditions for Sudanese environment may make this the most conflicts to be triggered and sustained by political, significant case of its type worldwide. tribal or ethnic differences – can be considered a tragic example of the social breakdown that can In addition, the large-scale return of southern result from ecological collapse. Long-term peace Sudanese to their homeland following the cessation in the region will not be possible unless these of the civil war is likely to result in a further wave underlying and closely linked environmental and of environmental degradation in some of the more livelihood issues are resolved.
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